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Cotton, a key source of income for Pakistan, has suffered significantly by cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) since 1990. This disease is caused by a complex of phylogenetically-related begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) species and a specific betasatellite (genus Betasatellite, family Tolecusatellitidae), cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite. Additionally, another DNA satellite called alphasatellite (family Alphasatellitidae), is also frequently associated. All these virus components are vectored by a single species of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). While many factors affect cotton productivity, including cotton variety, sowing time, and environmental cues such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall, CLCuD is a major biotic constraint. Although the understanding of begomoviruses transmission by whiteflies has advanced significantly over the past three decades, however, the in-field seasonal dynamics of the viruses in the insect vector remained an enigma. This study aimed to assess the levels of virus and betasatellite in whiteflies collected from cotton plants throughout the cotton growing season from 2014 to 2016. Notably, begomovirus levels showed no consistent pattern, with minimal variations, ranging from 0.0017 to 0.0074 ng.μg-1 of the genomic DNA in 2014, 0.0356 to 0.113 ng.μg-1 of the genomic DNA in 2015, and 0.0517 to 0.0791 ng.μg-1 of the genomic DNA in 2016. However, betasatellite levels exhibited a distinct pattern. During 2014 and 2015, it steadily increased throughout the sampling period (May to September). While 2016 showed a similar trend from the start of sampling (July) to September but a decline in October (end of sampling). Such a study has not been conducted previously, and could potentially provide valuable insights about the epidemiology of the virus complex causing CLCuD and possible means of controlling losses due to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem statement: Teaching not only involves the transmission of information/knowledge from teachers to students, but it is a job which involves multidimensional human interaction to achieve the desired goals of an educational organization. The education sector has become very diverse and demanding. Professional liabilities of teachers in Pakistan have increased day by day. These liabilities have made the work environment more difficult to adjust to, resulting into low organizational commitment in teachers. Interaction with colleagues, students and work-family pressure are all increasing the emotional labour of the teachers, and many of them are unable to strike a balance between job demands, relationships at school and family liabilities. When teachers lack commitment to their jobs, they tend to get lousy results. When they are clear about what they want and commit themselves to achieve it, they usually get there in some fashion. The organizational commitment of teachers is a significant area to be investigated in relation to emotional intelligence in the Pakistani scenario where most of the teachers do not join the teaching profession as their primary choice, but rather as a last resort. The low level of teacher commitment to their organization has resulted in a poor sense of responsibility and poor standards for education. Purpose of the study: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment of college teachers in the Pakistani context. Method: The study was a descriptive survey in nature. Data were collected from 494 college teachers in Pakistan. Schutte's Assessing Emotions Scale and Allen & Mayer's three components of organizational commitment measures were used to collect the data. Pearson Product Moment Formula was applied to test the hypotheses. Regression Analysis was also applied to determine the effect of emotional intelligence on organizational commitment. Results and Findings: Findings of the research revealed a significant relationship of emotional intelligence to organizational commitment. EI also displayed significant positive relationships with three components of organizational commitment which are denoted by affective, continuance and normative commitment, respectively. Emotional intelligence reflects a reasonable power of predictability toward the organizational commitment of teachers. Conclusions and Recommendation: The study recommended emotional intelligence be included in the criteria for selection and recruitment of teachers, and that it be utilized as an intervention to enhance the level of organizational commitment of prospective and in-service teachers in Pakistani colleges.

Citrus fruits, revered for their nutritional value, face significant threats from diseases like citrus canker, particularly impacting global citrus cultivation, notably in Pakistan. This study delves into the critical role of NPR1-like genes, the true receptors for salicylic acid (SA), in the defense mechanisms of citrus against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xcc). By conducting a comprehensive genome-wide analysis and phylogenetic study, the evolutionary dynamics of Citrus limon genes across diverse citrus cultivars are elucidated. Structural predictions unveil conserved domains, such as the BTB domain and ankyrin repeat domains, crucial for the defense mechanism. Motif analysis reveals essential conserved patterns, while cis-regulatory elements indicate their involvement in transcription, growth, response to phytohormones, and stress. The predominantly cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of NPR1-like genes underscores their pivotal role in conferring resistance to various citrus species. Analysis of the Ks/Ka ratio indicates a purifying selection of NPR1-like genes, emphasizing their importance in different species. Synteny and chromosomal mapping provide insights into duplication events and orthologous links among citrus species. Notably, Xac infection stimulates the expression of NPR1-like genes, revealing their responsiveness to pathogenic challenges. Interestingly, qRT-PCR profiling post-Xac infection reveals cultivar-specific alterations in expression within susceptible and resistant citrus varieties. Beyond genetic factors, physiological parameters like peroxidase, total soluble protein, and secondary metabolites respond to SA-dependent PR genes, influencing plant characteristics. Examining the impact of defense genes (NPR1) and plant characteristics on disease resistance in citrus, this study marks the inaugural investigation into the correlation between NPR1-associated genes and various plant traits in both susceptible and resistant citrus varieties to citrus bacterial canker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study set out to determine how Emotional Intelligence (EI) impacts the success of construction projects. This study showed that organisational culture has a role in moderating the relationship between team cohesion and project success, and its significance in this regard was also examined. Workers on several construction projects in Pakistan were contacted and provided information for this study. The data was analysed utilising the regression analysis in SPSS and partial least squares in SMART PLS, and it has been found that emotional intelligence significantly influences project success. Relationships between emotional intelligence and project success are both favourable and statistically significant. Emotionally astute colleagues can help teams to build stronger bonds with one another. Furthermore, the organisational culture positively and significantly impacts the relationship between a successful project and a cohesive team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sheds light on strategies for retaining skilled pharmacists in Pakistan's pharmaceutical sector, offering valuable insights for both academia and industry stakeholders by investigating the impact of human resource management practices, including training and development, compensation and rewards, job performance, and job satisfaction, on employee retention. It also examines the moderating role of career growth in this context. Theoretical foundations are grounded in international migration theories and social exchange theory, providing a comprehensive framework for the study. A cross‐sectional survey design was used to collect data from 254 pharmacists in southern Punjab, Pakistan. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed for data analysis. Findings reveal that training and development, compensation and rewards, job performance, and job satisfaction all have significant direct effects on employee retention. Additionally, career growth acts as a crucial moderator, strengthening the relationship between training and development and job performance, as well as compensation and rewards and job satisfaction in relation to employee retention. Theoretical implications emphasize the importance of tailored training programs, fair compensation practices, and career growth opportunities. Practical recommendations include creating a positive work environment, rewarding high‐performing employees, and fostering career development. Future research directions encompass longitudinal studies, the influence of organizational culture and technology, regional variations, and additional factors affecting retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Headwater in the Indus River in Pakistan is largely dependent on the glaciers located in the northern part of the country, along with other sources such as direct precipitation. Glaciers are a major source of freshwater that provides agriculture and livelihood to millions of people. The hydro-climatic variations in the Gilgit watershed of the Upper Indus basin are poorly investigated scientifically due to high topographical differences, geography, remoteness of the region, and larger variations in climatic conditions. These glaciers are continuously changing due to melting as a consequence of global warming or accumulation due to snowfall/precipitation at higher altitude regions. The study is carried out using remote sensing data to quantify glacier changes in spatiotemporal variability in the past three decades. Five glaciers in the Gilgit region (near the junction of the Hindukush and Karakoram Mountains) with an area of more than 5 square kilometers were selected, namely Phakor, Karamber, East Gammu, Bhort, and Bad-e-Swat glaciers. These glaciers were monitored for changes in their sizes through a cloud-free continuous series of Landsat satellite imagery. The annual climatic trends were studied through spatially interpolated gridded climate data WοrldClim version-1 climate database for 1970–2000, utilized for assessment of meteorological condition by analyzing the variations of minimum and maximum temperature, solar radiation, and precipitation. The temporal variations in five glaciers in the Gilgit watershed are found to be minimal and, thus, are rather stable and show no sign of rapid melting or diminishing. The little variability of glaciers' extent may be attributed to their geographic condition, altitude, topography, and orientation. The mapped glacier classes have been validated to check the accuracy assessment through an error matrix method. The kappa coefficient from the error matrix has been calculated as 84%, which shows a good agreement. The study makes a critical input towards understanding the dynamics of the glacier in the upper Indus catchment's Gilgit watershed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternanthera yellow vein virus (AlYVV), a monopartite begomovirus, has been identified infecting a diverse range of crops and native plants in Pakistan, India, and China. However, distinctive yellow vein symptoms, characteristic of begomovirus infection, were observed on the Ageratum conyzoides weed in Oman, prompting a thorough genomic characterization in this study. The results unveiled a complete genome sequence of 2745 base pairs and an associated betasatellite spanning 1345 base pairs. In addition, Sequence Demarcation Tool analyses indicated the highest nucleotide identity of 92.8% with a previously reported AlYVV-[IN_abalpur_A_17:LC316182] strain, whereas the betasatellite exhibited a 99.8% nucleotide identity with isolates of tomato leaf curl betasatellite. Thus, our findings propose a novel AlYVV Oman virus (AlYVV-OM) variant, emphasizing the need for additional epidemiological surveillance to understand its prevalence and significance in Oman and the broader region. To effectively manage the spread of AlYVV-OM and minimize its potential harm to (agro)ecosystems, future research should focus on elucidating the genetic diversity of AlYVV-OM and its interactions with other begomoviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pedilanthus leaf curl virus (PeLCV) is a monopartite begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) discovered just a few decades ago. Since then, it has become a widely encountered virus, with reports from ca. 25 plant species across Pakistan and India, indicative of its notable evolutionary success. Viruses mutate at such a swift rate that their ecological and evolutionary behaviors are inextricably linked, and all of these behaviors are imprinted on their genomes as genetic diversity. So, all these imprints can be mapped by computational methods. This study was designed to map the sequence variation dynamics, genetic heterogeneity, regional diversity, phylogeny, and recombination events imprinted on the PeLCV genome. Phylogenetic and network analysis grouped the full-length genome sequences of 52 PeLCV isolates into 7 major clades, displaying some regional delineation but lacking host-specific demarcation. The progenitor of PeLCV was found to have originated in Multan, Pakistan, in 1977, from where it spread concurrently to India and various regions of Pakistan. A high proportion of recombination events, distributed unevenly throughout the genome and involving both inter- and intraspecies recombinants, were inferred. The findings of this study highlight that the PeLCV population is expanding under a high degree of genetic diversity (π = 0.073%), a high rate of mean nucleotide substitution (1.54 × 10−3), demographic selection, and a high rate of recombination. This sets PeLCV apart as a distinctive begomovirus among other begomoviruses. These factors could further exacerbate the PeLCV divergence and adaptation to new hosts. The insights of this study that pinpoint the emergence of PeLCV are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is a significant constraint to the economies of Pakistan and India. The disease is caused by different begomoviruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) in association with a disease-specific betasatellite. However, another satellite-like molecule, alphasatellite, is occasionally found associated with this disease complex. A quantitative real-time PCR assay for the virus/satellite components causing CLCuD was used to investigate the performance of selected cotton varieties in the 2014–2015 National Coordinated Varietal Trials (NCVT) in Pakistan. The DNA levels of virus and satellites in cotton plants were determined for five cotton varieties across three geographic locations and compared with seed cotton yield (SCY) as a measure of the plant performance. The highest virus titer was detected in B-10 (0.972 ng·µg−1) from Vehari and the lowest in B-3 (0.006 ng·µg−1) from Faisalabad. Likewise, the highest alphasatellite titer was found in B-1 (0.055 ng·µg−1) from Vehari and the lowest in B-1 and B-2 (0.001 ng·µg−1) from Faisalabad. The highest betasatellite titer was found in B-23 (1.156 ng·µg−1) from Faisalabad and the lowest in B-12 (0.072 ng·µg−1) from Multan. Virus/satellite DNA levels, symptoms, and SCY were found to be highly variable between the varieties and between the locations. Nevertheless, statistical analysis of the results suggested that betasatellite DNA levels, rather than virus or alphasatellite DNA levels, were the important variable in plant performance, having an inverse relationship with SCY (−0.447). This quantitative assay will be useful in breeding programs for development of virus resistant plants and varietal trials, such as the NCVT, to select suitable varieties of cotton with mild (preferably no) symptoms and low (preferably no) virus/satellite. At present, no such molecular techniques are used in resistance breeding programs or varietal trials in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pakistan is one of the nations with the worst statistics for pregnancy-related outcomes. Health programmes in underdeveloped nations frequently ignore the role of partners in maternal health, which is a crucial contributing factor in these worst situations. This research study aims to explore the role of husbands in maternity care and safe childbirth in Pakistan. Methods: The data for this study comes from the Pakistan Maternal Mortality Survey 2019. The k-Modes clustering algorithm was implemented to generate clusters from the dataset. Cluster profiling was used to identify the problems in pregnancy-related outcomes in cases where women live away from their partners. The chi-square test and logistic regression model were fitted to identify the significant factors associated with women's health and safe childbirth. Results: The finding of the study reveals that the partner's support during and after pregnancy plays a vital role in maternal health and safe child-birth. It was revealed that the women living away from their partners have certain health problems during pregnancy. These problems include Vaginal bleeding, Excessive vomiting, Chest pain, Cough, High B.P, Excessive weight gain, Body aches, Swelling of feet, and Swelling of the face. This also leads to complications and health problems in the postpartum period. Due to a lack of antenatal care from the spouse during pregnancy, the women who lived away from their partners lost their pregnancies. Conclusion: The study concludes that the husband's emotional and financial support substantially impacts the overall health of expecting mothers and the safety of delivery in Pakistan. Given its potential advantages for mother and child health outcomes, male engagement in health education must be acknowledged and addressed. The finding of the study is of immense importance, as it guides the policymakers to arrange various awareness programs for the male partners to support their pregnant spouse and provide proper antenatal care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Tuberculosis (TB) coinfection in human immunodeficiency virus- (HIV-) infected patients is considered a risk of antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure. Coadministration of antitubercular therapy (ATT) with ART is another challenge for TB management. Objective. The study was aimed at investigating contributing factors affecting treatment outcomes in HIV-/TB-coinfected patients. Design. Cross-sectional. Setting. Samples were collected from the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital Islamabad. Subject and Methods. Clinicodemographic and immunovirological factors between the two groups were compared. The Student t -test and chi-square test were applied to compare outcome variables, and logistic regression was applied to determine the effect of TB on virological failure (VF). Main Outcome Measures. TB coinfection did not increase VF even in univariate (p = 0.974) and multivariate analysis at 6 and 12 months of 2nd-line ART start. ARV switching was significant (p = 0.033) in TB-coinfected patients. VF was significantly high in ATT-coadministered patients along with a viral load of ≥1000 (p = 0.000). Sample Size and Characteristics. We recruited seventy-four HIV patients on 2nd-line ART; 33 coinfected with TB were followed for at least 12 months. Conclusion. In HIV-/TB-coinfected patients, CD4 count, CD4 gain, and VF remained comparable to HIV patients with no TB infection. ATT significantly affects the treatment outcome, suggesting drug-to-drug interactions. These factors are important to revisit the therapeutic guidelines to maximize the benefit of dual therapy in resource-limited settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wet (rain, snow, fog, sleet, dew) and dry (transport of aerosol, particles and gases) deposition of acidic substance in environment results due to human, automobile, fossil fuel burning and industrial activities. Acid deposition is worldwide environmental degradation problems and in recent years these acidic materials are increasing at alarming scale in the environment both in developed and developing countries, including Pakistan. Some scientific literature survey reports suggest that plant growth and agriculture yield decrease due to consequence of acid rain. In addition, acid rain is found responsible for producing toxic effects on the morphological parameters of agricultural crop. The evidence collected from last more than fifty years showed the common significant effects of acid rain on seed germination percentage, seedling height, root hair and structure, alteration in leaf anatomy, size and area, stomatal structure, size, pollen germination, photosynthetic pigments and physiological changes in herbs, shrubs and trees. Still, little is known on the impact of acid rain on plant growth. This study was aimed to review the effects of acid mist on growth performances of some selected plant species. This review is contributed with the help of literature survey, research work published on the impact of acid rain on the plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chilli (Capsicum annuum), which belongs to the family Solanaceae, is an important spice crop cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries. A Protocol for chili plant regeneration with hypocotyl and cotyledon explants was established. The study was conducted to observe the effect of genotypes, culture conditions and growth regulators on plant regeneration of chili pepper genotypes (Seedex Pepper (SP), Loungi, Tatapuri, and Sanam) grown in Pakistan including. For both hypocotyl and cotyledon explants, SP was found to be the most sensitive among the tested genotypes tested. Maximum mean callus induction rate of hypocotyl was 76.6% in SP followed by TP (73.3%); Sanam (57.3%); Loungi (43.3%) respectively. Whereas in case of cotyledon maximum inductions rate was found in Loungi (62.0%) followed by SP (60); Sanam (57.3); TP (46) individually. According to the observations maximum plant regeneration was found in genotype SP (9%), followed by Loungi (1.8%); Sanam (1.5%) but no plant regeneration was found in TP. A. tumefaciens LBA4404 with the 35S GFP/pFGC construct were used to evaluate hypocotyl and cotyledon explants for transformation. The effects of co-cultivation at different temperatures (22 and 25oC), photoperiods (16 hours of light, 8 hours of darkness, and full darkness), and co-cultivation periods were studied. GFP assays revealed that the putative transgenic calli were not transformed and died after 40-60 days. The experiment was repeated ten times to see the success rate of the regeneration system. In this study a protocol for chili plant regeneration was developed for callus induction, plant regeneration, and plant transformation. Because developing a viable chilli tissue culture and plant regeneration system is difficult, this study was designed to help develop one. SP was found to be the most suitable among the four genotypes used for regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the Diagnostic accuracy of Kramer's visual assessment of jaundice in term neonates by taking total serum bilirubin levels as a gold standard. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Neonatology Department, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, Mar to Sep 2019. Methodology: The study was based on examining and investigating 300 neonates. Kramer scale was used to examine jaundice in all neonates, and results were compared to total serum bilirubin levels. Results: A total of 300 patients were included in this study. The mean bilirubin level was 229.1±74.5mol/L. The sensitivity and specificity of visual assessment of jaundice using the Kramer visual scale were 83.84% and 73.53%, respectively, for neonates who were not jaundiced below the abdomen and thighs included in Kramer zones 1 to 3. Conclusion: Kramer visual assessment can be used as a noninvasive screening method in neonates jaundiced up to the abdomen and thighs, which is included in Kramer zones 1 to 3 but for markedly jaundiced neonates Kramer scale is not a reliable noninvasive method of bilirubin estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare mean platelet volume in neonates with and without sepsis. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jul 2017 to Jan 2018. Methodology: A total of 140 neonates of either gender with ages between 0-28 days, suspected of neonatal sepsis presenting with any two of the signs: a core body temperature of >38.5°C or <36°C at time of presentation, pulse rate beyond the range of 100-200 beats/minute, leukocyte count beyond the range of 4000 to 30,000/mm3 or >10% immature neutrophils on peripheral smear, tachypnea (>60 breaths/minute) and oxygen saturation (<90%) on the pulse oximeter, were included. Three ml of blood was drawn and sent for culture, while another 3ml of blood was sent for peripheral smear and mean platelet volume. Conclusion: Neonates having sepsis were found to have significantly raised mean platelet volume. As a result, mean platelet volume is available in complete blood counts without additional cost to prove cost-effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of unsupervised clustering methods is well established in the statistics and machine learning literature. Many sophisticated unsupervised classification techniques have been made available to deal with a growing number of datasets. Due to its simplicity and efficiency in clustering a large dataset, the k-means clustering algorithm is still popular and widely used in the machine learning community. However, as with other clustering methods, it requires one to choose the balanced number of clusters in advance. This paper's primary emphasis is to develop a novel method for finding the optimum number of clusters, k, using a data-driven approach. Taking into account the cluster symmetry property, the k-means algorithm is applied multiple times to a range of k values within which the balanced optimum k value is expected. This is based on the uniqueness and symmetrical nature among the centroid values for the clusters produced, and we chose the final k value as the one for which symmetry is observed. We evaluated the proposed algorithm's performance on different simulated datasets with controlled parameters and also on real datasets taken from the UCI machine learning repository. We also evaluated the performance of the proposed method with the aim of remote sensing, such as in deforestation and urbanization, using satellite images of the Islamabad region in Pakistan, taken from the Sentinel-2B satellite of the United States Geological Survey. From the experimental results and real data analysis, it is concluded that the proposed algorithm has better accuracy and minimum root mean square error than the existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus is a valuable crop in Pakistan. It is rich in vitamin C, other nutrients and antioxidants. Huanglongbing (HLB) caused by a bacterium "Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas), africanus and americanus has an influence on citrus production around the world. Beside HLB there exist several other bacterial species in citrus groves in Pakistan. The structure and diversity of bacterial species in various ecosystems can be quickly examined using NGS. This approach is considerably quicker and more precise than outdated methods. Healthy or citrus greening infected leaf samples of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), C. aurantifolia, and C. reticulata Blanco were used for diversity analysis. In this study high throughput, NGS technique was used to access the population of both cultivable and non-cultivable bacterial endophytes from citrus leaves, by using PCR amplicons of 16S rDNA sequences (V5–V7 regions) with Illumina Hi seq. As a result, a total number of 68,722 sequences were produced from the test samples. According to the NGS-based diversity classification, the most common genera of exploited bacterial endophytes were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria. C. aurantifolia and C. paradisi showed almost equal diversity, whereas C. reticulata Blanco had a higher proportion of Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria in their leaves. To determine alpha diversity (AD), additional data was analyzed using statistical indices such as Shannon, Chao1, and Simpson. According to the inverse Simpson diversity index, the abundance of the microbial population in six different citrus samples was 0.48, 0.567, and 0.163, respectively. The metagenomics of microbiota in plant tissues was successfully recorded by NGS technology, which can help us learn more about the interactions between plants and microbes. This research is the first step toward a better understanding of 16SrRNA-based metagenomics from citrus in Pakistan using Illumina (Hi seq) Technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain discoloration affects grain quality, quantity, and yield of rice crop worldwide. Herein, morphological, molecular, and pathogenic characterizations of the pathogen causing rice grain discoloration were performed. A set of 20 rice genotypes were scored for disease infestation in field and scanned with 12 unlinked polymorphic SSR primer pairs for genetic diversity assay. Pathogens from the discolored rice panicles were isolated to investigate the disease-causing pathogen on DNA sequencing basis. The universal primer pairs were used for DNA sequencing of the isolated pathogen. Furthermore, the new pathogen was reconfirmed morphologically by using Koch's postulates. The bacterial species Bacillus licheniformis was identified as a major pathogen causing grain discoloration disease in rice. The genotypes found to be resistant to rice grain discoloration include Super-basmati, Rondo, Gulfmont, KSK-133 and L-203 which can be used as potential genetic resources for breeding rice grain discoloration resistant cultivars. The study provided information to the researchers and farmers for managing and controlling rice grain disease by the adoption of Bacillus licheniformis. The study is equally beneficial both for researchers and scientific community to start up a new research program by utilization of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid increase in automobile density and discharge of different types of pollutants from automobile are a serious issue for whole civilized world and in Bhakkar also. Vehicle emission from automobiles released an enormous quantity of toxic pollutants likewise nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon mono oxide, heavy metals particularly lead, cadmium in environment and produced harmful effects on germination and growth of plants. This study was aim to investigate the effect of automobile polluted soil on the growth of some tree species. In present study the variation in seedling growth performance of three different selected tree species namely, Acacia nilotica L., Albizia lebbeck L. (Benth.) and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. raised in roadside polluted soils of District Bhakkar, Pakistan were recorded in the pots. Results showed that root, shoot, seedling length, number of leaves, and seedling dry weight of Acacia nilotica grown in polluted road soils of Bhakkar-Khansar road showed a significant (p<0.05) decline. Statistical analysis of recorded data showed that root growth and leaf area of Albizia lebbeck in the soil of Bhakkar-Khansar road soil significantly (p<0.05) decreased as compared to control. Similarly, a significant (p<0.05) reduction in shoot, seedling length, number of leaves, leaf area and seedling dry weight performance of E. globulus in polluted soils of Bhakkar-Notak was recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry in Pakistan is experiencing a surge in public sector projects due to major investments in infrastructure projects. Project delays and cost overrun are common features in public sector construction projects in Pakistan. Therefore, an understanding of the causes of time and cost overrun in public projects is essential. This paper investigates delay and cost overrun factors within the context of public sector projects in Pakistan. This study identifies 48 potential factors from existing literature and semi-structured interviews were used to refine the identified factors into ten categories. A questionnaire survey was used to establish a hierarchy of factors using descriptive statistics. The results showed that the major causes of time overruns in public projects were (1) legal issues, such as court stay orders, land acquisition, relocation of public facilities; (2) technical errors leading to low-quality drawings, rework, and errors at bidding stage; and (3) Poor project management. The findings of this research contribute to understanding the causes of project delays in public sector projects in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep medicine is an under‐recognised medical specialty in Pakistan and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) often goes unnoticed. Final year medical students and junior doctors are the primary medical contact to elicit patient history and physical examination. We aimed to measure the current knowledge of OSA amongst the final year medical students and junior doctors at four university teaching hospitals across three large Pakistani cities. Methods: Cross‐sectional survey of final year medical students and junior doctors rotating through medical wards of four university teaching hospitals were conducted during August–October 2019. The knowledge section of the OSA knowledge and attitude (OSAKA) questionnaire was used. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data with Chi‐Square test and independent samples student t‐test to compare the differences between individual items and mean scores of the participants, respectively. Results: A total 282 final year medical students and 204 junior doctors completed the survey yielding a response rate of 53% for medical students and 97% for junior doctors. The knowledge of sleep apnoea was poor in both groups of participants with a mean score of 7.6 (42%) on the knowledge scale of OSAKA questionnaire. Medical students scored higher on the item related to snoring as the most prevalent symptom in OSA patients when compared to the junior doctors (χ2 = 8.92, P = 0.003). More junior doctors responded correctly about the role of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in the management of OSA when compared to the medical students (χ2 = 5.14, P = 0.02). Differences in scores of both groups of participants on other items were small and did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: Final year medical students and junior doctors from a sample of four university teaching hospitals in three large cities of Pakistan have limited knowledge about the diagnosis and management of OSA. The observed limited knowledge of OSA may contribute towards under‐diagnosis of this increasingly prevalent medical condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determining force behind the value premium is the matter of debate among the researchers. Some are of the opinion that the financial distress risk determines value premium whereas other theorize that value premium is basically the compensation for operating leverage (investment activity risk). This research provides empirical evidence on this theoretical contradiction by investigating the relationships of financial leverage (FL) and operating leverage (OL) with stock returns, the book to market ratio (B/M), and systematic risk on non-financial sector firms trading at the Pakistan stock exchange (PSE). This research empirically finds significant and direct influence of operating leverage on stock returns, the book to market ratio, and systematic risk respectively. Overall findings provide support for the theoretical models which have a linked book to market effect with operating leverage. Thus, we conclude that investment activity risk seems to be the major factor that determines value premium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is the most important fibre crop in the world. Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is the major limiting factor and a threat to textile industry in India and Pakistan. All the local cotton cultivars exhibit moderate to no resistance against CLCuD. In this study, we evaluated an exotic cotton accession Mac7 as a resistance source to CLCuD by challenging it with viruliferous whiteflies and performing qPCR to evaluate the presence/absence and relative titre of CLCuD‐associated geminiviruses/betasatellites. The results indicated that replication of pathogenicity determinant betasatellite is significantly attenuated in Mac7 and probably responsible for resistance phenotype. Afterwards, to decipher the genetic basis of CLCuD resistance in Mac7, we performed RNA sequencing on CLCuD‐infested Mac7 and validated RNA‐Seq data with qPCR on 24 independent genes. We performed co‐expression network and pathway analysis for regulation of geminivirus/betasatellite‐interacting genes. We identified nine novel modules with 52 hubs of highly connected genes in network topology within the co‐expression network. Analysis of these hubs indicated the differential regulation of auxin stimulus and cellular localization pathways in response to CLCuD. We also analysed the differential regulation of geminivirus/betasatellite‐interacting genes in Mac7. We further performed the functional validation of selected candidate genes via virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS). Finally, we evaluated the genomic context of resistance responsive genes and found that these genes are not specific to A or D sub‐genomes of G. hirsutum. These results have important implications in understanding CLCuD resistance mechanism and developing a durable resistance in cultivated cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Flexor tendons injuries are common emergency procedures The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency, distribution and results of treatment of acute flexor tendon injuries in zone v of hand in our population. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional was conducted in the Department of Orthopedic, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from January 2015 to December 2017. Sample size was 30, selected through consecutive technique. Patients having flexor tendon injuries in zone v, admitted through emergency department were included in this study. Demographic variable were sex and age-groups. The research variable were tendon involved, nerves involved, artery involved, mechanism of injury, wound size, duration of injury, season, type of injury, hand involved and results of treatment. All variables, being categorical were analyzed by frequency and percentages using SPSS version 16.0. Results: Out of 30 patients, 22(73.33%) were male. Twenty four (80%) patients were between 21 to 40 years age. Mechanism of injury was glass in 16(53.33%) cases, knife in 10(33.33%) cases. Twenty (66.66%) cases presented in summer. Flexor digitorum sublimus was injured in 21(70.0%), FCR in 11(36.66%), FPL in 8(26.66), FDP in 6(20.0%) and FCU in 4(13.33%) cases. Median nerve was involved in nine (30%) cases. Radial artery was involved in eight (26.66%) cases. Wound size was 2 cm in 24(80%) cases. Sixteen (53.33%) cases came with self-inflicted injuries. Twenty (66.66%) cases came after 12 hours. Twenty five (83.33%) patients achieved good to excellent results. Conclusion: Flexor digitorus sublimus was the most common tendon injured in non-dominant hand, especially in young males. Median nerve and radial artery were commonly injured structures mostly with glass. Majority patients presented more than 12 hours after injury, having wound size of 2cm. Mostly the injuries were self-inflicted and occurred in summer season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a careful survey was conducted at twenty-nine different car-wash stations in Peshawar city to collect wastewater samples and evaluate the usage of fresh water in those stations. Experiments were carried out on a prototype treatment unit comprising sedimentation and filtration. After treatment, the TSS reduced from 1000 to 200 mg/L, hardness 321.60 to 120 mg/L and turbidity 253 to 3.70 NTU, TDS 591 to 400 mg/L and oil contents 27 to 14 mg/L. The quality of treated water was found suitable for car washing again. Furthermore, a design and cost estimation of a commercial scale low-cost wastewater treatment unit has been provided. It was found that the installation of low-cost wastewater treatment units can save 12 m3/day offresh water in a carwash station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the Northern and Central part of Lahore district is supplied with ground water by Water and Sanitation Government Authority. The quality of public water supply is getting deteriorating due to increasing population of Lahore city. Moreover, the effects of microbial water pollutants on health of population of study area have been addressed. In this research, presence of Escherichia coli in pre & post monsoon seasons has been focused. The water samples were taken from tube wells as well as adjacent houses. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to find out the responses of people in study area. It was clear from the results of the study that E. coli were detected in all the water samples of public water supply system. An increase in growth of pathogens was also noticed in post monsoon season. It was also proved from study that many people were suffering from diarrhoea at sample places where E. coli were identified. The mixing of sewage with drinking water was the major cause of presence of pathogens in water samples of houses although they were less or absent in water samples of tube wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the use of geographical information system (GIS) datasets and methods to investigate landslide susceptibility in the rugged mountainous terrain of Shigar and Shyok Basins in northern areas of Pakistan. Study area is situated in Karakorum mountainous region where catastrophic landslides occur frequently and pose a serious threat to local living conditions. Landslide susceptibility index maps were prepared by combining four main indicators groups: (1) human induced parameters, which contain Landsat 8 imagery and distance from roads; (2) topographical parameters, which include slope, aspect and plan curvature; (3) hydrological parameters, which contain stream power index, topographic wetness index and distance from drainage and (4) geological parameters, which consist of lithology and distance from major thrusts and faults. These layers were prepared in GIS environment, and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based heuristic approach was adopted to generate final landslide susceptibility map for this preliminary regional level landslide hazard study. Three different susceptibility zones have been identified in the region. AHP weights with 0.04 consistency ratio were used in the preparation of final map. The final landslide susceptibility map of the study area indicates that the low, moderate, and high landslide susceptibility classes are respectively covering 23.2% (4745 km2), 45% (6737 km2), 23.2% (3444 km2) when distance from roads, distance from drainage and distance from major thrusts and faults parameters were not incorporated in the analysis. Including distance from roads, distance from drainage and distance from major thrusts and faults parameters layers to the final landslide susceptibility analysis shows that moderate susceptibility class is the predominant landslide susceptibility category covering 88% (13,412 km2) of the study area characterized by steep slopes (30°–45°), low positive plan curvature (0–1) and weak lithology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kasur is one of the hubs of leather industry in the Punjab, Pakistan, where chrome tanning method of leather processing is extensively being used. Chromium (Cr) accumulation levels in the irrigation water, soil, and seasonal vegetables were studied in three villages located in the vicinity of wastewater treatment plant and solid waste dumping site operated by the Kasur Tanneries Waste Management Agency (KTWMA). The data was interpreted using analysis of variance (ANOVA), clustering analysis (CA), and principal component analysis (PCA). Interpolated surface maps for Cr were generated using the actual data obtained for the 30 sampling sites in each of the three villages for irrigation water, soil, and seasonal vegetables. The level of contamination in the three villages was directly proportional to their distance from KTWMA wastewater treatment plant and the direction of water runoff. The highest level of Cr contamination in soil (mg kg) was observed at Faqeeria Wala (37.67), intermediate at Dollay Wala (30.33), and the least in Maan (25.16). A gradational variation in Cr accumulation was observed in the three villages from contaminated wastewater having the least contamination level (2.02-4.40 mg L), to soil (25.16-37.67 mg kg), and ultimately in the seasonal vegetable crops (156.67-248.33 mg kg) cultivated in the region, having the highest level of Cr contamination above the permissible limit. The model used not only predicted the current situation of Cr contamination in the three villages but also indicated the trend of magnification of Cr contamination from irrigation water to soil and to the base of the food chain. Among the multiple causes of Cr contamination of vegetables, soil irrigation with contaminated groundwater was observed to be the dominant one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has been conducted to find out the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on the export volume of Pakistan to its major trading partner countries. Volatility in the nominal exchange rate of Pakistan has been estimated through Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Hetroscedastic (GARCH) process. The findings showed that exchange rate uncertainty has negative significant impact on the volume of exports of Pakistan with all considered trading partner countries. In case of Hong Kong, Kuwait and Malaysia relative prices have negative significant effect on the volume of exports, while for the rest, trading partner countries the relationship is found positive and significant. It is further documented that political instability has significant negative impact on the volume of exports in almost all the trading partner countries. Exchange rate volatility curtails the volume of exports, so appropriate policies are required to be adopted, which will stabilize the exchange rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective: To look for the associative factors in avoidance of exclusive and nonexclusive breastfeeding among mothers after lower segment Caesarean section. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Paediatrics department, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Oct to Mar 2020. Methodology: Mothers bringing their infants for vaccination at six weeks of age with babies born with lower segment caesarean section were included in the study. They were asked simple questions regarding exclusive or nonexclusive breastfeeding. Relevant sociodemographic factors were also recorded and compared among mothers breastfeeding their babies and those avoiding it. Results: A total of 500 mothers were included in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 33.576±9.174 years. 336(67.2%) women were primiparous, while 164(32.8%) were multiparous. 208(41.6%) women were actively breastfeeding their child, while 292(58.4%) avoided breastfeeding their babies. 150(72.1%) women were nonexclusively breastfeeding, while 58(27.9%) showed an exclusive breastfeeding pattern. Pearson chi-square test revealed that low education and working outside the home had a statistically significant association with the avoidance of breastfeeding the babies among our target population (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: Avoidance of breastfeeding was a common finding after six weeks of birth among women who delivered the babies via lower segment caesarean section. Mothers with low education and duties to work outside the home were more at risk of avoiding this highly beneficial practice for the baby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is the major biotic constraint to cotton production on the Indian subcontinent, and is caused by monopartite begomoviruses accompanied by a specific DNA satellite, Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB). Since the breakdown of resistance against CLCuD in 2001/2002, only one virus, the “Burewala” strain of Cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus (CLCuKoV-Bur), and a recombinant form of CLCuMB have consistently been identified in cotton across the major cotton growing areas of Pakistan. Unusually a bipartite isolate of the begomovirus Tomato leaf curl virus was identified in CLCuD-affected cotton recently. In the study described here we isolated the bipartite begomovirus Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) from CLCuD-affected cotton. To assess the frequency and geographic occurrence of ToLCNDV in cotton, CLCuD-symptomatic cotton plants were collected from across the Punjab and Sindh provinces between 2013 and 2015. Analysis of the plants by diagnostic PCR showed the presence of CLCuKoV-Bur in all 31 plants examined and ToLCNDV in 20 of the samples. Additionally, a quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the levels of the two viruses in co-infected plants suggests that coinfection of ToLCNDV with the CLCuKoV-Bur/CLCuMB complex leads to an increase in the levels of CLCuMB, which encodes the major pathogenicity (symptom) determinant of the complex. The significance of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

16 honey samples from Pakistan and two other countries were investigated for their physiochemical, biochemical, minerals, and antioxidant potential. Antioxidant activities of all honey samples were performed by using percentage inhibition of DPPH free radical, AEAC, and FRAP. 5-HMF and mineral contents were determined by HPLC and AAS, respectively. The obtained values of respective parameters, namely, pH, EC, TDS, total acidity, moisture, ash, color intensity, sugars, proline, and protein were in compliance with codex standard and recommendation of council directive by European Union. The total phenolics contents in acacia honey from Germany and jujube honey from Pakistan are similar to monofloral honey from Saudi Arabia and Yemen, respectively. The mineral contents in tested honey samples are comparable with honey from Brazil and Romania. Dark color honeys contained higher phenolic contents than light color ones and attributed to higher oxidation potential and have strong positive correlation with DPPH and FRAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is well known pathogen that can cause benign and malignant tumors in humans, yet there is very little information regarding HPV types prevalent in Pakistan. Methods: A total of 92 cervical secretions were collected from suspected married female patients and used for DNA isolation using a novel isolation method. The samples were tested through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using already reported primers MY09/MY11, GP5/GP6, GP5+/GP6+, CP65/CP70, CP66/CP69 and SPF1/SPF2 and with those developed in this study including HRT1 and HRT2 primer sets for typing HPV types and HACTB primer set for human beta actin gene as internal positive control. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed for two isolates to determine circulating HPV types. Results: PCR with HRT1 and HRT2 indicated 2 (2.17 %) patients were positive for HPV type- 16 while 1 (1.08 %) with HPV type 18. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of isolates confirmed HPV type-16 in genus alpha 9 which have 99 % homology with already reported HPV from Japan and Costa Rica. Conclusion: This is the first report of HPV type-16 genus alpha 9 in Pakistan and the reported assay and sequence data will serve as valuable tools in further epidemiological studies for HPV surveillance to improve public health, especially of females in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Interferon therapy of HCV infected patients is associated with development of thyroid dysfunctions. Patients with pretreatment presence of antithyroid peroxidase (TPO-Ab) are at greater risk. This study, probably the first in Pakistan, was planned to determine TPO-Ab in sera of treatment-naive local HCV patients. Setting. Centre for Nuclear Medicine (CENUM), Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Patients and Methods. During July to December 2012, 190 patients (140 females, 50 males) newly diagnosed for HCV infection were selected for this study. Their age range was 15–55 years (mean: 35.3 ± 9.1 years). 262 age matched healthy subjects (211 females and 50 males) were recruited as control. Serum-free thyroxin (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were detected by radioimmunoassay techniques. Serum TPO-Ab titer was determined by ELISA method using commercial kits. Results. Serum FT4 and TSH levels in HCV patients and controls were within normal range. Between two groups there was no significant difference in mean value of FT4 (16.0 ± 3.0 versus 16.2 ± 3.9; P=0.619) but mean TSH value was significantly lower in HCV patients (1.5 ± 0.8 versus 1.8 ± 0.9; P=0.003). Among HCV patients 51 (26.8%) were TPO-Ab positive and among control subjects 18 (6.9%) were TPO-Ab positive. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Further analysis showed that among HCV patients 39 (27.8%) females and 12 (24.0%) males were TPO-Ab positive, respectively, and difference was not statistically significant (P=0.873). Moreover, TPO-Ab positive patients were older and had significantly higher serum TSH as compared to TPO-Ab negative HCV patients. Conclusion. Independent of patient’s gender and increasing with advancing age, about one-fourth of local untreated HCV patients are TPO-Ab positive and are at greater risk of developing thyroid disorders during and after interferon treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatitis B and C need immediate worldwide attention as the infection rates are too high. More than 240 million people have chronic (long-term) liver infections. Every year, about 600,000 people die globally due to the acute or chronic consequences of hepatitis B and more than 350,000 people die from hepatitis C-related liver diseases. Methods: Our study was designed as a case-control, descriptive study. It was conducted through formal interviews by using structured questionnaires. A total of 100 cases were included, with four controls for each case. Results: This study confirms household contact, history of dental work, history of surgery, sexual contact, and history of transfusion (blood and its components) as the main risk factors which are responsible for the increased prevalence of hepatitis. Conclusion: The important risk factors, responsible for the high prevalence of hepatitis B and C in our society are household contact, history of dental work, history of surgery, sexual contact, and history of transfusion (blood and its components). The odds ratio of probability for these risk factors are: 4.2 for household contact history, 4.1 for history of dental work, 3.9 for sexual contact, 2.7 for history of surgery, and 2.1 for history of transfusion. Associations of other predictor variables (diabetes status, education level, profession, contact sports, intravenous drug abuse, residence, immunosuppression, and skin tattoos) were not statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the asymmetric impact of oil supply and demand shocks on the sectoral stock market returns of Pakistan. For this purpose, the study uses the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach based on monthly time series data for four sectors in the Pakistan Stock Exchange over the period 2005–2018. First, the findings of the unit root tests identified that all data series are stationary at first difference. Second, the F-bound test explored that oil supply and demand shocks have a cointegration relationship with sectoral stock market returns. Third, the study explored the asymmetric impact of oil supply shocks (OSS) and oil-specific demand shocks (OSDS) on sectoral returns of commercial banking and the symmetric impact of oil demand shocks (ODS) on sectoral returns of commercial banking. In addition, the asymmetric impact of oil supply shocks (OSS) and oil demand shocks (ODS) on sectoral returns of the power generation, chemical and fertilizer sectors was found. Moreover, the symmetric impact of oil-specific demand shocks (OSDS) on sectoral returns of the power generation, chemical and fertilizer sectors was explored. The study suggests important policy implications for policymakers and investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automobile exhaust emission showed toxic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of Cassia siamea. Germination and growth of C. siamea seeds was significantly (p<0.05) affected in seeds collected from M. A. Jinnah Road, Sharah-e-Faisal, Nazimabad, and Gulshan-e-Iqbal as compared to University campus. The seeds of C. siamea collected from the Karachi University campus, which is considered as control site showed better percentage of seed germination and seedling growth as compared to the seeds of the same species collected from the city area. Higher percentage of decrease in seed germination was found for seeds collected from M. A. Jinnah road, followed by Shahrah-e-Faisal, Nazimabad, and Gulshan-e-Iqbal as compared to control. Seedling length and root length was also highly decreased for seeds of same species collected from M. A. Jinnah road as compared to control. High percentage of decrease in seedling dry weight was found for seeds of same species collected from M.A. Jinnah road, followed by Shahrah-e-Faisal, Nazimabad, Gulshan-e-Iqbal as compared to control. According to tolerance test it was observed that seedling growth of C. siamea showed lowest percentage of tolerance in samples collected from M. A. Jinnah Road followed by Sharah-e-Faisal, Nazimabad and Gulshan-e-Iqbal as compared to Campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Begomoviruses are whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses with genomes that consist of either two components (known as DNA A and DNA B) or a single component (homologous to the DNA A component of bipartite begomoviruses). Monopartite begomoviruses are often associated with a symptom-modulating DNA satellite (collectively known as betasatellites). Both bipartite and monopartite begomoviruses with associated satellites have previously been identified in chillies showing leaf curl symptoms in Pakistan. Results: A chilli plant (Capsicum annum) with chilli leaf curl disease symptoms was found to contain a begomovirus, a betasatellite and the DNA B component of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV). The begomovirus consisted of 2747 nucleotides and had the highest sequence identity (99%) with Pepper leaf curl Lahore virus (PepLCLV-[PK: Lah:04], acc. no. AM404179). Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation of the clone to Nicotiana benthamiana, induced very mild symptoms and low levels of viral DNA, detected in systemically infected leaves by PCR. No symptoms were induced in Nicotiana tabacum or chillies either in the presence or absence of a betasatellite. However, inoculation of PepLCLV with the DNA B component of ToLCNDV induced leaf curl symptoms in N. benthamiana, N. tabacum and chillies and viral DNA accumulated to higher levels in comparison to plants infected with just PepLCLV. Conclusions: Based on our previous efforts aimed at understanding of diversity of begomoviruses associated with chillies, we propose that PepLCLV was recently mobilized into chillies upon its interaction with DNA B of ToLCNDV. Interestingly, the putative rep-binding iterons found on PepLCLV (GGGGAC) differ at two base positions from those of ToLCNDV (GGTGTC). This is the first experimental demonstration of the infectivity for a bipartite begomovirus causing chilli leaf curl disease in chillies from Pakistan and suggests that component capture is contributing to the emerging complexity of begomovirus diseases in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) is among the most threatening forms of carbapenemases produced by K. pneumoniae, well-known to cause severe worldwide infections. The molecular epidemiology of blaNDM-1-harboring K. pneumoniae is not well elucidated in Pakistan. Herein, we aim to determine the antibiotics-resistance profile, genes type, molecular type, and plasmid analysis of 125 clinically isolated K. pneumoniae strains from urine samples during July 2018 to January 2019 in Pakistan. A total of 34 (27.2%) K. pneumoniae isolates were carbapenemases producers, and 23 (18.4%) harbored the blaNDM-1 gene. The other carbapenemases encoding genes, i.e., blaIMP-1 (7.2%), blaVIM-1 (3.2%), and blaOXA-48 (2.4%) were also detected. The Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) results revealed that all blaNDM-1-harboring isolates were ST11. The other sequence types detected were ST1, ST37, and ST105. The cluster analysis of Xbal Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed variation amongst the clusters of the identical sequence type isolates. The blaNDM-1 gene in all of the isolates was located on a 45-kb IncX3 plasmid, successfully transconjugated. For the first time, blaNDM-1-bearing IncX3 plasmids were identified from Pakistan, and this might be a new primary vehicle for disseminating blaNDM-1 in Enterobacteriaceae as it has a high rate of transferability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf samples of Cucumis Sativus L. (C. sativus) (Family; Cucurbitaceae) showing vein thickening, mild leaf curling and leaf enations were collected from the farmer's field. Amplification of the full-length viral molecules was performed through rolling circle amplification (RCA). Cloning of the full-length viral molecules was done through standard cloning procedure followed by sequencing. Sequence similarity analysis and phylogenetic studies showed that the virus associated with leaf curling and enations in C. sativus was a bipartite begomovirus, where DNA-A and DNA-B showed highest nucleotide sequence homology of 98% and 97% to tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPMV) from India. Attempts to isolate betasatellites and alphasatellites through PCR using RCA product as template, did not result in any amplification. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree grouped DNA-A and B components with other isolates from India. SDT was used to find the pairwise identity scores of different sequences of ToLCPMV present in the database. Phylogenetic analysis showed that sequences of ToLCPMV DNA-A and B components in this study share high degree of homology with existing viruses and are isolates of ToLCPMV-India. Infectious molecules of both components (Accessions, MG252783 and MG252784, respectively) were constructed for infectivity analysis to fulfill the Koch's postulate. Infectivity analysis revealed that ToLCPMV DNA-A is infectious to model host plant Nicotiana benthamiana and viral accumulation was confirmed through Southern blot analysis. Accumulation of DNA-B was confirmed through PCR. Infectivity analysis was also conducted using the original host, C. sativus, but plants were unable to survive the agroinoculation. To our knowledge this is the first report of ToLCPMV associated with C. sativus L. in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Supraclavicular approach to subclavian vein catheterization is still being employed less often than traditional infraclavicular approach. The purpose of this study was to compare the two techniques regarding number of attempts, success rate of catheterization and complications associated with the procedure. Place of study: Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) of Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar (Pakistan). Duration of study: 1st June 2010 to 30th December 2010 Method: We included 144 adult patients of either sex undergoing central venous catheterization for various indications, selected by nonrandom sampling, in the study. They were divided into the supraclavicular and infraclavicular groups (72 in each group). Right subclavian vein of the patient was chosen in all patints for catheterization. Variables for comparison included number of attempts, success or failure of catheterization and complications associated with the procedure in each group. Statistical analysis was done by applying Chi-square test and Student's Independent Samples T-test. Results: The overall success rate was 95.83% for right supraclavicular and 87.50% for right infraclvicular approach (p>0.05). The number of successful attempts for supraclavicular and infraclavicular approaches were 1.13 ± 0.42 and 1.35 ± 0.69 respectively (P=0.029). The complication rate was higher in the supraclavicular group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The supraclavicular approach to subclavian vein cannulation was found to be a more successful method for adult central venous catheterization with complications comparable to the more commonly used infraclavicular approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between women's working status and fertility behavior has been a topic of interest for researchers and policymakers. The societal shifts over time, particularly the increasing participation of women in the workforce, have transformed traditional roles. Women, once primarily perceived as caregivers, are now assuming roles of economic independence. This transformation prompts a re-evaluation of the traditional association between women's working status and fertility behavior. This study aims to investigate the impact of women's working status on fertility behavior using a multistage stratified sampling design. A total of 408 women aged 15 to 49 years were recruited from 2 strata: working and non-working women. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, and generalized additive models were used for in-depth analysis of the dataset. An examination of fertility patterns indicates that, on average, working women bear 2.90 live children, while their non-working counterparts have an average of 3.52 children. Stillbirth was reported in 13% of housewives and 15.1% of working women. However, further analysis revealed that the relationship between women's employment status and fertility behavior varied depending on Social and Cultural Norms, Reproductive Rights, Workplace Policies, Economic Independence, Age, and Life Stage. Our findings suggest that promoting access to family-friendly policies and services, as well as challenging gender norms and cultural values, could help address the impact of women's employment on fertility behavior., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for 90% of diabetes cases worldwide. The majority of T2DM patients are obese. Dysbiosis in the gut microflora is strongly associated with the pathogenesis of obesity and T2DM; however, the microbiome of obese-T2DM individuals in the Pakistani population remains unexplored. The gut microbiota signature of 60 Pakistani adults was studied using 16S rRNA sequencing targeting V3-V4 hypervariable regions. The sequence analysis revealed that bacteria from Firmicutes were predominant along with those from Clostridia and Negativicutes, whereas bacteria from Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Elusimicrobia were less abundant among the obese T2DM patients. These data distinctively vary from those in reports on the Indian population. The difference in gut microbiota could presumably be related to the distinct lifestyle and eastern dietary habits (high carbohydrate and fat intake, low fiber intake) and unregulated antibiotic consumption. This is the first study carried out to understand the gut microbiome and its correlation with individual life style of obese T2DM patients in the Pakistani population., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Objective: To compare the outcome of submucosal resection of nasal septum under local and general anaesthesia., Methods: The retrospective study was conducted at the Sindh Government Hospital, Korangi, Karachi, from November 2008 to June 2010. A total of 100 patients (50 male and 50 females) having unilateral or bilateral nasal obstruction with moderate deviation of the nasal septum and unilateral or bilateral inferior turbinate hypertrophy, undergoing surgical treatment were inducted. They were divided into two groups: 50 patients of either gender operated under local anaesthesia; and the rest who were operated under general anaesthesia. All these patient came for post-operative follow up in July and August 2010, and both groups were compared. SPSS 18 was used for statistical analysis., Results: Of the 100 patients, there were 19 complications: 1 (5.26%) among those who had undergone local anaesthesia, and 18 (94.73%) among those who had been given general anaesthesia. Besides, in Group I, the cost of the drugs averaged Rs500 per patient, the average time consumed was 20 minutes, and bleeding at time of surgery was mild (10 to 15 ml). In Group II, the average cost of drug Rs1500 per patient, the average time consumed was 40 minutes, and bleeding at time of surgery was moderate (15 to 100ml). No mortality was seen in either group., Conclusion: Local anaesthesia was found to be a far more safe, effective and economical option for submucosal resection of nasal septum.