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Alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5) is a member of medium‐chain dehydrogenase/reductase family and takes part in cellular formaldehyde and S‐nitrosoglutathione metabolic network. 2‐tridecanone (2‐TD) is a toxic compound in many Solanaceae crops to defend against a variety of herbivory insects. In the broader context of insect development and pest control strategies, this study investigates how a new ADH5 from Helicoverpa armigera (HaADH5) regulates the expression of CYP6B6, a gene involved in molting and metamorphosis, in response to 2‐TD treatment. Cloning of the HaADH5 complementary DNA sequence revealed that its 1002 bp open reading frame encodes 334 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 36.5 kD. HaADH5 protein was purified in the Escherichia coli Transetta (pET32a‐HaADH5) strain using a prokaryotic expression system. The ability of HaADH5 protein to interact with the 2‐TD responsive region within the promoter of CYP6B6 was confirmed by an in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assay and transcription activity validation in yeast. Finally, the expression levels of both HaADH5 and CYP6B6 were found to be significantly decreased in the midgut of 6th instar larvae after 48 h of treatment with 10 mg/g 2‐TD artificial diet. These results indicate that upon 2‐TD treatment of cotton bollworm, HaADH5 regulates the expression of CYP6B6 by interacting with its promoter. As HaADH5 regulation of CYP6B6 expression may contribute to the larval xenobiotic detoxification, molting and metamorphosis, HaADH5 is a candidate target for controlling the growth and development of cotton bollworm.

2-Tridecanone and 2-undecanone are both found naturally in the trichomes of wild tomato plants and are important in plant resistance to herbivory. 2-Undecanone is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered active ingredient in the commercially available arthropod repellent, BioUD(®) . The goal of this study was to examine the tick repellency of 2-tridecanone. Two-choice bioassays were conducted using 8% 2-tridecanone vs. the repellent carrier (absolute ethanol) and compared with two-choice studies using 8% 2-undecanone vs. absolute ethanol. Unfed, host-seeking adult (mixed sex) Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae) and Dermacentor variabilis Say (Acari: Ixodidae) were used to evaluate repellency and time to repellent failure at room temperature. The present study shows in filter paper assays (0.63 mg test compound/cm(2) ) that 2-tridecanone was 87% repellent to A. americanum at 12 h after application, but had no statistically significant repellency at 15 h and 24 h, and was 72% repellent to D. variabilis at 15 h, but had no statistically significant repellency at 24 h. By contrast, 2-undecanone was 74% and 75% repellent to A. americanum and D. variabilis, respectively, at 2 h after application, but no statistically significant repellency was noted at 2.5 h and 3 h. In two-choice assays on cheesecloth, 2-tridecanone at 0.25 mg/cm(2) was 85% repellent to A. americanum 6 h after application, demonstrating its potential use as an arthropod repellent that can be used on clothing without the need for formulation. No statistically significant repellency was found at 9 h or 12 h. The potential use of 2-tridecanone as a tick repellent is discussed.

The tissue-specific expression of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in the cotton bollworm and the expression level induced by 2-tridecanone and quercetin were examined using the methods of biochemistry and the quantitative PCR. The relative expression level of GST mRNA was unanimous with the GSTs activity conjugaging with 1-chloro-2, 4-dimitro-benzene (CDNB) in fat bodies, midguts, heads and integuments of cotton bollworms. The GSTs activity in fat bodies was the highest, then midguts, heads and integuments in turn, which was in consistent with the relative expression level of GST mRNA. The specific activity of GSTs and the relative expression level of GST mRNA could be significantly induced by 2-tridecanone and quercetin, and after the induction the order of the GSTs activity and relative expression level of GST mRNA in the above four tissues in cotton bollworms was not different from the control. The induction of GSTs by 2-tridecanone was stronger than by quercetin in all four tissues, which w...

(R)-10-Methyl-2-tridecanone, the female sex pheromone of the southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber), was synthesized in 9 steps from methyl (S)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate in a 15.7% overall yield. Olefin cross metathesis between (R)-6-methyl-1-nonene and 5-hexen-2-one employing Grubbs' first-generation catalyst was the key step of the synthesis.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a ação de repelência a ácaro Tetranychus urticae Koch. em folíolos de tomateiro com altos teores do aleloquímico 2-tridecanona (2-TD) associado a tricomas glandulares, utilizaram-se linhagens avançadas 'TOM 600' e 'TOM 601' (altos teores de 2-TD) 'TOM 584' (padrão com baixo teor de 2-TD) e seus parentais 'PI 134417' Lycopersicon hirsutum Dunal var. glabratum Mill. (alto teor de 2-TD) e 'TOM 556' Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (baixo teor de 2-TD). O experimento foi realizado em câmara com temperatura de 16 ºC e 68% de umidade. A metodologia usada consistiu em se colocar um folíolo de cada genótipo sobre uma folha de papel tipo ofício, a qual foi fixada sobre uma folha de isopor. O folíolo foi fixado com uma tachinha metálica no centro do mesmo, sendo então colocados 10 ácaros fêmeas sobre a tachinha para que fossem medidas as distâncias percorridas pelos artrópodes em tempos diferenciados. De maneira geral, a distância percorrida pelos ácaros aumentou de acordo com maiores tempos de ensaio. Obteve-se em 'PI 134417', juntamente com 'TOM 600' e 'TOM 601', menores médias de distâncias percorridas pelos ácaros nos tempos avaliados em comparação ao 'TOM 556' e 'TOM 584' em razão da repelência exercida que se associa a maiores teores de 2-tridecanona.For the evaluation of the mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch.) repellency in tomato leaflets with high levels of 2-tridecanone (2-TD) associated to glandular trichomes, we used the advanced lines, 'TOM 600' and 'TOM 601' (high 2-TD levels) 'TOM 584' (control, low 2-TD levels) and the parents 'PI 134417' Lycopersicon hirsutum Dunal var. glabratum (high 2-TD levels) and 'TOM 556' Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (low 2-TD levels). The experiment was carried out at 16ºC and 68% relative moisture. Leaflets of each genotype were placed on a sheet of paper, set on a Styrofoam sheet. Ten female mites were placed on a metallic thumbtack at the center of the leaflets, and the distances the mites moved after 20, 40 and 60 minutes were measured. In general, the distance the mites moved increased according to the time they were left on the thumbtack. The access 'PI 134417', along with the lines 'TOM 600' and 'TOM 601', showed lower distance averages then 'TOM 556' and 'TOM 584'. Those genotypes showed higher repellency, whitch is associated with higher levels of 2-TD.

The full-length cDNA (2320 bp) encoding a putative iron-binding transferrin protein from Helicoverpa armigera was cloned and named HaTrf. The putative HaTrf sequence included 670 amino acids with a molecular mass of approximately 76 kDa. Quantitative PCR results demonstrated that the transcriptional level of HaTrf was significantly higher in the sixth instar and pupa stages as compared with other developmental stages. HaTrf transcripts were more abundant in fat bodies and in the epidermis than in malpighian tubules. Compared with the control, the expression of HaTrf increased dramatically 24 h after treatment with 2-tridecanone. Apparent growth inhibition with a dramatic body weight decrease was observed in larvae fed with HaTrf double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), as compared with those fed with green fluorescent protein dsRNA. RNA interference of HaTrf also significantly increased the susceptibility of larvae to 2-tridecanone. These results indicate the possible involvement of HaTrf in tolerance to plant secondary chemicals.

Estudou-se o controle genético da concentração das metil-cetonas 2-tridecanona (2-TD) e 2-undecanona (2-UN) no cruzamento de Lycopersicon esculentum cv IPA-6 x L. hirsutum f. glabratum PI 134418. Para tal, as gerações parentais F1 e F2 foram avaliadas em experimento de casa de vegetação, sendo a quantificação das metil-cetonas foliares realizada por cromatografia gasosa com coluna capilar. Os resultados revelaram alta correlação (0,97; P > 0,001) entre as concentrações de 2-TD e 2-UN, possivelmente devido à ocorrência de efeitos pleiotrópicos ou de ligação gênica. O grau médio de dominância revelou a ocorrência de dominância parcial para as menores concentrações de 2-TD e 2-UN, cujas herdabilidades foram 0,75 e 0,78 respectivamente. A análise de média de gerações mostrou não haver adequação dos dados de concentração de 2-TD e 2-UN ao modelo aditivo-dominante, devido, possivelmente, a problemas de incongruidade ou a efeitos epistáticos.Genetic control of methyl-ketones 2-tridecanone (2-TD) and 2-undecanone (2-UN) concentration was studied in a cross of Lycopersicon esculentum cv IPA-6 x L. hirsutum f. glabratum PI 134418. The progenitors F1 and F2 generations were evalueted in a green house experiment, and the level of methyl-ketones in the leaves were determined by capilar gas chromatography. The results indicate that there is high correlations between 2-TD and 2-UN concentrations (0.97; P > 0.001), indicating that pleiotropic or genic linkage effects may be occurring. The 2-TD and 2-UN showed complete dominance for low concentration and high heritability, 0.75 and 0.78, respectively. The generation means analysis showed that the results of 2-TD and 2-UN concentration can not be explained by the simple additive-dominant model, suggesting that the segregation distortion could be due to incongruity problems of interspecific crosses or epistatic gene action.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of selection for higher glandular trichome densities, as an indirect criterion of selection for increasing repellence to spider mites Tetranychus urticae, in tomato populations derived from an interspecific cross between Lycopersicon esculentum x L. hirsutum var. glabratum PI 134417. Trichome densities were evaluated in 19 genotypes, including 12 from advanced backcross populations, derived from the original cross L. esculentum x L. hirsutum var. glabratum PI 134417. Counts were made both on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, and trichomes were classified into glandular types IV and VI, other glandular types (types I+VII), and nonglandular types. Mite repellence was measured by distances walked by mites onto the tomato leaf surface after 20, 40 and 60 min. Spider mite repellence biotests indicated that higher densities of glandular trichomes (especially type VI) decreased the distances walked by the mites onto the tomato leaf surface. Selection of plants with higher densities of glandular trichomes can be an efficient criterion to obtain tomato genotypes with higher resistance (repellence) to spider mites. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da seleção para maior densidade de tricomas glandulares na resistência (repelência) ao ácaro Tetranychus urticae, em populações de tomate derivadas do cruzamento interespecífico Lycopersicon esculentum x L. hirsutum var. glabratum PI 134417. Foram avaliados 19 genótipos quanto à densidade de tricomas, que incluíram 12 derivados de populações avançadas de retrocruzamentos, obtidos a partir do cruzamento original L. esculentum x L. hirsutum var. glabratum PI 134417. Nas faces abaxial e adaxial dos folíolos, realizaram-se as contagens e os tricomas foram classificados em glandulares tipo IV e VI, outros glandulares (tipo I e VII) e não glandulares. A repelência aos ácaros foi medida pela distância média, percorrida pelo ácaro na superfície do folíolo de tomateiro, após 20, 40 e 60 min. Os biotestes de repelência ao ácaro rajado demonstraram que a alta densidade de tricomas glandulares, especialmente de tipo VI, influencia negativamente a distância média percorrida pelos ácaros na superfície do folíolo. Plantas com número de tricomas glandulares elevado podem ser selecionadas para se obterem genótipos com alto índice de repelência aos ácaros.

The effect of 2-tridecanone vapor on the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) development was determined. Seeds of cowpea were infested with adults and exposed to different doses of 2-tridecanone isolated from Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf ex Holm, a plant species native from northeastern Brazil. The pure monoterpene was evaluated both undiluted as well as in the dilutions 1:10, 1:100 and 1:1,000 (v/v). The following parameters of the cowpea weevil life cycle were analyzed in response to decreasing doses of 2-tridecanone: number of eggs laid, percentage of egg hatching on seeds, percentage of adult emergence, adult weight at emergence, mean developmental time and number of adults emerged. Vapor of 2-tridecanone caused a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the number of eggs laid, in the percentage of eggs hatched and in the number of emerged adults in infested seeds. The fumigant insecticidal effect of 2-tridecanone was mainly due to its ovicidal activity.O efeito dos vapores da 2-tridecanona sobre o caruncho do feijão-de-corda (Callosobruchus maculatus) foi avaliado. Sementes de feijão-de-corda infestados com insetos adultos foram expostas a diferentes doses de 2-tridecanona isolada de Pilocarpus microphyllus, uma espécie nativa do Nordeste do Brasil. O monoterpeno puro foi utilizado nas diluições 1:10, 1:100 e 1:1000 (v/v). Os parâmetros da biologia do inseto foram analisados em função da resposta a doses decrescentes de 2-tridecanona: número de ovos postos por fêmea, percentagem de eclosão de ovos, percentagem de emergência de adultos, peso dos adultos recém-emergidos, tempo médio de desenvolvimento e número total de ovos emergidos. Diferenças significativas (P < 0.05) entre as doses de 2-tridecanona testadas foram observadas, para quatro dos seis parâmetros biológicos analisados. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a 2-tridecanona é tóxica para C. maculatus, reduzindo significativamente (P < 0.05) o número de insetos emergidos após a infestação. Esse efeito foi causado principalmente pela significativa redução observada na eclosão dos ovos expostos ao vapor da substância.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a ação de repelência a ácaro Tetranychus urticae Koch. em folíolos de tomateiro com altos teores do aleloquímico 2-tridecanona (2-TD) associado a tricomas glandulares, utilizaram-se linhagens avançadas 'TOM 600' e 'TOM 601' (altos teores de 2-TD) 'TOM 584' (padrão com baixo teor de 2-TD) e seus parentais 'PI 134417' Lycopersicon hirsutum Dunal var. glabratum Mill. (alto teor de 2-TD) e 'TOM 556' Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (baixo teor de 2-TD). O experimento foi realizado em câmara com temperatura de 16 ºC e 68% de umidade. A metodologia usada consistiu em se colocar um folíolo de cada genótipo sobre uma folha de papel tipo ofício, a qual foi fixada sobre uma folha de isopor. O folíolo foi fixado com uma tachinha metálica no centro do mesmo, sendo então colocados 10 ácaros fêmeas sobre a tachinha para que fossem medidas as distâncias percorridas pelos artrópodes em tempos diferenciados. De maneira geral, a distância percorrida pelos ácaros aumentou de acordo com maiores tempos de ensaio. Obteve-se em 'PI 134417', juntamente com 'TOM 600' e 'TOM 601', menores médias de distâncias percorridas pelos ácaros nos tempos avaliados em comparação ao 'TOM 556' e 'TOM 584' em razão da repelência exercida que se associa a maiores teores de 2-tridecanona. For the evaluation of the mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch.) repellency in tomato leaflets with high levels of 2-tridecanone (2-TD) associated to glandular trichomes, we used the advanced lines, 'TOM 600' and 'TOM 601' (high 2-TD levels) 'TOM 584' (control, low 2-TD levels) and the parents 'PI 134417' Lycopersicon hirsutum Dunal var. glabratum (high 2-TD levels) and 'TOM 556' Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (low 2-TD levels). The experiment was carried out at 16ºC and 68% relative moisture. Leaflets of each genotype were placed on a sheet of paper, set on a Styrofoam sheet. Ten female mites were placed on a metallic thumbtack at the center of the leaflets, and the distances the mites moved after 20, 40 and 60 minutes were measured. In general, the distance the mites moved increased according to the time they were left on the thumbtack. The access 'PI 134417', along with the lines 'TOM 600' and 'TOM 601', showed lower distance averages then 'TOM 556' and 'TOM 584'. Those genotypes showed higher repellency, whitch is associated with higher levels of 2-TD.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:00:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-90162000000400035.pdf: 147378 bytes, checksum: 8e132e9b461c6db04092d0c751df5282 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:00:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-90162000000400035.pdf: 147378 bytes, checksum: 8e132e9b461c6db04092d0c751df5282 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-12-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:00:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-90162000000400035.pdf: 147378 bytes, checksum: 8e132e9b461c6db04092d0c751df5282 (MD5) S0103-90162000000400035.pdf.txt: 19957 bytes, checksum: 35c4bf2510513f2c0bef1429542f3a75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-12-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:19:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-90162000000400035.pdf: 147378 bytes, checksum: 8e132e9b461c6db04092d0c751df5282 (MD5) S0103-90162000000400035.pdf.txt: 19957 bytes, checksum: 35c4bf2510513f2c0bef1429542f3a75 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:19:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-90162000000400035.pdf: 147378 bytes, checksum: 8e132e9b461c6db04092d0c751df5282 (MD5) S0103-90162000000400035.pdf.txt: 19957 bytes, checksum: 35c4bf2510513f2c0bef1429542f3a75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-12-01 Duas espécies de tomateiro, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Linhagem TOM 556- padrão com baixo teor da metil cetona 2-tridecanona (2-TD) e Lycopersicon hirsutum Dunal var. glabratum Mill. (Linhagem PI 134417- padrão com elevado teor de 2-TD), foram analisadas em conjunto para identificação e quantificação de tricomas foliares. A parte experimental constou da identificação dos tricomas, baseado na presença ou ausência da cabeça secretora na extremidade apical dos tricomas, arranjo e número de células da cabeça, comprimento dos tricomas, e da quantificação do número de tricomas glandulares e não glandulares nos folíolos. O delineamento utilizado para o número de tricomas foi inteiramente casualizado e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5%. A identificação e quantificação para as espécies foram: a) TOM 556: Tricomas não glandulares do tipo II + III + V (2590 cm-2 de área foliolar); glandular do tipo VI (16 cm-2); glandular do tipo VII (138 cm-2); b) PI 134417: não glandulares do tipo II + III + V (140 cm-2 de área foliolar); glandular do tipo I + IV (843 cm-2); glandular do tipo VI (83 cm-2); glandular do tipo VII (11 cm-2). As maiores concentrações da 2-TD nos folíolos, estão associadas às maiores densidades de tricomas glandulares presentes em ambas espécies. Two tomato species, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Line TOM 556), which contained low levels of the methyl ketone 2-tridecanone (2-TD) and Lycopersicon hirsutum Dunal var. glabratum Mill. (Line PI 134417), with high levels of 2-TD, were evaluated for identification and quantification of foliar trichomes. The experiment was carried out to identify the trichomes, based on their length and on the presence, form, cell number and cell arrangment of secretory heads, as well as to quantify glandular and non-glandular trichomes. The experimental design used for trichome number was totally randomized and the averages were compared by the Tukey test, 5%. The identification and quantification of trichomes for the two species were: a) TOM 556: Types II + III + V non-glandular trichomes (2590 cm-2 of foliar area); Type VI glandular trichome (16 cm2-); Type VII glandular trichome (138 cm-2); b) PI 134417: Types II + III + V non-glandular trichomes (140 cm-2); Type I + IV glandular trichomes (843 cm-2); Type VI glandular trichome (83 cm-2); Type VII glandular trichome (11 cm-2). High concentrations of 2-TD were associated with higher densities of glandular trichomes in both species. Universidade Estadual Paulista FCA Depto. de Agricultura e Melhoramento Vegetal UFLA Universidade Estadual Paulista FCA Depto. de Agricultura e Melhoramento Vegetal

Duas espécies de tomateiro, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Linhagem TOM 556- padrão com baixo teor da metil cetona 2-tridecanona (2-TD) e Lycopersicon hirsutum Dunal var. glabratum Mill. (Linhagem PI 134417- padrão com elevado teor de 2-TD), foram analisadas em conjunto para identificação e quantificação de tricomas foliares. A parte experimental constou da identificação dos tricomas, baseado na presença ou ausência da cabeça secretora na extremidade apical dos tricomas, arranjo e número de células da cabeça, comprimento dos tricomas, e da quantificação do número de tricomas glandulares e não glandulares nos folíolos. O delineamento utilizado para o número de tricomas foi inteiramente casualizado e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5%. A identificação e quantificação para as espécies foram: a) TOM 556: Tricomas não glandulares do tipo II + III + V (2590 cm-2 de área foliolar); glandular do tipo VI (16 cm-2); glandular do tipo VII (138 cm-2); b) PI 134417: não glandulares do tipo II + III + V (140 cm-2 de área foliolar); glandular do tipo I + IV (843 cm-2); glandular do tipo VI (83 cm-2); glandular do tipo VII (11 cm-2). As maiores concentrações da 2-TD nos folíolos, estão associadas às maiores densidades de tricomas glandulares presentes em ambas espécies. Two tomato species, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Line TOM 556), which contained low levels of the methyl ketone 2-tridecanone (2-TD) and Lycopersicon hirsutum Dunal var. glabratum Mill. (Line PI 134417), with high levels of 2-TD, were evaluated for identification and quantification of foliar trichomes. The experiment was carried out to identify the trichomes, based on their length and on the presence, form, cell number and cell arrangment of secretory heads, as well as to quantify glandular and non-glandular trichomes. The experimental design used for trichome number was totally randomized and the averages were compared by the Tukey test, 5%. The identification and quantification of trichomes for the two species were: a) TOM 556: Types II + III + V non-glandular trichomes (2590 cm-2 of foliar area); Type VI glandular trichome (16 cm2-); Type VII glandular trichome (138 cm-2); b) PI 134417: Types II + III + V non-glandular trichomes (140 cm-2); Type I + IV glandular trichomes (843 cm-2); Type VI glandular trichome (83 cm-2); Type VII glandular trichome (11 cm-2). High concentrations of 2-TD were associated with higher densities of glandular trichomes in both species.

Estudou-se o controle genético da concentração das metil-cetonas 2-tridecanona (2-TD) e 2-undecanona (2-UN) no cruzamento de Lycopersicon esculentum cv IPA-6 x L. hirsutum f. glabratum PI 134418. Para tal, as gerações parentais F1 e F2 foram avaliadas em experimento de casa de vegetação, sendo a quantificação das metil-cetonas foliares realizada por cromatografia gasosa com coluna capilar. Os resultados revelaram alta correlação (0,97; P > 0,001) entre as concentrações de 2-TD e 2-UN, possivelmente devido à ocorrência de efeitos pleiotrópicos ou de ligação gênica. O grau médio de dominância revelou a ocorrência de dominância parcial para as menores concentrações de 2-TD e 2-UN, cujas herdabilidades foram 0,75 e 0,78 respectivamente. A análise de média de gerações mostrou não haver adequação dos dados de concentração de 2-TD e 2-UN ao modelo aditivo-dominante, devido, possivelmente, a problemas de incongruidade ou a efeitos epistáticos. Genetic control of methyl-ketones 2-tridecanone (2-TD) and 2-undecanone (2-UN) concentration was studied in a cross of Lycopersicon esculentum cv IPA-6 x L. hirsutum f. glabratum PI 134418. The progenitors F1 and F2 generations were evalueted in a green house experiment, and the level of methyl-ketones in the leaves were determined by capilar gas chromatography. The results indicate that there is high correlations between 2-TD and 2-UN concentrations (0.97; P > 0.001), indicating that pleiotropic or genic linkage effects may be occurring. The 2-TD and 2-UN showed complete dominance for low concentration and high heritability, 0.75 and 0.78, respectively. The generation means analysis showed that the results of 2-TD and 2-UN concentration can not be explained by the simple additive-dominant model, suggesting that the segregation distortion could be due to incongruity problems of interspecific crosses or epistatic gene action.

Oviposition and feeding of Scrobipalpuloides absoluta was studied on plants of seven different genotypes with varying 2-tridecanone (2-TD) foliage concentrations: Lycopersicon esculentum var. glabratum PI 1344417 (GLA), L. esculentum TSWV-547 (ESC), F1 (ESC × GLA), and four F2 genotypes—two with high 2-TD (HI1, HI2) and two with low foliage 2-TD concentrations (LO1, LO2). GLA, HI1, and HI2 showed 2-TD concentrations above 185 × 10–12 mol·cm2, while ESC, LO1 and LO2 had 2-TD below 40 × 10–12 mol·cm2; F1 had intermediary levels of 2-TD (83.5 × 10–12 mol 2-TD/cm2). Ovipositioning was substantially higher in the low 2-TD than on either the high 2-TD genotypes or in the F1, especially in the upper portion of the plants. Scores for leaf lesion type (LLT), overall plant damage (OPD) and percent leaflets attacked (PLA) were substantially higher for the low 2-TD than for either the high 2-TD genotypes or the F1. The results indicate that 2-TD mediates resistance to Scrobipalpuloides absoluta in the interspecific cross, and strongly suggest that 2-TD acts as both an ovipositioning and feeding deterrent for this insect.

(R)-(—)-10-Methyl-2-tridecanone, the pheromone of Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, was synthesized from (R)-(+)-citronellyl acetate.