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The concentration of India's population has presented the country with various challenges regarding the exponential growth of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Globally, the increasing volumes of rubbish have made waste management both environmentally and socially burdensome. The development of safe and renewable resources has assisted in municipal solid waste management. Garbage-to-energy conversion has proven to be an effective method for reducing municipal waste. Biofuel and biogas generation from municipal solid waste are among the renewable energy possibilities within the broader framework of waste management. The review examines sustainable treatment methods for managing municipal waste. It provides an overview of the characteristics and environmental impacts of municipal solid waste. To enhance energy generation, pretreatment approaches have been integrated into waste conversion processes. The review underscores the significance of thermal and biological conversion-based approaches to municipal waste management. Biological treatment technologies have emerged as a significant focal point for energy recovery while maintaining environmental sustainability. Additionally, the review assesses the applicability of various Indian policies for Municipal Solid Waste Management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a detailed investigation into the technical, economic along with environmental performance of four configurations of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs), aiming at supplying renewable electricity to a remote location, Henry Island in India. The study explores combinations involving photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines, biogas generators, batteries, and converters, while evaluating their economic, technical, and environmental performance. The economic analysis yield that among all the systems examined, the PV, wind turbine, biogas generator, battery, and converter integrated configuration stands out with highly favourable results, showcasing the minimal value of levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) at $0.4224 per kWh and the lowest net present cost (NPC) at $6.41 million. However, technical analysis yield that the configuration comprising wind turbines, PV panels, converters, and battery yields a maximum excess electricity output of 2,838,968 kWh/yr. Additionally, machine learning techniques are employed to analyse economic and environmental performance data. The study shows Bilayered Neural Network model achieves exceptional accuracy in predicting LCOE, while the Medium Neural Network model proves to be the most accurate in predicting environmental performance. These findings provide valuable perception into the design and optimisation of HRES systems for off-grid applications in remote regions, taking into account their technical, economic, and environmental aspects. • Four different configurations of hybrid renewable energy systems are considered. • The configuration that integrated PV, wind turbine, biogas generator, battery, and converter is best. • Machine learning techniques are used to assess economic and environmental performances. • The bilayered neural network, with ReLU activation function, outperforms other models in predicting LCOE with R2 = 1 • The medium neural network, using ReLU activation, outperforms other models in predicting CO 2 emissions with R2 = 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Being an agriculture rich state, Punjab has huge potential of biomass resource availability in the form of crop residues. Around 40.142Mty−1 of the total crop residue is generated from various major and minor crops, of which around 71% is consumed in various forms, resulting in 29% as a net surplus available for power generation. Basic surplus and net surplus crop residues for power generation potential were estimated in each district. Sangrur, Ferozpur, Amritsar, Patiala and Ludhiana are the major surplus biomass potential districts, while Rupnagar, Nawashahar, Hoshiarpur, Fatehgarh Sahib, Faridkot and Kapurthalla are least surplus biomass potential districts within the state. It has been estimated that around 1.510 GW and 1.464 GW of power in the state can be generated through basic surplus and net surplus biomass respectively. Besides, the seasonal availability, present usage pattern and costing of important crop residues are also estimated in each district of the state. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: MicroSources and Renewable Energy sources refers to Distributed energy resources(DERs) and MicroGrids refers to a distribution network for electrical energy,starting from electricity generation to its transmission and storage with the ability to respond to dynamic changes on energy supply through co-generation and demand adjustment.Utilising potential of available distributed energy sources, MicroGrids can provide improved electric service reliability and better power quality to end users of electricity at conservative approach which might not be with the MicroGrids (centralized power grids). A worldwide research is going on MicroGrids, its application and control to overcome the weaknesses of the centralized power grids. In India due to power crisis a heavy load shedding has been carried out since last five years as load demand increasing day by day. Presently the concept of MicroGrids has been utilizing in rural areas of countries namely Canada, US, UK, Kenya etc. India is also having rich potential for Distributed energy resources (DERs). In this paper, potential of Distributed energy resources (DERs) in rural areas of Maharashtra state India has been predicted and suggested how application of Microgrids can reduce energy losses, improve power quality, deliver sustained power by Zero Load Shedding Model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, energy metrics (energy pay back time, electricity production factor and life cycle conversion efficiency) of hybrid photovoltaic (PV) modules have been analyzed and presented for the composite climate of New Delhi, India. For this purpose, it is necessary to calculate (1) the energy consumption in making different components of the PV modules and (2) the annual energy (electrical and thermal) available from the hybrid-PV modules. A set of mathematical relations have been reformulated for computation of the energy metrics. The manufacturing energy, material production energy, energy use and distribution energy of the system have been taken into account, to determine the embodied energy for the hybrid-PV modules. The embodied energy and annual energy outputs have been used for evaluation of the energy metrics. For hybrid PV module, it has been observed that the EPBT gets significantly reduced by taking into account the increase in annual energy availability of the thermal energy in addition to the electrical energy. The values of EPF and LCCE of hybrid PV module become higher as expected. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sugarcane is a valuable raw material for bioenergy and bioproduct production. The environmental performance of sugarcane-derived bioenergy and bioproducts vary with sugarcane cultivation practices and energy conversion technologies. A farm to factory gate life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted to assess the energy and environmental performance of sugar production and bagasse electricity cogeneration in Maharashtra, India under different scenarios. Altogether 20 scenarios were developed taking four sugarcane seasons (adsali, ratoon, preseasonal and suru) and four cogeneration boilers (low pressure, medium pressure, high pressure and very high pressure). The functional units are the production of 1 tonne of sugar and 1 MWh of surplus electricity. The ReCiPe 2016 midpoint (H) method is used for impact assessment. System expansion is applied to assess the alternative uses of sugarcane by-products (trash, press mud and bagasse ash). The global warming potential (GWP) of bagasse cogenerated electricity and sugar range from 90 to 142 kg CO 2 -eq MWh-1 and 324–834 kg CO 2 -eq t-1 among the scenarios. The water consumption potential (WCP) varies from 209 to 354 m3 MWh-1 for electricity and 768–2097 m3 t-1 for sugar. The Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) for electricity and sugar ranges from 0.8 to 1.2 MJ kWh-1 and 3–8 MJ kg-1. The Energy Return On Investment (EROI) differs from 2.7 to 4.5 for electricity and 2.1 to 5.3 for sugar. The alternative uses of sugarcane by-products contribute to negative emission and lower the overall GWP by 13–15%. Scenarios producing only sugar have a much higher environmental impact than scenarios producing both sugar and surplus electricity. The combination of adsali sugarcane and very high pressure cogeneration boiler provides the highest environmental benefits among all scenarios. The findings can help enhance cleaner production initiatives in the Indian sugarcane sector. • Scenario-wise LCA of sugar and bagasse electricity production in India. • GWP of electricity 90–142 kg CO 2 -eq MWh−1 and sugar 324–834 kg CO 2 -eq t−1. • Alternative uses of sugarcane by-products lower the GWP by 13–15%. • Water consumption for electricity 209–354 m3 MWh−1 and sugar 768–2097 m3 t−1. • Energy Return On Investment of electricity 2.7–4.5 and sugar 2.1–5.3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]