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This paper discusses the risks associated with an aerostat-supported stratospheric (unanchored) balloon mission equipped with a long vertical antenna and a very low frequency radio transmitter. The risks have been grouped into four main types and applicable mitigation methods have been presented to provide a sufficient level of safety and reliability to such a balloon mission. An experimental mission consistent with this analysis, based on the described theoretical VLF propagation approach, has been prepared and launched, and is operating at 14.2 kHz with a vertical antenna of a total length of 400 m and a total payload of max. 4 kg. The maximum altitude reached 29,164 m. The experiment's signal has been registered in numerous locations in Europe; the results are compared with numerical analysis employing a hypothesis of an apparent transmitting frequency decrease with the rise of the transmitter's altitude. The numerical analysis explains the behavior of the experimental signal and remains generally consistent with the hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eurasian Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) plays a special role in the cultural heritage of most nations in Europe. In the last decade, ringing revealed the main migratory patterns of some well studied and intensively harvested Woodcock populations wintering in Western and Southern Europe. The same study sites and populations were in focus when the recently revolutionized satellite tracking technologies allowed the study of individual migrations. In contribution to these efforts, we present here the pre-nuptial migration data of Woodcocks captured and tagged with GPS-Argos transmitters in Central Europe, in 2020. Woodcocks migrated from the tagging site in Hungary to Ukraine, European Russia and Central Siberia by an average of 2,678 km (range 677-5,002 km). The duration of the migration ranged between 1-52 days, the overall migration speed was 382 km/day, the absolute maximum distance covered in a day was 866 km. The individual number of stopovers varied during the migration from 0 to 5. The average time spent at each stopover site was 5.6 days. Within the stopover sites, the daily displacements ranged between 11-3,329 m. The Carpathian Basin may be more important in the wintering of Woodcocks than previously assumed, as tagged birds stayed significantly longer compared to any later en route migratory stopover. In accordance with the results of previous DNA analysis, identified breeding grounds of tagged individuals represented a large part of the distribution area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the high-SNR regime of the $M\times K$ Network MISO channel in which each transmitter has access to a different channel estimate, possibly with different precision. It has been recently shown that, for some regimes, this setting attains the same Degrees-of-Freedom as the ideal centralized setting with perfect Channel State Information (CSI) sharing, in which all the transmitters are endowed with the best estimate available at any transmitter. This result is restricted by the limitations of the Degrees-of-Freedom metric, as it only provides information about the slope of growth of the capacity as a function of the SNR, without any insight about the possible performance at a given SNR. In order to overcome this limitation, we analyze the affine approximation of the rate on the high-SNR regime for this decentralized Network MISO setting for the antenna configurations in which it achieves the Degrees-of-Freedom of the centralized setting. We show that, for a regime of antenna configurations, it is possible to asymptotically attain the same achievable rate as in the ideal centralized scenario. Consequently, it is possible to achieve the beamforming gain of the ideal perfect-CSI-sharing setting even if only a subset of transmitters is endowed with precise CSI, which can be exploited in scenarios such as distributed massive MIMO where the number of transmit antennas is much bigger than the number of served users. This outcome is a consequence of the synergistic compromise between CSI precision at the transmitters and consistency between the locally-computed precoders, which is an inherent trade-off of decentralized settings that does not exist in the centralized CSI configuration. We propose a precoding scheme achieving the previous result, which is built on an uneven structure in which some transmitters reduce the precision of their own precoding vector for the sake of using transmission parameters that can be more easily predicted by the other transmitters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work identifies the optimal Degrees-of-Freedom (DoF) of the $K$ -User MISO Broadcast Channel (BC) with delayed Channel-State Information at the Transmitter (CSIT) and with additional current noisy CSIT where the current channel estimation error scales in $P^{-\alpha }$ for $\alpha \in [{0,1}]$. These two settings had in the past been studied separately; the setting of imperfect current CSIT has attracted considerable interest over the last decade, while the setting of delayed CSIT was studied in the seminal work of Maddah-Ali and Tse in 2010 where an optimal DoF of $K/\sum _{k=1}^{K} \frac {1}{k}$ was established. Since then there have been several efforts to combine the two settings of delayed and imperfect-current CSIT. Our work establishes for the first time the optimal DoF in this joint setting, capitalizing on a novel transmission scheme that is presented here, which combines a structurally new approach of handling past and current interference, to achieve the optimal performance. We establish the once elusive optimal DoF to be of the form $\alpha K + (1-\alpha)K /\left({\sum _{k=1}^{K} \frac {1}{k}}\right)$. This further shows that the two types of DoF gains, from current and delayed CSIT, can be combined additively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Electronic Communication Committee (ECC) in Europe proposed a location-based transmission power allocation rule for secondary devices operating in the TV white space (TVWS). The further the secondary device is located from the TV cell border the higher transmission power level it can utilize. The Federal Communication Committee (FCC) in the US proposed a fixed transmission power allocation rule for all secondary transmitters. Both rules do not consider the secondary system's self-interference while setting the transmission power levels. In this paper, we propose a power allocation scheme for a cellular secondary system. Unlike the ECC and the FCC proposals we do the power allocation by considering the self-interference. We define the power allocation scheme as an optimization problem. The sum cell border data rate of the secondary network is selected to be the optimization objective. We observe that the optimal transmission power levels become approximately constant over the secondary deployment area. The FCC rule captures the general trend for cellular deployment in the TVWS, since it suggests the use of constant power. However, the transmission power should not be set equal to 4W but according to the allowable generated interference at the borders of the TV and secondary cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]