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Discusses issues concerning the system of branch banking in the U.S., as of 1902. Measures taken by the federal government to introduce the system; Benefits of branch banking system; Features of the system.

Discusses the census of 1900 of the U.S., with main focus on persons occupied for gain in professional, personal and domestic services. Comparison of census of 1900 with that of 1880; Impact of proposed adoption of free trade policy on laborers; Criteria for classifying persons occupied for gain, as shown in the census.

Presents various news items related to the economic conditions in Great Britain and the U.S. as of May 1903. Laws related to education in the British universities; Suggestion for a theory of industrial depressions; Plans of the United States Steel Corp. to issue bonds.

Discusses the investigation of Isthmian Canal Commission to measure the tonnage of ocean shipping that would use the proposed interoceanic canal between the U.S. and Europe. Role of the U.S. Bureau of Statistics in the estimation of foreign trade; Difference in duplication in statistics of entrances and clearances in the United States and in Europe; Difficulty in estimation of factors affecting growth of commerce.

Presents discussions on various issues in Economics. Examination of price theory; Attitude of trade unions in North Carolina towards employment of child labor; Contrast between national financial prosperity and distressful poverty in Italy.

The article focuses on the bond conversion plan of the United States Steel Corp. in 1903. The plan offered to each preferred stockholder the right to subscribe to new bonds to the extent of one-half his holdings of preferred stock, of each subscription payable in preferred stock without any cash payments required. To administer the syndication, Steel Corp. has signed an agreement with financial services company, J.P. Morgan and Co. which contains provisions pertaining to the obligation of banks to preferred stockholders, bonds and preferred stock payments from stockholders, risk guarantees and compensation rules.

The article focuses on the evolution and development of branch banking in Western and Southern United States. The emergence of branch banks was brought about by the lack of credit facilities to administer borrowing and issue currency of the parent bank and all the branches. From the emergence of branch banks, the issuance of notes without the pledge of particular assets became popular. However, many country bankers opposed branch banking stressing that such a system is inefficient and is undesirable on personal, political, economic and philosophical grounds. But branch banking has been perceived to be significant to the country's financial and economic development.

The article comments on the advancements in the agreement on rules to prevent a conflict of laws. The inconvenience resulting from a conflict of laws between the states of the U.S. on the subject of commercial paper has of late been largely avoided by the general adoption of the Negotiable Instruments' Act, framed by the Annual Conference of the States for Promoting Uniform Legislation. It is from the action of this body that the most is to be hoped for in the future in smoothing the way to general agreement within the United States as to matters of private law.

Examines the state of the building trades in New York. Succession of strikes, lockouts and criminal prosecutions; Reorganization of the industry with a joint arbitration board; Organization of the employers.

The article investigates the distribution of money between the banks and the people since the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in the United States in October 1893. It explores the American system of bank-note issue. The article shows the total amount of money in circulation, the amount in the banks, and in the hands of the people on June 30 from 1893 to 1903. It shows the estimated per capita mount of money outside the banks since 1893. The article suggests that inelasticity on the side of contraction is a fundamental defect, which removes from the banks individually and as a whole some of the consequences of their operations for which they should be immediately responsible.

The article examines the book "A History of Matrimonial Institutions," by G.H. Howard. The focus of Howard's book is on the development of marriage and divorce in England and the United States. The author suggests that there are much in Howard's investigations that will appeal to other than purely historical students. The book contains a careful and condense analysis of the literature and theories of early matrimonial institutions. The author highlights the significance of the book, which include the possibilities of the historical method in illuminating the problems of the present.

The article focuses on the garden work of the fifth grade in the University Elementary School of the U.S. The garden was planned on paper and each child was allowed to plan the walks and the planting according to his best judgment. An approved plan would be selected and this involved both an ethical and practical question. The ethical required that the part should be planned in reference to the whole. The account of the work in connection with the fifth-grade garden is illustrative of the fundamental importance and far-reaching consequences of intelligent garden work.

The article presents an outline of the proceedings of the semi-annual meeting of the American Antiquarian Society held at the Hall of the Massachusetts Historical Society in Boston on April 27, 1904. A list of presiding members is included. The papers presented at the meeting are also listed, including "The Commercial Primacy of the United States," a biography of Henry S. Nourse, and "The Attempted Suicide of a Massachusetts Town."

The article examines the labor conditions in the meat packing industry in the United States. It begins with the leading group of workmen, the cattle butchers, showing the typical crew of cattle butchers and helpers. The division of labor grew with the industry, following the introduction of the refrigerator car and the marketing of dressed beef. Unskilled and immigrant labor were utilized in large numbers while skilled men became more highly expert in the quality of their work. The article explores the 1904 strike of the Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen of North America.

The article reports developments related to education in the U.S. The 18th educational conference of academies and high schools in relations with the University of Chicago was held at the university on November 11 and 12, 1904. The 1904 conference in some papers were devoted mainly to reports of what is being done in different places with the six-year high-school course. The high-school teachers are distinctly generous with regard to the distribution of the students' time in school.

The article discusses the effects of the method of privilege subscription for obtaining capital commonly used by U.S. railroad companies. Acquiring new capital is easy through the use of the following methods including appropriating the needed funds from current earnings, creating a floating debt, sale of new stock and increasing the funded debt. Each of these is especially adapted to certain specific purposes, while for other purposes several alternative courses are open. For that class of expenditures known as betterments that are considered common source of funds. There are also courses of action available for shareholder to dispose his privilege and methods for calculating extent of privileged benefits of stockholders.

The article discusses a paper and various books related to the lawsuits in the U.S. The paper discussed is "The Legal Nature of International Law," by George B. Scott. In this paper, the writer maintains two propositions: first, that the quality of enforceability and the existence of a sanction are not essential to the definition of law; secondly, that assuming a sanction to be requisite, one is present in the realm of international law. Some of the books discussed are "The Abuse of New Trials," by Everett P. Wheeler, "The Act of Congress Permitting Suits Against Federal Receivers: Injunctions From State Courts," by W.A. Coutts and "Dissenting Opinions," by V.H. Roberts.

This article focuses on various industries in the U.S. that are exempt from taxation. For many years industries in the U.S. have been stimulated by a high protective tariff. The people of the Western and Southern parts of the country, unable to apply protection against the older States, have offered other inducements to manufacturers to establish themselves. Not many years ago a number of these States were giving bounties to encourage the production of beet sugar. A common inducement held out to manufacturers at the present time is exemption from taxation. The only Eastern States with any such legislation are New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. In Tennessee and Florida constitutional amendments empowering municipal corporations to exempt new manufacturing enterprises from taxation for ten and fifteen years, respectively, were defeated at the election in November 1904. The article presents information about various American states exempting certain new enterprises from taxation, with a brief summary of the nature of the legislation. Some of these states are: Alabama, Arizona, California, Idaho, and Kentucky.

Analyzes reasons behind increase in the negro race in the United States. Data on negro population in the U.S. from 1790 to 1900; Number of children under five years of age to each 1000 women of child-bearing age from 1850 to 1900; Factors that contributed to reduction in the population of southern negroes as compared to southern whites.

This article presents information on the International Longshoremen Marine and Transport Workers Association in the U.S. International Longshoremen, Marine and Transport Workers Association now includes forty different occupations, and claims 100,000 members, of whom one-half are on the Great Lakes. As stated in its directory, it embraces in its membership and embraces in its membership and grants charters to loaders and unloaders of all vessels and ships, marine and warehouse package freight handlers, grain elevator employees, dock and marine engineers, dock hoisters, firemen, and Marine Repairmen. The wages and salaries of its members range from those of laborers at 22 cents an hour to those of divers at $10 or $15 and, in some instances, $25 a day, and tug-boat captains at $165 a month. The Lake Carriers Association includes the leading owners of the ore, coal, and grain carrying vessels, the largest one being the Pittsburgh Steamship Company, a branch of the United States Steel Corporation. This association was inaugurated thirty years ago to oppose burdensome legislation at Washington, and has been the most important agency in securing aids to navigation on the Lakes. Some fifteen years ago it broke up the sailors union, and for a number of years was not confronted by any union of employees.

This article presents information on employers association for dealing with labor in the U.S. The organization of employers into associations is a logical step in the natural complement of the trade-union movement. The development of such associations constitutes an essential feature of the latter, without which it would be impossible for it to accomplish the purposes for which it exists. The essence of the aim of trade unions is the establishment, by means of collective bargains, of standard wages and other conditions of employment that shall be of general application to all establishments of a trade throughout a competing district. This being so, it is evident that this aim can only be carried out where the employers are in a position to act in accord in treating with the unions. The unions clearly recognize this, and notwithstanding that the associations of employers are organized with the avowed purpose of resisting in many respects their demands, have welcomed their formation as being in the direction of the organization of industry along the lines for which they have been contending.

This article presents information on the notes related to changes in tax laws of New York State in 1905 and the evolution of balance of trade in the U.S. The stock transfer taxes go to the State, the mortgage taxes are divided equally between the State and the localities, and the taxes paid on special franchises are shared in accordance with the general property rates for town, city, county, and State purposes. The legislature which met in January, 1905, was faced with the inevitable need of new revenue. Since 1880 New York has been moving towards the separation of the sources of State and of local taxation, and in the past ten years a leading feature of the Republican policy has been the abolition of the general property tax for State purposes. This article further traces briefly the evolution of the phrase "the balance of trade." No attempt will be made to give, even an outline, a description of the doctrine which ultimately found its expression in this phrase. Nor could it be hoped, even as the result of a most exhaustive investigation, to make certain of all the steps through which the expression was unfolded, much less to give due credit to the real authors of improved phraseology.

Focuses on a distance tariff system called the trunk line freight rate system of the U.S. railways. Factors leading to the adoption of a systematic rate scheme by the trunk lines; Five distinct phases in the problem of trunk line rate adjustment; Comprehensive scheme given for counteracting the problems.

Focuses on agricultural developments in the West during the civil war in 1860s. Grain crops produced in the U.S. from 1838 to 1865; Average yearly production of grain crops in Great Britain; Increase in population of agricultural states in the U.S.

Focuses on a conference held at Baltimore, Maryland which advised the formation of a sociological association. Purpose of the organization; List of officials elected to serve in the organization.

The article discusses a collection of papers from former U.S. presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren in the possession of the U.S. Library of Congress. Jackson's papers had been turned over to former U.S. postmaster general Amos Kendall. Both collections include correspondence from Jackson and Van Buren. The author comments that the papers dispel suggestions that Jackson was uneducated despite some grammatical errors in his writings. A document listing elements favored by Jackson for his administration, including a cabinet and a strong attorney general, is noted. Letters between Jackson and Van Buren regarding the opening of trade with the West Indies are discussed.

The article presents information about papers related to the U.S. law published in various journals. The provisions of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the Federal Constitution guaranteeing common law procedure, including the right of indictment and trial by jury do not extend to the inhabitants of our insular possessions. It would seem that this applies equally to all the territories of the United States. It is suggested, there can be no distinction between the organized and the unorganized territories. The privileges guaranteed by the Bill of Rights in fact extend to the former only by virtue of an Act of Congress or a treaty provision.

Focuses on the influence of crop yields on economy of the U.S. Ways in which general business conditions are likely to be affected by success or failure of the crops; Industries which are influenced by trends in crop yield; Influence of corn and cotton crops on the economy.

Presents information on financial management of Harvard College between 1776-90. Expenses incurred by Ebenezer Storer as treasurer of the college in 1777; Amount invested in the college in 1777; Reason why the college was obliged to protect itself against rise in prices caused by inflation of the currency.

Focuses on change in mortgage taxation in New York in 1906. Tax on general property for state purposes; Effect of annual tax on the interest rate.

Discusses the operations related to the taxation of personal property in Pennsylvania. Points of contact between state and local tax administration and expenditure in Pennsylvania; Requirements of the law; Overview of the state tax on personal property; Statistics related to bonds and stocks of railroads of Pennsylvania; Assessment of real estate in Pennsylvania.

Discusses the constant and variable expenditures distinctions related to railroad in order to analyzes distance tariff problem in the U.S. Importance of distinction between constant and variable expenses for railroad rates; Growth of traffic and expenditure in railroads in the U.S. between 1895 and 1904; Significance of traffic density and expenditures for maintenance of ways and structures of railroads.

Discusses the developments in trade unions and labor politics between 1827 to 1837 in the U.S. Effect of Contribution of England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in development of trade-unionism; Beginning of trade unionism in Manchaster, England and Philadelphia; Year in which trades' union existed in New York; Labor movements in New York and Philadelphia; Origin of humanitarian and reform movements.

Focuses on the street railway history of Chicago, Illinois and discusses factors that led to the acceptance of certain ordinances related to it by Chicago residents on April 2, 1907. Political influence of broker Charles T. Yerkes who secured major stocks of North Chicago and West Division Companies; Recommendations of Street Railway Commission constituted in 1899.

Focuses on history associated with the disturbed Dominican Republic and the role played by U.S. in providing financial readjustment, economic regeneration and political stability to the island republic. Social and political factors contributing to the indebtedness of the republic; Factors that led to the drafting and ratification of a convention between the U.S. and the republic by the U.S. Senate on February 25, 1907.

Focuses on policies adopted by U.S. public officer Leslie M. Shaw during his tenure as Secretary of Treasury Department between 1902 and 1907. Situation of financial market in New York City, New York during the first year of his tenure; Increase in government deposits in the national banks; Offer made by Shaw to accept security other than government bonds for deposits of public money.

Focuses on the prevalence of tax discrimination in pulp and paper industry in the U.S. as of August 1907. Tax methods employed by various states for paper and pulp industry; Difficulties inherent in tracing connection between the amount of tax exaction in each state and the prevalent method of taxation; Discrepancy observed in taxation policy in Pennsylvania.

Focuses on factors which led to industrial concentration in the U.S. between 1899 and 1902. Two sets of figures in federal census of manufactures of 1905 which indicates tendency towards industrial concentration; Importance of taking into account rising prices while making attempts to measure economic tendencies; Increase in capital investment between 1900 and 1995.

The article emphasizes the need of a center, a museum, in the United States where all materials related to pedagogical training may be available. These museums should be preserved and nurtured as a positive organization to serve those who influence and determine the educational policy. It should not be allowed to deteriorate to a center for negative accumulation. Comparative studies of what has actually been done during the course of years in school subjects will tell the need for more such materials to be saved. The results from the single set of old papers, preserved in Springfield, Massachusetts, and so widely written up two years ago, have shown of how much service such studies can be. A careful expenditure of a reasonable sum would bring together a collection of reports, work done, criticisms, etc., which would be of great value.

This article discusses various aspects of taxation of mortgages in Wisconsin. There is a difference of opinion among economists regarding remedies and reforms of mortgage taxation. Conditions under which shifting of tax on mortgages can take place are presented, in addition to facts concerning operation of the double tax method of mortgage taxation. Also discussed is the effect of exemption of mortgages from taxation on the assessment of money and credits. There is a need for the rate of taxation on mortgages to be limited.

The article discusses various issues related to political economy and business economy in the U.S. Political economists have identified the cause for confusion of traditional economists about the idea of capital and wealth. The confusion arises in the cases where property is used in its exclusive or prohibitive sense. Capital in the sense of value is based on property in the exclusive sense, just as capital in the sense of goods or wealth is identical with property in the inclusive sense. It is by defining property as the right of obtaining services and then using it as the right of preventing services that business economy can set itself up for political economy.

Discusses the cost and profits of steel-making in the U.S. Cost factors and their range of variation; Various options to buy raw materials; Variations in labor costs.

Focuses on the occurrence of credit mechanism through the establishment of the national banking system in the U.S. Settlement of mutual obligations; Denominations to meet ordinary bank obligations in lieu of cash; Issuance of loan certificates in the clearing-houses in the country.

Focuses on the method of attacking a public utility in Cleveland, Ohio. Franchises of rail transportation in the area; Regulation of fare for railroads; Purpose of the railway law.

Focuses on the establishment of a national banking system for gold in the U.S. Analysis of the banking law; Replacement of the national bank circulation by an additional issue of greenbacks and for free banking; Basis of foreign payments.

Examines causes of railroad amalgamation in the U.S. in 1908 by defining various forms of corporate control of railroads. Information on joint and virtual control of railroads; Assertion made by the author related the dividends declared by controlled railroads; Solutions offered by the author to solve problems arising due to the nature of railroad control; Ways in which the control over corporations may be established.

Analyzes the report of the National Civic Federation of the U.S. on the relative merits of public and private ownership of public utilities. Basis of the investigations made; Analysis related to findings of the commission; Inability of the commission to conclude on its findings.