Search

To investigate and establish a reference interval (RI) of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in southwest China's healthy population by using the laboratory information system database. A total of 86957 periodic health examination individuals of the medical examination center in West China Hospital from 2016 to 2018 were included in the study. We used the Box-Cox conversion combined with the Tukey method to normalize the data and eliminate the outliers, and the normal distribution method and the nonparametric method to estimate the 95% distribution RI. The NSE 95% distribution RI we established in healthy populations in southwest China through normal distribution and nonparametric method were 0–19.64 ng/ml and 0–20.46 ng/ml, respectively. The obtained RIs verification conformed to the standard and was significantly different from the reagent instruction(P < 0.05). The RI established by the nonparametric method was superior to the RI of the normal distribution method and reagent instruction(P < 0.05). We initially established an NSE RI that was suitable for the healthy southwest China population. The Box-Cox conversion combined with the Tukey method and nonparametric method is a reliable and straightforward indirect method for reference interval acquisition, which is suitable for the promotion and application of clinical laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyzes how chat reference providers refer patrons to subject specialists in 467 interactions from two years at a university library. Qualitative analysis showed variation in how referrals are presented: as an option versus a recommendation, putting follow-up in the hands of patrons versus librarians, and apologizing versus promoting benefits. Professional librarians referred more questions to specialists, framed more referrals as benefits, and sent more transcripts ("tickets") than graduate assistants or paraprofessionals did. Findings show correlations between patrons' positive responses to referrals and the extent of the reference interview and positive framing of the referral, but not the attempt to assist before referring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To apply cognitive task analyses of the Biomedical query mediation (BQM) processes for EHR data retrieval at multiple sites towards the development of a generic BQM process model.Materials and Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with eleven data analysts from five academic institutions and one government agency, and performed cognitive task analyses on their BQM processes. A coding schema was developed through iterative refinement and used to annotate the interview transcripts. The annotated dataset was used to reconstruct and verify each BQM process and to develop a harmonized BQM process model. A survey was conducted to evaluate the face and content validity of this harmonized model.Results: The harmonized process model is hierarchical, encompassing tasks, activities, and steps. The face validity evaluation concluded the model to be representative of the BQM process. In the content validity evaluation, out of the 27 tasks for BQM, 19 meet the threshold for semi-valid, including 3 fully valid: "Identify potential index phenotype," "If needed, request EHR database access rights," and "Perform query and present output to medical researcher", and 8 are invalid.Discussion: We aligned the goals of the tasks within the BQM model with the five components of the reference interview. The similarity between the process of BQM and the reference interview is promising and suggests the BQM tasks are powerful for eliciting implicit information needs.Conclusions: We contribute a BQM process model based on a multi-site study. This model promises to inform the standardization of the BQM process towards improved communication efficiency and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reference intervals (RIs) are used to help clinicians determine if a patient can be classified as being in a diseased or healthy state and there are often sound scientific and clinical reasons for differences in RIs. One of the current strategic priorities for the Australasian Association of Clinical Biochemists is to encourage and assist laboratories to achieve harmonisation of RIs for common clinical chemistry analytes where sound calibration and traceability are in place. This need is based on good laboratory practice, providing the clinician with results that allow appropriate and reliable clinical interpretation and progression further toward the national e-health framework and a single electronic health record. After reviewing and considering studies related to bias as well as both a priori and a posteriori RI studies nationally and internationally and the consideration of flagging rates and clinical relevance, an initial group of 12 harmonised RIs were endorsed by the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia in 2014. In 2015, after further stakeholder consultation, a second group of six harmonised RIs for common chemistry analytes has been proposed for adults which includes ALT and AST where methods do not use pyridoxal-5'-phosphate as an activator and lipase excluding the Ortho Clinical Diagnostics and Siemens Dimension assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than a decade there has been a global effort to harmonise all phases of the testing process, with particular emphasis on the most frequently utilised measurands. In addition, it is recognised that calculated parameters derived from these measurands should also be a target for harmonisation. Using data from the Aussie Normals study we report reference intervals for three calculated parameters: serum osmolality, serum anion gap and albumin-adjusted serum calcium. The Aussie Normals study was an a priori study that analysed samples from 1856 healthy volunteers. The nine analytes used for the calculations in this study were measured on Abbott Architect analysers. The data demonstrated normal (Gaussian) distributions for the albumin-adjusted serum calcium, the anion gap (using potassium in the calculation) and the calculated serum osmolality (using both the Bhagat et al. and Smithline and Gardner formulae). To assess the suitability of these reference intervals for use as harmonised reference intervals, we reviewed data from the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia/Australasian Association of Clinical Biochemists (RCPA/AACB) bias survey. We conclude that the reference intervals for the calculated serum osmolality (using the Smithline and Gardner formulae) may be suitable for use as a common reference interval. Although a common reference interval for albumin-adjusted serum calcium may be possible, further investigations (including a greater range of albumin concentrations) are needed. This is due to the bias between the Bromocresol Green (BCG) and Bromocresol Purple (BCP) methods at lower serum albumin concentrations. Problems with the measurement of Total CO2 in the bias survey meant that we could not use the data for assessing the suitability of a common reference interval for the anion gap. Further study is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer- intensive resampling/bootstrap methods are feasible when calculating reference intervals from non-Gaussian or small reference samples. Microsoft Excel® in version 2010 or later includes natural functions, which lend themselves well to this purpose including recommended interpolation procedures for estimating 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the reader to resampling estimation techniques in general and in using Microsoft Excel® 2010 for the purpose of estimating reference intervals in particular. Parametric methods are preferable to resampling methods when the distributions of observations in the reference samples is Gaussian or can transformed to that distribution even when the number of reference samples is less than 120. Resampling methods are appropriate when the distribution of data from the reference samples is non-Gaussian and in case the number of reference individuals and corresponding samples are in the order of 40. At least 500-1000 random samples with replacement should be taken from the results of measurement of the reference samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an exploration of the Reference and User Services Association's (RUSA) guidelines for reference interviewing when applied to virtual encounters such as online chat programs or e-mail communications. Introductory details are given defining the key features and practices surrounding different virtual communications and their implications for reference services. The re-application of the RUSA guidelines to these media is then provided.

This is a report on the impact of library workers' personal beliefs on provision of vaccination information. Nine public librarians were interviewed about a hypothetical scenario involving a patron who is concerned about possible vaccination-autism connections. The analysis employed thematic coding. Results suggested that while most partic- ipants supported childhood vaccination, tension between their personal views and neutrality impacted their ability to conduct the interaction. The neutrality stance, though consonant with professional guidelines, curtails librarians' ability to provide accurate health information. Outreach and communication between public and health sciences libraries can help librarians provide resources to address health controversies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) concentration is a predictor of ischemic cardiac events and renal impairment. However, the reference interval of PAPP-A has not been determined. This study determined the reference interval of PAPP-A in men and non-pregnant women. Methods: The study enrolled 126 apparently healthy individuals (52 males and 74 females). The mean age of the men and women was 34.7 (range 20-66) years and 34.6 (range 18-65) years, respectively. Serum PAPP-A concentrations were determined using an ultrasensitive enzyme-linked immunoassay kit. Reference intervals were calculated using the bootstrap method. Results: The results for three subjects were outliers, so the reference interval of PAPP-A was calculated using the data for 123 subjects. PAPP-A was undetectable in 26 subjects. The reference interval of PAPP-A for men and women (with the 90% confidence interval) was <22.9ng/mL (19.7-23.3) and <33.6ng/mL (25.2-36.7), respectively. In male subjects, serum PAPP-A levels of smokers [3.10 (UD, 7.30)ng/mL] were significantly lower than that of non-smokers [ 11.00 (UD, 24.4) ng/mL) (p < 0.001 ) and there was a positive correlation between serum PAPP-A levels and subjects' age (r=0.439; p< 0.001). Conclusions: The reference interval of PAPP-A differed for men and non-pregnant women. In clinical practice, <22.9 ng/mL for men and <33.6 ng/mL for non-pregnant women may be used as reference intervals for PAPP-A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a scoring rubric based on RUSA's "Guidelines for Behavioral Performance of Reference and Information Service Providers" (RUSA Guidelines), librarians' performance in 106 chat reference transcripts in which a patron was determined to be acting inappropriately were compared to 90 randomly chosen transcripts from the same time period in which no inappropriate behavior was identified. Librarians serving appropriately behaving patrons scored significantly better on two of five major dimensions of the RUSA Guidelines. Recommendations for librarians serving inappropriately behaving patrons and for improving the two affected dimensions are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reference interview provides a number of opportunities for Christian librarians to model the integration of faith and learning. When conducting reference interviews, librarians may have the chance to: 1) show a willingness to go the extra mile, 2) provide users with tools for seeking information successfully, 3) discuss information ethics, 4) exhibit openness to different points of view, and 5) demonstrate commitment to seeing individuals as God does. Ultimately, the reference interview can be a means to demonstrate that the life of the mind and the life of the spirit can (and should) be inextricably intertwined for a Christian scholar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines how a reference librarian can determine the information needs of a library patron. A comprehensive analysis and description of the reference interview with a patron is given. Topics of discussion include identifying the type of patron one is dealing with, such as a graduate student compared to a government official, as well as identifying the true nature of the question being asked. Also discussed are the five elements of a reference interview including approachability, interest, listening, searching, and follow up.

This article describes a content analysis of virtual reference transcripts taken from the NCknows virtual reference service. The analysis sought to determine why librarians consider some questions to be unanswerable at the time they are submitted by users. Questions were coded by a classification of question causes and by how complete the reference interview was in the transaction. The transcripts were then coded according to the reasons given for ending the chat early. The analysis showed that most reference interviews were incomplete and that the most common explanation for why librarians could not answer questions at the time was that they were already busy assisting other users. The study indicates that more North Carolina librarians should be hired to staff the service and that librarians should make a greater effort to conduct a complete reference interview so that more questions can be answered while users are still online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective - The study examined whether a prompt sheet improved the reference interview process for health information advisers working at NHS Direct, a 24-hour telephone helpline that provides confidential health care advice for the public in England. Methods - A randomised control trial was conducted at eight NHS Direct sites across England in 2003-04. Newly recruited health information advisers (n=30), full and part-time, were randomly allocated to a control group (n=15) or intervention group (n=15), and 26 completed the study. Existing health information advisers were involved in the planning and design of the intervention. The prompt sheet included prompts for demographic information, reason for call, condition/treatment plan, existing knowledge of caller, special needs of the caller, handling a call empathetically, and conclusion. Testing of reference interview expertise was done at the end of basic training, and two months later, using the same questions. The ten test questions were based on common questions received by NHS Direct. A relevance framework for possible responses was drawn up for each question for scoring test responses, with more relevant responses scoring higher than less relevant responses. Results - The average score of prompt (experimental) and non-prompt (control) participants increased on the second test, for each of the 10 questions. The prompt group improved significantly more overall than the control group. There was variation within the groups. Sixteen health information advisers showed a net increase in their score over all ten questions (10 experimental group, six control group). The post-test score for an individual on a particular question did sometimes decrease from the pre-test score, but all 26 improved on at least one question. Previous call handler experience did not appear to influence the extent of improvement, but length and type of experience in the post may have an influence. Conclusion - The trial demonstrated the benefit of a simple and inexpensive prompt sheet for some, though not all, newly recruited health information advisers to improve their reference interview technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with the role of the reference interview in the more traditional reference encounter and in the virtual realms of Web-based reference services in the context of the Ross and Ronan pieces. Explains why reference interview needs to be used in every reference transaction. Reasons why reference interview is needed only sometimes or only under certain circumstances and not for directional queries or for ready reference questions; Findings in a library visit developed in early 1990s; Common problems encountered by the users when asking questions to the staff members.

Discusses various research methods for evaluating electronic reference services. Surveys and questionnaires; Information on observational methods; Individual and focus group interviews; Use of case studies.

Offers insight on a study pertaining to facial expressions in a reference interview, citing the application of Freudian dream analysis as a technique. Information on the dream analysis model; In-depth look at the study; Details on the study.

Discusses differences between electronic mail (e-mail) reference interviews and those conducted using other media. Taxonomy of approaches to e-mail reference interviews; Model remote reference interview.

Deals with the two major programs of the 2002 Annual Conference of the American Library Association in the U.S. Number of librarians who were invited to write white papers in advance of the conference; Opinion of reference librarian Catherine Ross regarding the value of reference interview and how it affects the reference process when it does not take place; Views of reference librarian David Tyckoson on reference interview.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue including the harmonisation of reference intervals for albumin, urea and urate, the harmonisation of calculated biochemistry parameters and the alignment of osmolality formula to Smithline-Gardner.

The article focuses on reference interview and proposal as first phase of large research project of independent information professionals (IIPs) in the U.S. The author explains the importance of proposal which include understanding of client's information needs, establishes project parameters, and opportunity to discuss expected outcomes. He presents several key components such as objective and scope that summarize the lessons learned after the reference interview. He also discusses information environment, search strategy and methodology, and reports and other deliverables. Moreover, he concludes that a good research proposal summarizes the reference interviews, delineates the research questions, and analyzing information.

The article focuses on the implications of virtual references for reference interviewing. It says that various virtual reference services including text-based setting considers a good typist, chat reference turns longer interaction online between patrons and reference providers or librarians, and electronic-mail (e-mail) shortens reference interviews. It cites several tips to conduct smooth reference interviews online such as clear communication and careful reading on patron questions.