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This study examined the influence of compost application on alterations in soil organic matter levels and the content of labile organic matter fractions in soil during maize sowing. Due to the lack of organic fertilizers, industrial compost is being investigated as an alternative. The research aims to identify relevant soil quality and fertility indicators and their effects on agricultural production. Short-term compost application as an organic fertilizer may increase the content of labile organic matter fractions in the soil, especially in less fertile plots. The results indicate a significant influence of compost application on soil quality, confirming its role as a nutrient source and enhancer of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. This highlights its potential for preserving soil quality and supporting agricultural production.

The intensive form of agricultural production often leads to disruption of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Therefore, in recent years there has been an increasing focus on research and finding ways to preserve the soil with management practices that support soil conservation. The research was conducted on the experimental field of the Institute for Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad on Rimski Šančevi. The experiment was set up as a randomized block design. The winter cover crops consisted of the combined intercrops: Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus) and winter pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.) (T+P), solo winter fodder pea crop (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.) (P) and a control without winter cover crops (sole or mixtures)(Ø). The experiment with winter cover crops was divided into two blocks. In the first block, the winter cover crops were chopped and plowed, while treatments in the second block were mowed using a rotary mower and the fodder was removed for feeding ruminants. After ploughing and preparing the soil for sowing, sowing of spring crops (soybean, maize and sudan grass) was carried out on all varieties in the subsequent sowing period. This research aims to determine the influence of different types of winter cover crops and spring crops from subsequent sowing period on the physical properties of Chernozem with a special emphasis on soil structure. It was determined that values of MWD on the treatments where the mixture of cover crops (T+P plowed) ranged from 1.11 mm to 1.39 mm, which indicated a better aggregates stability compared to the control treatments where no cover crops were sown. Due to variable root morphology and water requirements, which may alter soil structure, it is required to pay more attention to the adaptation of management strategies through the use of cover crops as well as the selection of their mixes.

Over the past decades, the rapid Internet development and the growth in the number of its users have raised various security issues. Therefore, it is of great importance to ensure the security of the network in order to enable the safe exchange of confidential data, as well as their integrity. One of the most important components of network attack detection is an Intrusion Detection System (IDS). Snort IDS is a widely used intrusion detection system, which logs alerts after detecting potentially dangerous network packets. A major challenge in network monitoring is the high volume of generated IDS alerts. A necessary step in successful network protection is the analysis of the great amount of logged alerts in search of deviations from normal traffic that may indicate an intrusion. The goal of this paper is to design and implement a visualization interface for IDS alert analysis, which graphically presents alerts generated by Snort IDS. Also, the proposed system classifies the alerts according to the most important attack parameters, and allows the users to understand evolving network situations and easily detect possible traffic irregularities. An environment in which the system has been tested in real-time is described, and the results of attack detection and classification are given. One of the detected attacks is analyzed in detail, as well as the method of its detection and its possible consequences.

The relationship between soil carbon fractions in Chernozem soils was assessed in soil samples of three different environments: arable soil, grassland and oak for­est. Grassland and oak forest had higher soil organic carbon (SOC), carbon soluble in hot water (HWC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated carbon (MOC) than the arable soil. The POC/MOC ratio was lowest in arable soil, indicating a smaller carbon pool for microbial turnover. POC increases with higher total SOC, indicating that the pres­ervation of organic matter depends on the renewal of labile fractions. Our results showed that fertilization had active role in soil carbon stabilization, while crop rotation had less effect on a soil carbon turnover. Our result could contribute to the better understanding of SOC fractions composition and relevance in Chernozem soil, thus could help in selection of cropping management systems for SOC preservation. [Projects of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR031072 and Grant no. TR031073]

Despite the fact that soil organic matter (SOM) concentration is much lower compared to mineral portion, its importance is very valuable for soil fertility, agriculture, ecosystems and global environmental change. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a key component of SOM. The amount of SOC varies greatly in surface layer of soil, but the vertical distribu­tion of SOC is also very important. The purpose of the study was to investigate vertical distribution of SOC in soil profiles of the most common soil types in Vojvodina (Arenosols, Chernozems, Fluvisols, Vertisols, Solonetz) and in different land uses (arable land, meadow and forest). Soil samples were collected from 0-30, 30-60 and 60-100 cm depth. Dichromate wet oxidation method proposed by Tyurin’s was performed to determine SOC concentration. Except arenosols, obtained results showed the decrease of SOC concentration with depth in all observed soil types and land uses. Vertisols had the highest SOC concentration in both surface (0-30 cm) and subsurface (30-60 cm) layers compared to the other soil types, while arenosols had the highest SOC concentration in the deepest layer (60-100 cm). Higher con­centrations of SOC in surface layers were measured in forests and meadows in relation to arable land, while in the lower layers these differences were not detected. Differences in SOC concentration in observed soil types and land uses were more pronounced in surface than in deeper layers. Soil organic carbon concentrations in deeper layers were substantially different only between soil types.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the microbial activity and the number of different groups of microorganisms in the soil under organic agricultural systems.

Soil consists of mineral and organic matter, possessing both chemical and physical, mineralogical and biological properties that provide a medium for plant growth and is therefore one of the most important conditions for agricultural production. On the other hand, soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of the total capacity of soil to retain exchangeable cations and indicates the negative charge per unit mass of soil. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is one of the many properties possessed by the soil, but its importance for the soil is multiple, which is particularly reflected in its ability to maintain soil fertility through binding and preventing the loss of cations from the soil due to binding to soil colloids. Cation exchange is a reversible reaction. CEC prevents the loss of nutrients and soil leaching, affects the availability of nutrients for plants, and serves as a basis for determining the required amounts of fertilizers. CEC in soil depends on the content of clay minerals and organic matter. Organic matter is the main source of CEC in sandy soils. Because of the different methods for estimating CEC, it is important to know the intended use of the data. For soil classification purposes, soil CEC is often measured at a standard pH value (pH 7). Since the value of CEC is a dependent variable property of the soil, its value depends on the content of clay minerals, organic matter, fertilization and pH value. Any change in soil properties leads to changes in CEC values, and therefore to changes in soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed in order to assess weed flora diversity in organic and conventional peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) in the second year of growing, and to compare the effects of the two production systems on peppermint traits of agronomic importance. Weed control was not carried out in a season in which the survey was conducted (2014). Comparatively high weed floristic diversity was noted for organically maintained crop, with even five species that are invasive for Vojvodina region occurring in this system only. Therophyte life form dominated in both crops. Concerning the characteristics that are directly related to yield, conventionally grown peppermint outperformed the organic one, except for leaf essential oil content. In order to provide high yield and quality of organic peppermint, regular mechanical weed control and the use of appropriate organic fertilizers would be of the great importance.

In order to get a comprehensive overview of the effect of land use on soil physical properties, this study was conducted on the selected representative soil samples collected at the territory of Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and included 6 types of soil present in this area. Undisturbed soil samples were taken from 61 localities, from the surface horizon (0 -30 cm) using the Kopetzky cylinders in three replications. The rate of water flow through soil was determined by the constant flow rate method. The velocities of water flow and filtration coefficients were calculated (K-Darcy), while statistical analysis confirmed a positive correlation between soil use and soil permeability. The results showed that soils used for agricultural production have lower permeability compared to soils in forests, meadows, and pastures.

This paper analyses the effects of the biochar application morphologi­cal traits in maize and soybean under semi-controlled conditions. During the study, the in­creasing doses of biochar (0%, 0.5%, 1, 3, and 5%) were incorporated in three soil types: Alluvium, Humogley and Chernozem to determine plant height and shoot weight. The ex­periment was set up as fully randomized design with three repetitions. The plants were grown in pots of 5 l with controlled watering and N fertilization. The research results have shown that there are differences in terms of biochar effects on soils. The greatest effect on plant height and shoot weight was obtained when the biochar was applied to Humogley soil and lower effects were found on the Alluvium soil. The increase in aboveground mass of maize and soybeans was significantly conditioned by adding different doses of biochar. Based on these results, it can be concluded that adding biochar can significantly affect the growth of plants. This is a consequence of the changes it causes in soil, which requires further tests to complement the current findings. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR031072 i br. TR031073]

The colloidal complex of soil consists of humus and clay, the most important acidoids which are able to create the bonds between oppositely charged ions (cations) through the forces strong enough to provide protection from leaching, and also weak enough to enable absorption through the plant root. This ability becomes more pronounced if the degree of dispersity is higher, i.e. if particles have smaller diameters. Total of 435 soil samples were collected from the surface horizon in 2011, for the purpose of soil fertility control in Vojvodina and prevention of its possible degradation in broader terms. This paper presents a part of study through selected representative soil samples, related to the research results of mechanical composition, basic chemical properties, and cation-exchange capacity in the most frequent types of soils in North Bačka and Banat (chernozem, fluvisol, semiglay, humoglay, solonchak, solonetz), due to the fact that soil fertility and its ecological function in environment protection largely depend on the studied properties. The average content of clay was 25.26%, ranging from 5.76 to 49.44%, the average content of humus was 3.10%, ranging between 1.02 and 4.30%, while the average value of CEC was 27.30 cmol/kg, ranging between 12.03 and 46.06 cmol/kg. Soils with higher content of clay and humus have greater cation-exchange capacity. According to the established average values of CEC in cmol/kg, the order of soil types is as follows: solonetz (40.06), semiglay (31.98), humoglay (30.98), solonchak (26.62), chernozem (22.72), and fluvisol (22.40). Research results have shown that cation-exchange capacity depends on clay fraction and humus content. Higher correlation coefficient between CEC and clay, compared to CEC and humus, indicates that clay content compared to humus content has greater effect on cation-exchange capacity.

With its total population of 7.3% of Muslims Guyana is the only country in the Western Hemisphere which is a permanent member of the International Islamic Conference. Apart from a brief historical overview of immigration of Muslims in Guyana from the Indian subcontinent, this paper presents certain aspects through which Muslims in Guyana assert themselves socially and what impact they make on society and the welfare of the Guyanese people as a whole. Particular attention is given to the problems that Guyanese Muslims face every day, such as Arabization, Sunnification and the conflict of traditionalist and reformist currents. Due to the connection of Guyana with Iran that is increasingly flourishing, this paper outlines the relationship between the two countries.

Solonetz is a type of alkaline soil which covers about 3.75% of the Province of Vojvodina, Serbia. In order to investigate the potential implementation of efficient agricultural production on this soil, we investigated the stability of structural aggregates and sealing risk (crusting hazard) in the surface layer (0-20 cm) of solonetz exposed to different land use. Four classes of stable aggregates (8000-2000, 2000-250, 250-53 and

In this paper we investigated basic characteristics of gleyic soils of Banat and presented different interpretations and classification of these soils. Twelve profiles were analyzed to access their physical and chemical properties. Investigated humogley profiles were predominantly clayic with vertic properties and under different influence of groundwater. Most of these soils we classified in Vertisols, but some of them we considered as Gleysols or Chernozems RSG (reference soil group). Eugley was under stronger influence by groundwater than humogley and showed textural uniformity, less clay content and notably higher average content of CaCO3. Eugley profiles we classified in Gleysols RSG. Every new analyzed soil profile has to be considered in particular regarding its diagnostic horizons, properties and materials and cannot be transferred from actual national classification to RSG by default.

Field experiment was conducted to study the effects of surface (SDI) and shallow subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI) on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber yield, evapotranspiration, water use efficiency (WUE), and yield response factor (Ky). The experiment was carried out under semiarid climatic conditions in the Vojvodina region in 2020. The trial was established as a block design and adapted to technical specifications of drip irrigation system. In addition, the nonirrigated, control variant was also included in the trial. Irrigation was scheduled on the basis of water balance method. Daily water used on plants evapotranspiration (ETd) was calculated by multiplying reference evapotranspiration (ETo) with crop coefficients (kc). Kc values were 0.5, 0.7, 1.1, 0.9, 0.7 from planting to emergence, early vegetative development, tuber initiation, tuber enlargement and senescence, respectively. The potato processing variety 'Taurus' was used for the experiment. Obtained results indicate a significant effect of irrigation on potato yield compared to the nonirrigated variant (38.33 t ha-1) but differences in the yield using the SDI (58.06 t ha-1) and the SSDI (61.15 t ha-1) were not significant. In the study period, seasonal evapotranspiration in irrigation conditions (ETm) and in rainfed control variant (ETa) was 478 mm and 319 mm respectively. IWUE values were 9.39, 10.85 kg m-3 and 27.64, 29.09 kg m-3 but ETWUE values were 12.40, 14.35 kg m-3 and 12.14, 12.79 kg m-3 for SDI and SSDI respectively. The seasonal yield response factor (Ky) of 1.03 and 1.12 for SDI and SSDI indicates that potato can be grown without irrigation in the temperate climate of Vojvodina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a lack of information on differences between organic and conventional soil management practices effects on the soil organic matter and aggregate fractions. Therefore, our research aimed to investigate those land-use systems to better understand the relationship between soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil structural properties in field crops production. For the purpose of this study, six locations under winter wheat, representing Haplic Chernozem soil type, were surveyed at 0-30 cm depth. On average, the distribution of soil aggregate fractions and soil organic matter (SOM) content was comparable in organic and conventional farms. Higher content of total and labile SOC was obtained from >2000 μm fraction being most important fraction in the turnover of soil organic matter. The degree of C saturation turned out to be an important regulator of SOC stability and turnover rates while carbon sequestration rate (2.64-2.84 kg m-2) indicated the high potential of C increase in Chernozem soil. Detection of soil quality improvement in organic farming systems requires a longer period of time due to changes in utilization and a management practices. Direct links between labile carbon and soil physical condition are being pursued to help organic farmers manage soil resources more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although protected, special nature reserves are not isolated from anthropogenic influences entering from outside their borders. Water quality is particularly endangered at three special nature reserves in Vojvodina, i.e. Ludaško jezero (Ludas Lake), Carska bara (Imperial Pond) and Obedska bara (Obed Pond). The special nature reserve Obed Pond and Ludas Lake are polluted by agricultural runoff and untreated wastewater resulting in serious eutrophic processes, and the SNR Imperial Pond is potentially influenced from nearby fish pond and agriculture. The monitoring conducted in summer and in autumn in 2016, at the three mentioned special nature reserves, included water sampling on several locations within each protected area. The analyses included basic water quality parameters, microbiological analyses, as well as water mineralization. Both, water quality and microbiological results, have proven the presence of eutrophic processes at all analyzed protected areas, but the worst conditions were detected in the North and Middle of the Ludas Lake. Considering the other two investigated protected areas, results are a bit better indicating moderate eutrophic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Solonetz is a type of alkaline soil which covers about 3.75% of the Province of Vojvodina, Serbia. In order to investigate the potential implementation of efficient agricultural production on this soil, we investigated the stability of structural aggregates and sealing risk (crusting hazard) in the surface layer (0-20 cm) of solonetz exposed to different land use. Four classes of stable aggregates (8000-2000, 2000-250, 250-53 and <53 µm) were obtained and the risk of sealing was calculated. The results show relatively stable structure in the surface layer of the investigated solonetz soils, but also a high risk of sealing. Solonetz under native vegetation showed higher aggregate stability and lower risk of sealing compared to solonetz exposed to long term tillage. Such soils can be recommended for establishing protective forests or cultivation of shallow rooted plants under condition that appropriate chemical properties of the surface horizon are monitored and cultivation practices against risk of sealing are implemented. Also further interdisciplinary study of these alkaline soils is recommended bearing in mind its high prevalence and variability of their properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]