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BACKGROUND. Lower respiratory infections (LRI) are an important cause of morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization of nursing home residents, yet treatment recommendations have primarily been based on the minority who are hospitalized. We sought to prospectively evaluate risk factors for mortality from LRI in community nursing home residents. METHODS. We studied residents of 10 central Missouri nursing homes (910 beds) from January 1994 to September 1994. Attending physicians authorized nurse evaluations of ill residents who showed symptoms of an LRI. Those residents who met the study definition of LRI received a more detailed assessment and follow ups at 30 and 90 days. RESULTS. The 231 evaluations identified 141 LRIs in 121 individuals. Sixteen (11%) residents died within 30 days of evaluation. The most important univariate predictor of 30-day mortality was severe activities of daily living (ADL) dependency (relative risk = 8.8, 95% confidence interval, 2.55 - 30.1). Several other clinical and laboratory findings were also significant predictors. In multivariable logistic regression, ADL dependency, respiratory rate, and pneumonia on chest radiograph independently predicted mortality; the model showed good discriminating ability (c=.83). CONCLUSIONS. For nursing home residents with LRI, ADL dependency is an important mortality predictor. Further research with a larger sample should lead to a useful prediction rule for outcome from nursing home-acquired LRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been associated with inferior outcomes after lower extremity interventions. NLR has been associated with systemic inflammation and atherosclerotic burden. We examined NLR, severity of peripheral artery disease (PAD), and outcomes after endovascular or open surgical procedures., Methods: Inpatients undergoing lower extremity procedures (2008-2016) were selected from Cerner Health Facts database (Cerner Corporation, North Kansas City, Mo) using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision procedure codes. Disease severity was grouped into claudication, rest pain, and tissue loss. Outcomes were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. NLR was calculated preoperatively and postoperatively. A χ 2 analysis and multivariable logistic regression were performed. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the cutoff for preoperative (low, <3.65; high, ≥3.65) and postoperative (low, <5.96; high, ≥5.96) NLR values., Results: There were 3687 patients evaluated; 2183 (59%) underwent endovascular procedures and 1504 (41%) had open procedures. Compared with black patients, claudication was more frequent in white patients (81.7% vs 72.7%; P < .0001), and tissue loss was less common (12.9% vs 20.9%; P < .0001). NLR values were higher for patients with tissue loss than for patients with rest pain or claudication (4.89, 4.33, and 3.11, respectively; P < .0001). Open procedures were associated with higher postoperative NLR values than endovascular procedures (6.8 vs 5.2; P < .0001). Mean preoperative and postoperative NLR values were greater in patients with more severe PAD. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that preoperative high NLR was strongly associated with in-hospital death (odds ratio [OR], 5.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.68-17.07), cardiac complications (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.57-5.40), amputation (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.65-3.87), renal failure (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.18-2.93), respiratory complications (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.09-2.76), and prolonged length of stay (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.89-3.71)., Conclusions: Preoperative and postoperative NLR significantly increases with disease severity for PAD, providing further evidence of NLR as a biomarker of a patient's systemic inflammatory state. After adjustment for confounders, NLR still remained strongly associated with death and other adverse outcomes after intervention for PAD. Further study of the clinical association of NLR with other vascular disorders, such as symptomatic carotid stenosis and symptomatic and ruptured aortic aneurysmal disease, is planned to guide individualized treatment to prevent stroke or aneurysm rupture., (Copyright © 2019 Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objectives: Although the benefits of exercise are well known, rates of exercise among residents are much lower than those of attendings or medical students. Little is known about the barriers that prevent residents from exercising regularly. This mixed methodology study identifies and compares these barriers for resident and attending physicians practicing in the same setting., Methods: We conducted three focus groups with first-year and senior residents and attending physicians in the University of Missouri Department of Family and Community Medicine from April to August 2013. We also administered a survey inquiring about exercise rates and habits to 110 resident and attending physicians in the same department using both paper and electronic versions., Results: During both inpatient and non-inpatient rotations, residents reported exercising less than attending physicians. No residents exercised more than 150 minutes/week during inpatient rotations compared to 18.42% of attendings. Only 6.9% of residents exercised more than 150 minutes/week during non-inpatient rotations, compared to 25% of attendings. Residents and attendings reported different barriers to regular exercise. Residents reported lack of time for a traditional structured workout as a major barrier, which leads to an adversarial relationship between work and exercise., Conclusions: Residency programs can help residents overcome exercise barriers by reframing exercise expectations to include more frequent but brief periods of exercise during the workday and by developing a supportive exercise culture. Changing worksite environments to support physician exercise may improve physician wellness.

Context: Those caring for their loved ones in hospice experience tremendous stress, being faced with numerous decisions as they work to manage the pain experienced by their loved one. Although hospice care teams create pain management strategies, it is the role of the caregiver to implement these plans., Objectives: The purpose of this study was to further understand the hospice caregiver experience relating to pain management., Methods: Semistructured interviews with 146 caregivers provided data for the study. Responses to seven questions asking for a ranking of end-of-life pain management indicated a less than ideal experience. Available narratives from 38 caregivers were analyzed for themes related to further understanding of the concerns., Results: Five themes were identified in the data including difficulty with administration of pain medicines, concerns about side effects of medications, insecurity with pain assessment, frustrations with communication among health care team members, and memories of unrelieved pain., Conclusion: These findings should raise concern among hospice professionals, whose commitment is to the management of pain, including emotional pain, with a focus on both the patient and the family as a unit of care. These data clearly suggest that hospice providers have an opportunity to be sensitive to perceptions held by caregivers regarding pain management. Effective planning for pain control must incorporate the values and beliefs not only of each patient but also of the family caregiver., (Copyright © 2013 U.S. Cancer Pain Relief Committee. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: As pressure to contain health care costs increases, there has been greater scrutiny of readmissions in the vascular surgery population. The objective of this study was to evaluate postoperative readmissions after open and endovascular lower extremity (LE) procedures for peripheral artery disease (PAD)., Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed of elective adult inpatients with PAD and LE procedures which were selected from the Health Facts database (Cerner Corporation, Kansas City, Mo) between October 2008 and December 2010 using International Classification of Disease, 9th Clinical Modification diagnosis codes (claudication, rest pain, and ulceration/gangrene) and procedure codes for LE revascularization (endovascular and open). Multivariable logistic regression and χ(2) were used to compare patients who received endovascular and open procedures. The Charlson Comorbidity Index, comorbid diagnoses, and laboratory results were used to adjust for confounding. The main outcome measure evaluated was readmission ≤ 30 days of discharge., Results: Of 463,362 index admissions, 16,574 patients were identified with a diagnosis of PAD. Combining PAD with elective LE procedures during the index admission, 777 underwent open and 681 underwent endovascular procedures. Unadjusted readmission rates for open and endovascular procedures for claudication, rest pain, and ulceration/gangrene were 10.2% vs 11.3% (P = .69), 14.0% vs 18.2% (P = .43), and 21.1% vs 19.5% (P = .69), respectively. Readmission increased by the severity of the diagnosis for open and endovascular procedures (P = .0006). Men comprised 58% of the cohort; readmission rates were not statistically different by sex (P = .19). Race was not associated with procedure performed (P = .16), but nonwhite race was associated with more severe PAD (P < .0001). After adjusting for race, sex, comorbidities, length of stay, and laboratory values outside of normal reference ranges, the association between an endovascular procedure and readmission was not statistically significant (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.75)., Conclusions: Less invasive endovascular procedures were not associated with decreased readmission rates compared with open surgery. The overall readmission rate for claudicant patients was 10.7%, which was unexpectedly high. Predictors of readmission included male sex, longer hospital stays, hospital infection, elevated aspartate aminotransferase, and high numbers of medications ordered and dispensed. Further examination exploring reasons for readmission are required to decrease readmission rates in the vascular surgery population., (Copyright © 2013 Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: With limited work hours, efficient rounding and effective hand-offs have become essential. We created a completely electronic medical record (EMR)-generated rounding report for use during pre-rounding, team rounds, and sign-out/hand-offs. We hypothesized that this would reduce workloads., Methods: We used a pre- and post-implementation survey of the residents and faculty members of the Departments of Family and Community Medicine and Internal Medicine., Results: After 5 months of use, residents and attending physicians reported a daily time savings of 44 minutes. Seventy-six percent of users also agreed that the rounding report improved patient safety. Rounding report users were more satisfied with the rounding process, spent less time updating other lists or documents, and less time pre-rounding. In addition, there were trends toward spending more time with patients, adherence to work-hour rules, increased accuracy of information during sign-out, improved satisfaction, confidence while cross-covering, and decreased clinically relevant errors., Conclusions: Utilization of well-designed, EMR-generated reports for the use of patient transfer, sign-out, and rounding should become more commonplace considering the improved efficiency, satisfaction, and potential for improved patient care.

Background: Maintaining data quality and integrity is important for research studies involving prospective data collection. Data must be entered, erroneous or missing data must be identified and corrected if possible, and an audit trail created., Methods: Using as an example a large prospective study, the Missouri Lower Respiratory Infection (LRI) Project, we present an approach to data management predominantly using SAS software. The Missouri LRI Project was a prospective cohort study of nursing home residents who developed an LRI. Subjects were enrolled, data collected, and follow-ups occurred for over three years. Data were collected on twenty different forms. Forms were inspected visually and sent off-site for data entry. SAS software was used to read the entered data files, check for potential errors, apply corrections to data sets, and combine batches into analytic data sets. The data management procedures are described., Results: Study data collection resulted in over 20,000 completed forms. Data management was successful, resulting in clean, internally consistent data sets for analysis. The amount of time required for data management was substantially underestimated., Conclusion: Data management for prospective studies should be planned well in advance of data collection. An ongoing process with data entered and checked as they become available allows timely recovery of errors and missing data.

Background and Objective: The University of Missouri family medicine residency has 297 family physician graduates. We suspected that the practice patterns of graduates were changing., Methods: All graduates of the residency were surveyed in 1998, 2001, and 2004, asking about practice patterns. To characterize current practice characteristics and scope, we used the latest survey returned by each respondent. We analyzed data for persons who returned all 3 surveys to examine trends across surveys., Results: Annual response rates ranged from 58% to 78%. Of graduates who responded to all 3 surveys, fewer graduates care for patients in the hospital (71.3%, 1998; 56.5%, 2004), practice obstetrics (40.7%, 1998; 23.2%, 2004), or provide primary care for their patients in the emergency department (25.9%, 1998; 13.0%, 2004). Fewer recent graduates perform flexible sigmoidoscopy or exercise electrocardiograms. Graduates who are practicing obstetrics are more likely to be rural or to have graduated since 1994. Those performing flexible sigmoidoscopy are more likely to be male or to have graduated before 1994. The perceived need for more training in practice management is higher for more recent graduates (14.9% for 1975 to 1983 graduates; 31.9% for 1994 to 2003 graduates)., Conclusions: Across the 3 surveys, there was a decline in the proportion of graduates of this family medicine residency program performing procedures, obstetrics, intensive care unit care, or hospital medicine. This study highlights how the practices of family medicine residency graduates may change over time. Data regarding residency graduate practice profiles may help predict the knowledge and skills residency graduates will need in their future practices and evaluate the impact of the Future of Family Medicine recommendations.

Background: Lower respiratory infection (LRI) is the leading cause of hospitalization for nursing home residents, but hospitalization is costly and may cause complications., Objective: We sought to compare mortality and cost between episodes of LRI initially treated in the hospital versus the nursing home after controlling for illness severity and the probability of hospitalization., Design: This was a prospective cohort study of nursing home residents with LRIs., Subjects: We identified 1406 episodes of LRI in 36 nursing homes in central Missouri and the St. Louis area between August 15, 1995, and September 30, 1998. Economic analysis was restricted to 1033 episodes identified after March 31, 1997., Measures: We adjusted for the higher probability of initial hospitalization in sicker residents using measures of illness severity and a hospitalization propensity score. The propensity score was derived from a logistic regression model that included patient, physician, and facility variables. Estimated costs were attributed to initial treatment setting., Results: After controlling for the probability of hospitalization and illness severity, hospitalization was not a significant mortality predictor (odds ratio 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.52-1.52). Mean daily cost was $138.24 for initial nursing home treatment and $419.75 for the hospital., Conclusions: After controlling for illness severity and propensity for hospitalization, hospital treatment is not associated with either increased or decreased risk for mortality for nursing home residents with LRIs. For residents with low and medium mortality risk, nursing home treatment is likely to be safe and less costly.

We previously reported reduced sperm concentration and motility in fertile men in a U.S. agrarian area (Columbia, MO) relative to men from U.S. urban centers (Minneapolis, MN; Los Angeles, CA; New York, NY). In the present study we address the hypothesis that pesticides currently used in agriculture in the Midwest contributed to these differences in semen quality. We selected men in whom all semen parameters (concentration, percentage sperm with normal morphology, and percentage motile sperm) were low (cases) and men in whom all semen parameters were within normal limits (controls) within Missouri and Minnesota (sample sizes of 50 and 36, respectively) and measured metabolites of eight current-use pesticides in urine samples provided at the time of semen collection. All pesticide analyses were conducted blind with respect to center and case-control status. Pesticide metabolite levels were elevated in Missouri cases, compared with controls, for the herbicides alachlor and atrazine and for the insecticide diazinon [2-isopropoxy-4-methyl-pyrimidinol (IMPY)]; for Wilcoxon rank test, p = 0.0007, 0.012, and 0.0004 for alachlor, atrazine, and IMPY, respectively. Men from Missouri with high levels of alachlor or IMPY were significantly more likely to be cases than were men with low levels [odds ratios (ORs) = 30.0 and 16.7 for alachlor and IMPY, respectively], as were men with atrazine levels higher than the limit of detection (OR = 11.3). The herbicides 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and metolachlor were also associated with poor semen quality in some analyses, whereas acetochlor levels were lower in cases than in controls (p = 0.04). No significant associations were seen for any pesticides within Minnesota, where levels of agricultural pesticides were low, or for the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) or the malathion metabolite malathion dicarboxylic acid. These associations between current-use pesticides and reduced semen quality suggest that agricultural chemicals may have contributed to the reduction in semen quality in fertile men from mid-Missouri we reported previously.