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This article traces the origin of zamindari estates and permanent settlement system in Bengal, India during pre 1847. The administrative and fiscal experiment so denominated is familiar, at least by name, to every reader of Indian history, partly because it necessarily finds a place in any account of the rule of the East India Co. in Bengal; partly because it is associated with many (not always reasonable) differences of opinion; and partly, also, because it is understood, in general terms, to have involved the solution of some rather curious economic problems. A concrete illustration of the working of this measure will hardly need any lengthened apology. In order to make such an illustration intelligible, it will be necessary to call to mind exactly what "the settlement" implied. In modern Bengal the lower orders of the agricultural population at the present day are very largely of the aboriginal i.e., non-Aryan stock. Even the middle castes are of a mixed and much altered race. The purer Aryan or Hindu type is represented by a limited upper social crust, a ruling and everywhere dominant element.

The article offers news briefs related to various developments in the field of economics across the world as of July 1, 1898. Information on the courses that will be offered by college teacher William Cunningham at Trinity College in Cambridge, England is presented. The British government has appointed an Indian Currency Committee for establishing gold standard in India. Brief information about the content of the report of the Massachusetts Commission on Street Railways is presented.

The article presents news related to economic sectors of various countries. It is a matter of some surprise that the currency proposals recently submitted by the government of India to the Secretary of State for India in London have attracted so little attention in the West. It is now admitted alike by opponents and advocates of the closure of the Indian mints to the coinage of rupees in 1893 that the action was taken without any clearly defined policy as to the subsequent steps which it rendered necessary. The Indian government has upon every occasion since asserted that the establishment of a gold standard was then already in view. The statistical material relating to the course of wages and the progress of the working classes in the U.S. has been enriched by two recent publications--one a brief report by the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, the other an elaborate report by the French Office du Travail. The book "The Science of Finance," by Henry C. Adams, will suggest a financial system taking into view the necessities of the federal government and of several U.S. states and their local bodies.

Focuses on Indian currency problems. Overvaluation of silver; Metallic value of gold.

This paper may be regarded as a first short step into a scheme of systematic geography, since it deals with an island off a young coastal plain that is Shriharikota, Madras, India. The island is probably the simplest part of the simplest type of land form. Moreover, its inhabitants, simple jungle folk, are in the most elemental stage of evolution. The island has the monsoon type of climate. The East Coast of India presents to the Bay of Bengal a shoreline backed. except in a few places, with a monotonously low relief. If one braves the tulmultous shallow inshore waters of the bay from the city Calcutta to Cape Comorin his typical view is of a silver strand surmounted by jungle growth.

The article presents abstracts of several topics related to economics. Some of them are "Changing the Balance Among Economic Factors," by T.N. Carver. It is a general program for a proper occupational balance in our population. "The Accuracy of Labor," by L. Kotamy presents the effect of the differences between individuals in "inborn" accuracy upon industrial technique and its expression in wages. "A Prospectus of Sociological Theory," by A.W. Small is about the nineteenth century drive towards objectivity in social sciences. "The Indian Food Problem," by D. S. Dubey is a statistical study of the requirements of food grains and the supply in India. "Railway Valuation," by F. Rhea states the cost of reproduction and depreciation. "Potent Forces Seen Shaping the New Era of Business," by C.S. Duncan states that the interdependence of industries makes the control of raw materials a tremendous coercive power, while the movement towards nationalization and the world-wide organization of employer and employed are important factors."

Describes the banking and currency legislation in India. Provisions of the Imperial Bank of India Act; Relation of the government to the bank; Modification of the independent treasury system; Role of the bank in the management of public debt.

The article presents a study on the phases of vegetation under monsoon conditions in the North of the Bombay Presidency in India. It examines the vegetation of the low lying area of about 36 acres, which includes 161 species of flowering plants being grouped in 8 synusia. Physiological anatomy of plants and their ecology was described in relation to the theory of mixed formations in time. It concludes that an association is not necessarily a topographical unit and that the synusium is to be preferred to the association as the fundamental unit of ecology.

The article focuses on the history of the aerial survey of the Irrawaddy Delta forests in Burma. The author discusses that the aerial survey rooted from the need to protect the Delta forests from exploitation and destruction, since the forests were the source of timber and fuel for the towns and villages of the Delta. He explains that only a topographical survey was used to determine the arboreal vegetation it can be difficult in the case of the tidal forests in the Delta. It was through the work of A. W. Moodie that finally proves the value of forests and the need for a more detailed survey. After preliminary negotiations, a contract was signed on July 26, 1923 by the government of India and Major R. C. Kemp for an aerial survey.

The article evaluates the aquatic weeds found in the irrigation canals in Deccan, India. It focuses on the three important canals in the area including Mutha Right Bank Canal, Nira Left Bank Canal and Pravara Left Bank Canal. It identifies the morphology and behavior of the species including Potamogeton perfoliatus L., Potamotegon pectinatus L., Hydrilla verticllata Presl, Vallisneria spiralis and Ceratophyllum demersum. It is concluded that the three canals differ in amount of suspended silt, but the comparative poverty of aquatic flora in canals with more suspended silt can be better correlated with greater velocity and less deposition of silt.

Focuses on rural conditions in India in the late 1920s. Importance and backwardness of agriculture; Literacy and sanitation; Peasant indebtedness; Cooperative credit institutions; Cooperation in agriculture, popular education and public health.

Indian political leader Mahatma Gandhi was able to carry the message of his famous non-violent, non-cooperation movement, in the course of one year to the heart of every Indian, is unparalleled in the recorded history of mankind. The purpose of the paper is not to go into the details of the events that produced Gandhi movement; but its purpose is to study the mechanisms that produced quick and effective results. Propaganda, as defined by refers solely to the control of opinions by significant symbols, or to speak more concretely and less accurately, by stories, rumors, pictures, and other forms of social communication. The author reviews briefly those fares of social communication which were pressed into service in the various phases of this movement. Gandhi was able to organize the whole country and concentrate its attention on the economic program of hand-spinning and hand-weaving which he elaborated. His fervor for this industry quickly caught the imagination of the country; hundreds and thousands of spinning wheels were humming and looms plying their shuttles, producing finer and finer cloth every day.

This article discusses about the history of education in India. The history of education in India should be a record of high value to educators and statesmen for India has the second largest educational task in the world. On it live people that speak 225 different languages and dialects. The country presents language, religious and financial problems on a remarkably large scale. The country has been for some time controlled by an Occidental people, it therefore offers opportunity to study the development of education when two different civilizations come in contact and often in conflict.

Since the outbreak of the European war, the flow of rupee coins back from circulation to reserves, which has been going on for many years, has been reversed. The stock of rupee coin in the Reserve Bank of India has decreased, while circulation has increased, between September 1939 and July 1940. This increase of coin circulation has been due partly to the proportional increase of note circulation and to some tendency to hoard coins in preference to notes. To avoid exhaustion of the Reserve Bank's supply of coin, the government of India began the issuance of 1-rupee notes. In December 1940, it announced a reduction in the fineness of the rupee from 11/12 to 0.300. It remains to be seen whether this section will be acceptable to the population.

The article focuses on the carbon-nitrogen relationship of soils in particular relation to the coniferous forests of the Himalaya Mountains Region. It describes the geography and geology of two areas in the Himalayan Range, the Kulu Forest Division and the Kashmir Valley. It mentions that the soil profiles of the Kulu area belong to the podsol and brown earth groups and states the soil characteristics of two important geological formations of the Kashmir Valley. It informs that a fair divergence in the carbon : nitrogen ratio exists between the soil profiles belonging to the different groups like podsol and brown earth, and discusses the various methods used in comparing the carbon : nitrogen ratio of the soil profiles.

The article discusses the caste system of India. The Caste system is a hierarchy of endogamous groups that individuals enter only by birth. A caste differs from a clan or sib in being endogamous and recognizing various ranks. It differs from a class in it

The article presents information on the bibliography, published in the summer 1945 issue of the periodical, "Public Opinion Quarterly." Some of the research articles are, "What Does Iowa Know of India and China," by S. Chandrasekhar, published in the June 1945 issue of the periodical, "Asia," "Public Opinion Toward Conscientious Objectors: II. Measurement of National Approval-Disapproval," by Leo P. Crespi, published in the April 1945 issue of the, "Journal of Psychology," "The Psychological Corporation Index of Public Opinion," by Henry C. Link, published in the April 1945 issue of the, "Journal of Applied Psychology," "Marquette University Survey of Public Information on Matters of Government and Politics," published in the March 1945 issue of the journal, "Scholastic Debater," "Attitudes of Students Toward the Japanese," published in the May 1945 issue of the, "Journal of Social Psychology," and others. In addition to that, the article presents similar other information.

The article discusses the two conflicts in India including the political conflict between autocracy and democracy and another one is the nationalistic conflict between White citizens and Brown citizens. The author mentions that the political conflicts in India is caused by the fact that the concept of political liberty are only introduced to India when British influenced their government. This situation, in turn, created conflicts between Indians and British in promoting democratic ideals.