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Enhancement of latent fingermarks found at crime scenes can be crucial to criminal investigations. The performance of ninhydrin analogues 1,2-indanedione (IND/Zn) and 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) used in laboratories for the enhancement of latent fingermarks on porous substrates were compared for operational use. The visualisation of enhanced latent fingermarks on seven substrates commonly encountered in local crimes - plain A4 paper, glossy magazine, paper magazine, brown envelopes, white envelopes, cardboard, and joss paper were assessed using fingermarks deposits from seven donors. Fingermarks were aged under both indoor and outdoor conditions as well as over different periods of time. Our results show that IND/Zn consistently produced fingermarks of superior quality and contrast to DFO across the different donors, substrates and time periods. IND/Zn also appears to be more sensitive compared to DFO., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) and corrugated paperboard (CPB) are used in many industrial applications, such as containers, shock absorbers or simply as inserts. Both materials pose two different types of environmental problems. The first is the pollution and resource consumption that occur during the production of these materials; the second is the growing landfills that arise out of the excessive disposal of these packaging materials. Life cycle assessment or LCA will be introduced in this paper as a useful tool to compare the environmental performance of both EPS and CPB throughout their life cycle stages. This paper is divided into two main parts. The first part investigates the environmental impacts of the production of EPS and CPB from 'cradle-to-gate', comparing two inserts--both the original and proposed new designs. In the second part, LCA is applied to investigate various end-of-life cases for the same materials. The study will evaluate the environmental impacts of the present waste management practices in Singapore. Several 'what-if' cases are also discussed, including various percentages of landfilling and incineration. The SimaPro LCA Version 5.0 software's Eco-indicator 99 method is used to investigate the following five environmental impact categories: climate change, acidification/eutrophication, ecotoxicity, fossil fuels and respiratory inorganics.