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This paper aims to relate two debates about how logic and language influence thought. There is an axis of discussion about whether there exists a plurality of logic or a single logical system as an evaluation criterion for any reasoning context. In linguistics, the debate arising from the strong and weak interpretations of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has centralized the discussion around the degree of influence or determination of language on thought. From different perspectives and theoreticalconceptual frameworks, logic, and linguistics delimit and problematize a field of inquiry and reflection. The article, from a transdisciplinary perspective, intends to account for and postulate communicating vessels between these debates, considering the nuances of each approach. It also seeks to propose its own hypothesis on the problem raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being subjected to decades of sharp criticism, privacy policies published by companies remain a linchpin of privacy regulation. Representations in these policies provide the main measure against which consumer privacy can be judged. Policies are rarely read by consumers. Instead, these policies are interpreted by company decision makers tasked with interpreting whether a proposed course of action is consistent with stated policies as well as underlying privacy law. To be effective, policies must constrain use of consumer data even when they are given a company-friendly reading. Experimental evidence on the interpretation of privacy policies provides no grounds for encouragement about such constraint, because it suggests that policies are often so ambiguous that neither laypeople nor experts can consistently interpret them. This Article supports those experimental findings with real-world evidence--court filings by experts appointed to consider the legality of transfers of consumers' private data. The study finds that even independent, court appointed experts rely on interpretive practices that are unreliable and inconsistent. It reveals divergences concerning what even relatively common, standard privacy policy provisions actually mean, in relatively common situations, such as the attempt to sell data as part of a reorganization or liquidation. This suggests that privacy regulation should not rely too heavily on the language of privacy policies unless greater consensus can be reached. The Article then proposes to put the interpretation of privacy policies on more sound footing. It explores two primary approaches. Privacy policies could be subjected to more certain meaning through a turn to standardization, where policies are communicated by reference to interpretive principles laid out by regulation or by understanding grounded in empirical research on the meaning of the various terms. Alternatively, privacy policies could be subjected to a set of interpretive principles that would provide a more certain basis for interpretation and also encourage drafters of policies to state themselves more clearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a literary analysis of Alice Munro's short story "The Bear Came Over the Mountain" (1999), the article explores the theme of indeterminacy and gaps in the text and their impact on readers' interpretation. Drawing on the concepts of Iser's implied reader, Kukkonen's embodied reader, and Abbot's acceptance of unknowability, the article reveals how Munro engages readers in constructing hypotheses and continuously challenges them by introducing new insights, prompting revisions of interpretations. By exploring the deliberate indeterminacies in Munro's narrative, this study aims to elucidate the interplay between authorial intention and the reader's interpretive agency. The article also mentions the film adaptation of Munro's short story by the Canadian director Sarah Polley, Away from Her (2006), and highlights the use of indeterminacy within the visual medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing ubiquity of algorithmically mediated digital texts continues to generate debate about the instability and indeterminacy of texts. The American composer John Cage is well known for disrupting traditional Western aesthetics by incorporating chance operations, algorithms, and indeterminacy into his musical compositions and literary texts. This article analyzes materials found in the pre-print archive of Cage's printed book, M (published in 1973 by Wesleyan University Press), in order to understand how Cage brought his aesthetic of indeterminacy into print. Through analysis of archival materials, it is argued that Cage exercised control over the performance and reading of his texts, even as he ceded authorial control to the aleatory processes of the I Ching -- the ancient Chinese book of divination -- and to the arbitrary choices of the typesetter/printer. This article offers new understanding about algorithms and indeterminacy in the performance of bibliographic codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eidos magazine, from the University of the North, presents its 40th issue with a variety of essays and a review. The article by Sebastián Alejandro González Montero and Lucas Uribe Lopera on the concept of community stands out, as well as Filippo Salimbeni's article on a third way in 19th-century political philosophy, and Nicolás García De Castro and Alejandro Villamor Iglesias' articles on the philosophy of science. Other topics addressed include text and experience, art as a map of intensity, the concept of death from S. Kierkegaard's thinking, memory and stigmatization in the case of the Colombian township El Salado. The issue concludes with a review of the book "El nadador de Paestum" by Tonio Hölscher. [Extracted from the article]

Newtonian mechanics was for centuries virtually universally regarded as the absolute model of scientific knowledge. However, during the 20th century, developments in physics prompted the need to broaden the conceptual and theoretical framework around fundamental issues such as the predictive power of scientific models or the role of the observer in the description of physical phenomena; this in turn revitalised the long-standing debate between determinism and indeterminism. Today, the disciplinary discussion, far from reaching a consensus, has given rise to new kinds of questions that reflect a change in what Cassirer calls the ideal of knowledge. From a historical synthesis of the debate of the last decades, the present article seeks to point out some contemporary perspectives on indeterminism in science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overseas poems, a neglected type of poetry, reflect the development of the times and the characteristics of civilization. The modern era was not only a critical period of social transformation, but it was also a time of rapid development in overseas poems. Due to their academic and political backgrounds as well as their travel experiences, the overseas poems of Kang Youwei 康有為 (1858-1927) and Liang Qichao 梁啟超 (1873-1929), which represent the apex of the genre, show a pattern absent in the poems of other contemporary poets. Their poems were influenced by the theories of geographical determinism and evolutionism. They wanted to find decisive factors regarding the geographical environment from the investigation of different civilizations in the world, and they summed up the laws affecting evolution such as geographical location, sea power, material resources and colonization, which could be used as points of reference in China's future development. Their vision and cultural consciousness were different from those of the Han centralism of the past, in that they embodied the turn of facing the ocean and actively merging into modern civilization, presenting a macro image on a world scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the career and theories of Samuel H. Pillsbury, a prominent legal scholar and novelist. It focuses on Pillsbury's "defense of value" theory of punishment, which emphasizes the violation of societal norms and disrespect for human value, rather than the inherent badness of the offender. It also discusses Pillsbury's exploration of the problem of evil and the question of free will versus determinism, and his approach to navigate between the two poles.

The 15-minute city concept was introduced as a post-COVID strategy to support more sustainable recovery from the pandemic and develop complete, climate-sensitive, and resilient neighborhoods. This review examines key neighborhood planning movements to identify the origins of the 15-minute city concept. These include the garden city, neighborhood unit plan, modernist urbanism, post-modern urbanism, and eco-urbanism, which have emerged since the late 19th century. The results of the study show that the concept of the 15-minute city has ten basic characteristics: proximity, density, diversity, mixed-use, modularity, adaptability, flexibility, human-scale design, connectivity, and digitalization. The concept has been successful in advancing theoretical debates on sustainable urbanism. However, some criticisms of past planning movements also apply to the 15-minute city. Similar to the neighborhood unit and modernist urbanism, the concept follows a philosophy of physical determinism, setting goals without specifying how or by what means they will be achieved. At this point, one can only speculate about the future of the concept. A more detailed study of the real-world applications of the concept is needed before one can thoroughly discuss its strengths and weaknesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B. F. Skinner has committed himself to determinism at different points in his lifework. However, the Skinnerian scientific system is not based on fixed epistemological assumptions. This article aims to demonstrate that Skinnerian statements about determinism have different meanings, and some of them may also coincide with the opposite thesis of determinism (i.e., indeterminism). Concepts associated with determinism were examined within the three models of behavior proposed by Skinner (reflex, operant, and selection by consequences). This conceptual investigation showed that the formulations within the reflex model are consistent with determinism; those within the operant model are ambiguous as to their compatibility with deterministic and indeterministic scientific conceptions; and those within selection by consequences are aligned with scientific indeterminism. Skinner's repeated commitment to determinism should not lead behavior analysts to assume it is an uncontroversial "ism"; therefore, other interpretations of behavior analysis's fundamental postulates are possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explicates how different approaches to teaching history can enforce diverse strategies for dealing with uncertainty. Descriptions of three types of historical pedagogy are analysed as three kinds of modelling systems derived from Juri Lotman's theory of semiotics of culture: myth-type modelling, scientific modelling, and play-type modelling. The paper argues that the connection between pedagogical approaches and uncertainty, as an experience that occurs at the limits of knowledge, can be modelled as the relation between a semiotic system and its boundary. The nature of this relation can differ depending on how the division between the internal and external space of the semiotic entity is perceived. Different types of modelling systems establish distinct patterns in order to deal with the indeterminacy of the borderland area. In the process of learning, these patterns can be viewed as semiotic strategies that various pedagogical approaches enforce when arriving at the limits of knowledge and facing the situation of indeterminacy that can cause students to experience uncertainty. Three different strategies are discussed in the context of history education: avoiding uncertainty in the case of the collective memory approach, addressing uncertainty in the case of the disciplinary approach, and accepting uncertainty in the case of the post-modern approach to teaching history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first edition of Silvina Ocampo's 1937 book, Viaje Olvidado, includes several handwritten, unpublished rewritings. Following our hypothesis, rather than corrections that restore meanings and certainties, they constitute a retraction, an intensified "return" to indeterminacy and ambiguity that characterizes the stories in the volume. To demonstrate this, we will analyze the author's rewriting of four paradigmatic stories: "Cielo de claraboyas", "La calle Sarandí", "El retrato mal hecho" and "Los funámbulos". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Movimento (0104754X) is the property of Movimento, da Escola de Educacao, Fisica, Fisioterapia e Danca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study's major goal is to establish the foundation for the relationship between Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, two significant figures of the Enlightenment period, and the notion that Kant owes a lot to Rousseau in ethics, one of the fields where Rousseauist influences are most overt. Although the similarities between perspectives of Rousseau and Kant and Rousseau's influence on Kant are frequently discussed in the previous scholarship, these similarities and effects are primarily discussed in the contexts of education and politics. This is likely because Rousseau stands out in these two fields rather than ethics. We can say that alternative studies are required in this sense. This resemblance and influence essentially equate to a fundamental human concept that includes ethics, politics, and education because the most fundamental question in all philosophies is "What is a human being?". In addition, Rousseau, who, as the representative of the Romantic, naturalist movement, resorted to a deeper emotion and conscience instead of reason, and Kant as the most important name of the Enlightenment, stood on the same side in the conflict between the mechanism and determinism in the Enlightenment philosophy and human freedom, responsibility and morality against philosophy, gave priority to practical reason over theoretical reason. This constitutes the justification for such an assertation. In this context, in this study, the effect of Rousseau on Kant's ethics has been tried to be revealed based on certain concepts of the ethics of both names. Naturalcivilized human distinction, freedom, will, general will, categorical imperative, the kingdom of purposes, human dignity and equality are the prominent concepts in this connection. Some of these concepts, especially those which are associated with Kant, are evaluated in the context of his contributions to the ethical debates in Western philosophy. Despite such an evaluation, it is important to express Rousseau's contribution to the emergence of these concepts through Kant's ethics. The key ideas in this context are the contrast between natural and civilised humans, freedom, will, general will, categorical imperative, the kingdom of purposes, human dignity, and equality. Some of these ideas are assessed in the light of Kant's contributions to the ethical discussions in Western philosophy, especially those which are associated with him. Despite this assessment, it's vital to highlight Rousseau's role in the development of these ideas through Kant's ethics. In this regard, the first part of the study attempts to ascertain the degree to which Kant's ideas on morality are influenced by the theories of the English moralists and Rousseau's teachings, which are viewed as the two major ethical movements in Europe at the outset. Freedom, will, perfection, human dignity, and equality are fundamental components of human nature that define the line between nature and civilization. The problem of evil, which is a crucial issue in the ethics of the two names, and a similarity between Rousseau and Kant that is a little more challenging to discern have been attempted to be examined in the context of the Rousseauian effect in the third section of the study. It is noted that evil is seen as a result of freedom as in Rousseau according to whom started out from natural man with a synthetic attitude, besides touching upon the fact that civilization both corresponds to the fall of the natural man and is given as an explanation of evil, and that evil, like morality, is connected to the development of reason and sociality while Kant showed a progressive approach with an analytical attitude. It is highlighted that Kant agreed with Rousseau when he argued that by imposing the law onto ourselves, we become free and so develop morality. Additionally, while the writings of Kant and Rousseau are regarded as a primary source throughout the study, an effort has been made to draw on secondary works that discuss these two figures and highlight the relationship between these two names. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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English Abstract: Fiction might not be formally the same genre as ethnography, but fiction remains a legitimate companion to anthropological reflection. Placing Kafka alongside the authors of this special section of SA/AS allows me to read them just a touch beyond their central positions: especially for what they can teach us about untranslatability, 'impass-ability' and impossibility, as a vital part of ethnography and of relating more generally. Aft er discussing the texts of this section, I address questions posed to our panel at EASA2020. I then discuss what I call Brazil's most untranslatable novel, which sheds unique light on contemporary anthropological worries about untranslatability, or impossible-to-fully-bridge difference. French Abstract: La fiction n'est peut-être pas formellement le même genre que l'ethnographie. En tant que produit d'une « observation sérieuse » quotidienne (Wood 2014[2020]) par contre, la fiction reste un compagnon légitime à la réflexion anthropologique. En plaçant Kafka aux côtés des auteurs de cette section spéciale de SA/AS, je peux les lire un peu au-delà de leurs positions centrales, en particulier pour ce qu'ils peuvent nous apprendre sur l'intraduisibilité, l'«impasse-abilité» et l'impossibilité, parties essentielles pour l'ethnographie et des relations/rapports plus généralement. Après avoir discuté les textes de cette section, je réponds aux questions posées à notre panel lors de l'EASA2020. Je discute ensuite de ce que j'appelle le roman le plus intraduisible du Brésil, qui jette une lumière unique sur les préoccupations anthropologiques contemporaines concernant l'intraduisibilité, ou la différence qui est impossible à combler entièrement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Josef Pieper’s critique of Martin Heidegger’s Wahrheitsbegriff (concept of truth) has been virtually ignored in both Pieper and Heidegger scholarship; however, Pieper’s critique of Heidegger is both lethal and affirmative. On the one hand, Pieper makes a strong case against Heidegger’s Wahrheitsbegriff in “Vom Wesen der Wahrheit” and yet on the other he affirms his thesis that “the essence of truth is freedom.” This paper attempts to mend this gap in the literature by first presenting Heidegger’s “Vom Wesen der Wahrheit,” the essay in which Heidegger explicates his concept of truth. Second, I exegete the critique of Josef Pieper found in his “Heideggers Wahrheitsbegriff.” Third, I conclude the paper by contextualizing Pieper’s critique within Pieper’s Werke, and make a note of the philosophical insights derivative from Pieper’s less than simple relationship to Heidegger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how indeterminacy is different from uncertainty is crucial to posthumanism and has major implications for reconfiguring curriculum. Uncertainty has to do with epistemology, about not knowing whether a state of affairs is or is not; for instance, one would not know whether something is here or there, now or then. Indeterminacy, however, is ontological and eschews the idea of individually existing determinate entities, proposing instead phenomenain-their-becoming and a radically open relating of the world. Karen Barad, a feminist queer theorist, uses Niels Bohr's quantum physics to show how atoms possess an inherent indeterminism or lack of identity in space and time. Indeterminacy is thus an un/doing of identity that unsettles the very foundations of being and non-being. Furthermore, neither space nor time are predetermined givens, but come into being intra-actively through the emergence of phenomena. This article shows how an understanding of space/time indeterminacy is important for thinking otherwise in curriculum studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People experience stronger regret regarding negative outcomes resulting from more exceptional circumstances compared to routine. We hypothesized that the exceptionality-routine attribution asymmetry would extend to attributions of agency and moral responsibility. In Experiment 1 (N = 337), we found that people attributed more free will to exceptional behavior compared to routine when the exception was due to self-choice rather than external circumstances. In Experiment 2 (N = 561), we replicated and generalized this effect to other scenarios, with support for the classic exceptionality effect regarding regret, and an extension to moral responsibility. In Experiment 3 (N = 128), we replicated these effects in a within-subject design. When using a classic experimental philosophy paradigm contrasting a deterministic and an indeterministic universe, we found that the results were robust across both contexts. We conclude that there is consistent support for a link between exceptionality and free will attributions. All materials, data, and code are available here: https:// osf.io/f2pck/ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Nothing to Come, Fabrice Correia and Sven Rosenkranz provide a sophisticated, compelling, and thoroughly defended account of the growing block theory. This note critically evaluates two aspects of this account. First, it evaluates Correia and Rosenkranz's attempt at providing a grounding principle for future truths and argues that this principle fails to make progress in explaining why future truths are true. Second, it evaluates Correia and Rosenkranz's construal of the open future arguing that the asymmetry in openness with respect to the past and future is not plausibly understood in terms of determinism and indeterminism, and in the final section, it evaluates their claim that a growing block theorist is able to maintain that the future is open in a stronger sense than the block theorist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a half - century, I have been developing a view of free will that is incompatible with determinism and, in the process, attempting to answer the Intelligibility Question about such a free will: Can one make sense of an incompatibilist or libertarian free will without reducing it to mere chance, or mystery, and can such a free will be reconciled with modern views of the cosmos and human beings? In this paper, I discuss recent refinements to my earlier writings on such a view, refinements developed in recent years in response to the large critical literature on my views in the past several decades. My view has usually been designated an event-causal (EC) view of libertarian free will and distinguished from non-causal (NC) and agent-causal (AC) libertarian views. But I was never happy with this designation of my view as “event-causal” and did not use it myself in earlier writings. In this paper, I explain why I now reject it altogether. I have come to believe that to avoid numerous misunderstandings in current debates about free will, we must distinguish four different kinds of libertarian theories, not merely three: in addition to non-causal (NC), agent-causal (AC), and event-causal (EC) theories, we need to add a fourth kind, which might be called an agent-causal/event-causal (AC/EC) theory. My view has always been of this fourth kind. It represents what I call in the title of this paper the “fourth way forward” for making sense of an incompatibilist free will. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bourdieu's intermittent allusions to Spinoza's conatus disclose the weaknesses of his concept of habitus. A thorough inspection of his involvement with the Spinozist legacy reveals a long-lasting inconsistency, for he expects that conatus will assist him in both 1) grounding the habitus and solving the uncertainties that surround this notion by endorsing a strong conatus, impervious to the resistances it will eventually encounter; and 2) reinstating agency in the structuralist mindset, a program retrospectively admitted by Bourdieu in 1987 and bound to a weak conatus, exposed to the interfering resistance of exterior forces and thus determined by the interaction with contingent events. Bourdieu noticed this incongruity around 1993. At that time, he renounced to buttressing the habitus by means of the dynamizing character of conatus. So began the later evolution of his thought, linked to the antithetical demand of both a weak and a strong conatus, a request commanded in its turn by an overarching habitus. One outcome of this conflict is that agency can hardly be summoned if Bourdieu's conception of a "strong" conatus prevails and the dispositions making up the habitus are irreversible. In contrast, both Bourdieu's appeal to controlled improvisation, and the ensuing concept of strategy, demand a "weak" conatus. Overall, the notion of habitus has been dubbed "a Trojan Horse for determinism" and endorses in fact what might be called the "mythology of permanence," that is, the historically long-held belief in an all-embracing everlastingness. Bourdieu's use of Spinoza's conatus, in sum, besides highlighting the immutable social reproduction entailed by the habitus, acts as a litmus test for the ambiguities and shortcomings of this notion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a discussion on how Anthropology looks at the use of drugs and the people who use them, tracing a short genealogy of the sociocultural perspective that a large part of the anthropologists who study the subject are affiliated with, as opposed to other forms of understanding the phenomenon, closer to pharmacological determinism. Medical Anthropology's framework and critical stance are highlighted, arguing that deconstructionism and criticism of medicalization and pathologization can and should be applied to the study of drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The goal of the work described in this paper is to propose a development approach for cyber-physical systems (CPS) which relies on actors as the fundamental modelling blocks. The approach is characterized by its capability to deal with the discrete aspects of the cyber part of a CPS, as well as the continuous behaviour of the physical part. More in particular, the approach is based on the Theatre actor system which fosters determinism in model behaviour, and favours model continuity when switching from system modelling and analysis down to prototype and synthesis phases. A key factor of Theatre is the possibility to combine both discrete-event actors, which operate on a discrete timeline, with continuous-time actors which reproduce, in general by using Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs), the dynamical evolution of physical components. For formal property assessment, Theatre actors (both discrete and continuous) can be reduced to Timed Automata (TA) in the context of the Uppaal toolbox, where the exhaustive and/or the statistical model checkers can be exploited. This paper first describes the proposed approach, then it demonstrates its suitability to CPS modelling and analysis through examples. The paper also discusses how abstract and formal modelling actor concepts can be naturally transitioned to implementation concepts in Java. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our nation--founded on life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness--is a year into the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has revealed the gap between what we are as a society and that which we long to be. A new critical intersectional legal framework, guided by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s vision of The Beloved Community, will allow legal scholars and policymakers to reframe health equality and health justice toward a more perfect union. By combining the philosophical rigor of dialectical thinking, critical theory, and intersectional analysis, analysts can meet this moment and create new legal frameworks to correct social injustice. Analysts can build a just society based on equality to address the disproportionate sickness, disability, and death of America's historically oppressed peoples. With the goal of addressing oppression across multiple axes of identity at once, and in the spirit of Dr. King 's appropriation of eclectic theologies and philosophies, this Article proposes a new Critical Intersectional Legal Analysis that develops critical social theory by bringing an intersectional analysis to the principles of dialectical thought and indeterminacy. This Article 's framework will analyze power structures as they exist and work together through the power of the state to class, race, and disable people moment to moment. Finally, this Article's framework is reconstructive through self-reflexive application of theory through praxis. This Article will apply that new framework to a specific condition of oppression--,the privilege of space as it relates to the risks of viral transmission, infection, and disease during the current coronavirus pandemic for children in psychiatric institutional settings in North Carolina and the Southeast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate between instrumentalist and technological determinist positions on the nature of technology characterised the early history of the philosophy of technology. In recent years however technological determinism has ceased to be viewed as a credible philosophical position within the field. This paper uses Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology to reconsider the technological determinist outlook in phenomenological terms as an experiential response to the encounter with the phenomenon of modern technology. Recasting the instrumentalist-determinist debate in a phenomenological manner enables one to reconcile the apparent dualism of the instrumentalist and determinist positions through Merleau-Ponty's ontology of the flesh. This ontology has recently been used to ground accounts of virtual embodiment. We argue that in addition to explaining away the classical form of technological determinism, it can also phenomenologically ground a novel understanding of technological determinism. Namely, a technological determinism of virtual embodiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Libertarians assume that the sense of agency supports their belief in the agent's ability to have done otherwise; however, they do not present arguments in favor of their assumption beyond introspection. Although agents may hold this belief, the mechanisms that give rise to the sense of agency--the comparator model and the perception of the relation between action and events in the environment--do not provide reasons to support it. Nonetheless, these mechanisms can help explain why agents hold the belief in the first place, and the investigation makes clear that the workings of the mechanisms that give rise to the sense of agency are compatible with determinism. Here, I will defend that a compatibilist explanation can be given as to why the sense of agency may seem to support libertarian beliefs. Hence, the sense of agency does not support the libertarian position in the free will debate; it is merely the pre-reflective experience of action as self-caused, and it is associated with control mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on free will would not start a voluntary act, but could control the performance and the discoveries they also affect perspectives of guilt and responsibility. It mentions views on human nature and on how relate to the universe and to the natural laws and fateful fate imposed theologically produces. It also mentions involuntary acts, as occurs in paralysis brain, in parkinsonism, in Huntington's chorea, in Tourette's syndrome.

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Copyright of Veritas is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current state of technology and law allows for creating children, called 'savior siblings' for the purpose of transplanting their stem cells to cure an existing, sick sibling. If both parents agree, court oversight is unnecessary--even though the procedure is risky for both children. Ethical paradigms evaluating the legitimacy of the procedure focus only on the process of savior sibling creation and ignore considerations incident to later organ transplantation, i.e., issues of consent, autonomy, dignity, and best interests of the savior child. Legal analysis, which focuses on the best interest rule, leads to counter-normative results. Recent data, e.g., that 95% of such instances require invasive bone marrow transplantation, and technological advances such as gene-editing, further confound the analysis. This essay details the contradictions and conflicts in legal and ethical paradigms in light of recent data and technological advance and proposes that societal and biological input is necessary before the law or bioethics can provide consistent guidelines. It also puts us on notice of ethical conundrums sure to arise--even with existing technology--that we have failed to address, a sure harbinger of things to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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One of the most important conceptual innovations within modern originalism is the distinction between a zone of interpretation and a zone of construction. When constitutional provisions have a determinate meaning, decisions find that meaning occurs within the interpretation zone. But when the original meaning of a constitutional provision is indeterminate, decisions are based on something other than the original meaning and occur within the construction zone. This Article represents the first sustained challenge to the importance of the distinction. It argues that a variety of techniques enhance the power of interpretation to resolve uncertainties and thus greatly reduce the size of the construction zone. These techniques are principally supplied by the language of the law in which the Constitution is written. The language of the law's technical legal terms and legal interpretative rules provide a precision that ordinary language does not. When these techniques are correctly employed, the construction zone ends up being small. Under a small construction zone, issues that cannot be resolved based on the original meaning--principally the application of vague terms--rarely arise and, when they do, they involve only questions of secondary importance. We make our case in three ways. We first offer a conceptual framework for resolving indeterminacy. We show how ambiguity can always be resolved by choosing the better attested meeting-- an interpretive direction that existed at the Founding. We also show that many terms that seem vague are in fact ambiguities of related meaning, as for instance when the term property may mean either real property or real property and personal property. These ambiguities can, like other ambiguities, be resolved by following the better attested meaning. We then consider constitutional issues prominently proffered as examples of vagueness or other indeterminacies and show how they can be resolved under our framework. We finally show that modern originalist scholarship interpreting important constitutional provisions makes implicit use of our techniques to find determinate meanings rather than the indeterminacy requiring construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper, the theory of necessity proposed by Robert Grosseteste is presented. After showing the wide range of various kinds of determination discussed by him (connected with: (1) one's knowledge about the future, (2) predestination, (3) fate, (4) grace, (5) sin and temptation), a different context of Grosseteste's use of the notion of necessity is analyzed (within logical and metaphysical approaches). At the heart of his theory lie: the definition of necessity, which is that something lacks the capacity (posse) for its opposite, and the distinction between two perspectives within which we can consider necessity: (1) the one according to which the truthfulness of a dictum determines that it cannot be the opposite, (2) a pre- or atemporal one, as if something had not yet begun. On these grounds, Robert explains that God's omniscience is compatible with contingency, including human free decisions. Robert's theory is still relevant and useful in contemporary debates, as it can provide strong arguments and enrich discussions, thanks to the twoperspectives approach, which generates nine kinds of positions on the spectrum of determinism and indeterminism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There exists the indeterminate situations of truth, falsity, indeterminacy degrees due to the uncertainty and inconsistency of decision makers' arguments in a complicated decision making (DM) problem. Then, existing neutrosophic set cannot describe the indeterminate information of truth, falsity, indeterminacy degrees. It is noted that the simplified neutrosophic set (SNS) is depicted by truth, falsity, indeterminacy degrees, while a neutrosophic number (NN) can be flexibly depicted by its determinate part and its indeterminate part. Regarding the indeterminate situations of truth, falsity, indeterminacy degrees in indeterminate DM problems, this study first presents a simplified neutrosophic indeterminate set (SNIS) to express the hybrid information of SNS and NN and defines the score, accuracy, and certainty functions of simplified neutrosophic indeterminate elements (SNIEs) with indeterminate ranges to compare SNIEs. Then, we introduce a SNIE weighted arithmetic averaging (SNIEWAA) operator and a SNIE weighted geometric averaging (SNIEWGA) operator to aggregate simplified neutrosophic indeterminate information. Next, a multi-attribute DM approach with decision makers' indeterminate ranges is established regarding the SNIEWAA and SNIEWGA operators in SNIS setting. Finally, the proposed DM approach is applied in a DM example on choosing a suitable slope design scheme to indicate the applicability and suitability of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The State's extra-contractual responsibility is the guarantee of the rights, either for lack or deficient provision of public services or for actions or omissions in the exercise of public powers, the public servant responds for breaking the laws, as well as for excess or defect in the performance of its activity. In this paper, the factors that influence the extra-contractual responsibility of the Ecuadorian State are studied aided by a mathematical method. The chosen method is neutrosophic DEMATEL, which consists in the study of the cause effect in complex situations, as it is the case. The incorporation of Neutrosophy, which is the branch of philosophy that studies all related to neutralities, allows us taking into account the indeterminacy, which is typical when there exists lack of information or contradictory, inconsistent or paradoxical information. This method permits us the evaluation by using linguistic terms, which is a natural way for human beings' assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented which argues against universalism and determinism in a critical response to modern and contemporary technics. It refers to the simultaneous operation of producing an organization of the world. It proposes that idea of a self-contained world waiting to be represented according to different viewpoints, and advances the view instead that the world is the result of actualizations of certain qualities and relations, actualizations which also depend on technical mediations.

Modern companies, operating in a dynamically changing environment, are subject to the permanent determinism of the institution. On the other hand, companies are more and more often perceived as complex networks of interpersonal relations in often dispersed organizational structures. Relationships seem to play the role of a link between human activities. The latter, being dependent on the level of his/her opportunism, limited rationality, uncertainty and defined costs of transaction execution within the company, take actions consistent with the company's goal. Man-made activities seem to be more and more often characterised by market transactions concluded within the frames of a company. The whole mechanism of company functioning cohabits under the influence of institutional determinism. Such a context of social and economic reality observed within the frame of the company has become a contribution to the emergence of the question which inspires the author's scientific work within the scope of the new institutional economics. What are the reasons for the existence of various forms of transaction organization and ways of their implementation within the company? The following article is an attempt to answer such a question in the context of the theory of institutions. The presented considerations, through the theoretical meanders of neo-institutionalism, ultimately lead to the localization of institutional determinism, which shapes the way transactions are carried out within the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a theory to manage the uneasy relation between strategic choice, chance, and determinism (or inevitability). To do so, we locate arguments in intellectual history that have a clear bearing on this relation. We introduce and defend four conjectures that outline the relationship between each of them and their comparative significance. The paper thus aims at achieving three objectives: (a) to articulate a philosophically sustainable theory of strategic choice that corroborates experience (without being induced by it); (b) to synthesize what remains one of the most sustained debates in strategy, namely the nature, role, and relation of choice, chance and determinism; and (c) to contribute to developing a foundation for multilevel research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]