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Background: Stage 4 and 5 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a serious condition that may require surgical intervention at some point. Timely intervention is a key element and, with the peculiarity of eyes among this group that necessities a certain level of surgical standards, operations cannot be undertaken in any surgical eye center.Aim of the Study: To recognize the outcomes of vitrectomy in Iraqi preterm babies with stage 4 and 5 ROP, and to study factors that might increase the risk of re-detachment in operated eyes.Methods: A prospective cohort study undertaken from November 2020 to June 2023 for Iraqi preterm babies presenting with stage 4 and 5 ROP requiring surgical intervention. Each patient had a follow-up duration of 9 months. The primary follow-up outcome was anatomical success rate (flat versus detached), and the secondary outcome was to identify the postoperative complications.Results: This study enrolled 19 children; 11 males and eight females (number of eyes operated on was was 31), with a mean gestational age of 29.4± 2.1 weeks. There were six (19.4%) eyes that did not develop any complications, five (16.1%) eyes developed postoperative vitreous hemorrhage, five (16.1%) eyes developed cataract, three (9.7%) eyes underwent a second vitrectomy, and seven (22.6%) eyes developed secondary glaucoma. The surgical success rates were 90.9% for stage 4a, 57.1% for stage 4b, and 33.3% for stage 5a.Conclusion: This study presented the first surgical experience for vitrectomy in children with retinopathy of prematurity in our country, and the results were encouraging with an overall surgical success rate of 64.5%, and 19.4% of eyes did not develop any complication until the 1-year of follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildfires have an important role in the ecological process affecting ecosystems at multiple spatial scales. MCD64A1 500 m burned area product is used in this study to document trends of fire events from 2001 to 2019. The research aims to analyze the trend of burned areas in the country. Iraq is selected as study area of the research because of dramatically increasing the number of fires in the country. The study found that the lowest amount of burned areas were located in the center and southwest, while northeast and north faced most of the fires. The trend of burned areas in Iraq was an increase of 71.7 km2 per year, and, principally, in the last years, burned areas increased by 1363 km2. The most extensive burning areas occurred in the Ninawa Governorate (29%). In 2019, burned areas increased to around eight times compared to the yearly average. During 2019, one of the highest classes which contain burned area is "Cropland, rainfed" with 4366 km2 burned. High maximum air temperature and wind speed are the main factors that contribute to increasing burned areas; however, high precipitation and air pressure lead to a reducing amount of burned areas. The rapid increase of fires in the country as a result of burn crop field residues will lead to worsening air pollution and likely decrease forest area in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study included recording the natural heavy infection with immature macrocysts (Sarcocysts) of Sarcocytis spp. in sheep. The sheep is one years old which is slaughtered at butcher shop at Mosul city in May 2018. This is the first case recorded of natural infection with immature sarcocysts of Sarcocystis spp. in Mosul city. Many of small nodules were observed during slaughter, these nodules are seen within esophageal muscles in different sizes and shapes, they were distributed randomly throughout esophageal muscles. Most of the sarcosystis were small in size the mean of size between 20- 28×28-42 μm they were histological examination showed that presence of only metrocytes. This confirmed the diagnosis that the sarcocysts were immature macrocysts (sarcocysts) for the Sarcosystis spp. In our study, heavy infected case with Sarcocystis reveals the fact that large numbers of cats(final hosts) in contact with sheep in pastures is considered the main risk factor for infection and feed with raw meat from infected sheep, which is very important for carcass condemnation when the meat inspection when abnormalities are found which indicate that the part of carcass, is unfit for human consumption it is condemned, which means the economic loss for livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]