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Understanding the material properties and physical conditions of basal ice is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of Antarctic ice‐sheet dynamics. Yet, direct data are sparse and difficult to acquire. Here, we employ ultra‐wideband radar to map high‐backscatter zones near the glacier bed within East Antarctica's Jutulstraumen drainage basin. Our backscatter analysis reveals that the basal ice in an area of ∼10,000 km2 is composed of along‐flow oriented sediment‐laden basal ice units connected to the basal substrate, extending up to several hundred meters thick. Three‐dimensional thermomechanical modeling supports that these units form via basal freeze‐on of subglacial water that originated from further upstream. Our findings suggest that basal freeze‐on, and the entrainment and transport of subglacial material play a significant role in an accurate representation of material, physical, and rheological properties of the Antarctic ice sheet's basal ice, ultimately enhancing the accuracy and reliability of ice‐sheet modeling. Plain Language Summary: We investigate the lowermost portion of the ice column of the Antarctic ice sheet, known as basal ice. This part holds crucial information about how the ice sheet behaves when it flows. Using the principle of echo‐location, we use radar technology to scan the ice in East Antarctica's Jutulstraumen drainage basin. We discover that a significant portion of the basal ice in this region is filled with sediment and can be several hundred meters thick. To better understand how this distinctive type of ice forms, we used a mathematical model that suggested that these ice units likely form when water underneath the ice is transported and refreezes at particular locations. Our findings highlight the importance of these freezing and mixing of materials from beneath the ice. Understanding where these ice units are located provides important information for ice‐flow models to ultimately better understand how the Antarctic ice sheet behaves in the future. Key Points: We have identified high‐scattering basal ice in Jutulstraumen Glacier's onset region using radar, reaching several hundred meters from the bedBackscatter analysis suggests that the basal ice units contain unstratified point scatters and cause little radio‐glaciological loss3D thermo‐mechanical modeling implies that freeze‐on of basal meltwater generated upstream likely initially formed the basal ice units [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ocean is the main heat reservoir in Earth's climate system, absorbing most of the top-of-the-atmosphere excess radiation. As the climate warms, anomalously warm and fresh ocean waters in the densest layers formed near Antarctica spread northward through the abyssal ocean, while successions of warming and cooling events are seen in the deep-ocean layers formed near Greenland. The abyssal warming and freshening expands the ocean volume and raises sea level. While temperature and salinity characteristics and large-scale circulation of upper 2000 m ocean waters are well monitored, the present ocean observing network is limited by sparse sampling of the deep ocean below 2000 m. Recently developed autonomous robotic platforms, Deep Argo floats, collect profiles from the surface to the seafloor. These instruments supplement satellite, Core Argo float, and ship-based observations to measure heat and freshwater content in the full ocean volume and close the sea level budget. Here, the value of Deep Argo and planned strategy to implement the global array are described. Additional objectives of Deep Argo may include dissolved oxygen measurements, and testing of ocean mixing and optical scattering sensors. The development of an emerging ocean bathymetry dataset using Deep Argo measurements is also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into sediment provenance identification in Antarctica is emerging as a relevant field of study, providing a unique insight into understanding geomorphological processes in extreme climatic environments. This study focusses on the mechanisms of sediment redistribution in the catchment of the Korabelny Stream, located at the western end of the Bellingshausen Ice Dome on King George Island (Shetland Islands). The catchment area of the stream covers 2.83 km2, with 1.17 km2 under the glacier. Two main sediment sources have been identified: a) the glacierized part, extending along the glacier edge and represented by a complex of moraine deposits lacking protective vegetation cover, along with part of the catchment under the glacier; b) the periglacial part, occupying territory with permafrost and a thin loose cover unevenly protected by early successional vegetation. We combine a tracer-based fingerprinting technique, sediment delivery estimates based on sediment flow connectivity index and geomorphological mapping to quantify the sources contribution to sediment yield. The proportional contribution of the glacierized part was 60–66 % of the total sediment yield based on two independent methods, suggesting the reliability of the results. It is noteworthy that sediment transport from the glacierized part exceeds that from the periglacial part. However, a significant portion of the sediment is redeposited in temporary reservoirs formed along the glacier edge and Lake Mesyats, located in the central part of the Korabelny Stream catchment. The main factor determining sediment yield in the catchment is the water reserves in snow at the beginning of the ablation season. In years when water reserves in snow significantly exceed long-term average values, such as observed in the austral summer of 2014–2015 when study was conducted, sediment yield was low. This is attributed to the faster melting of ice on the glacier compared to snow, due to differences in albedo. • First time, assessed sediment sources in small Maritime Antarctica catchment. • Two independent methods used to determine proglacial and periglacial contributions. • Proglacial part contributes significantly more to sediment runoff. • The higher snow water reserves at ablation start the lower proglacial sediment runoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Realistic characterization of subglacial hydrology necessitates knowledge of the range in form, scale, and spatiotemporal evolution of drainage networks. A relict subglacial meltwater corridor on the deglaciated Antarctic continental shelf encompasses 80 convergent and divergent channels, many of which are hundreds of meters wide and several of which lack a definable headwater source. Without significant surface‐melt contributions to the bed like similarly described landforms in the Northern Hemisphere, channelized drainage capacity varies non‐systematically by three orders of magnitude downstream. This signifies apparent additions and losses of basal water to the bed‐channelized system that relates to bed topography. Larger magnitude grounding‐line retreat events occurred while the channel system was active than once channelized drainage had ceased. Overall, this corridor demonstrates that meltwater drainage styles co‐exist in time and space in response to bed topography, with prolonged impacts on grounding‐line behavior. Plain Language Summary: Water drainage beneath glacial ice can impact flow of the overlying ice, sediment transport underneath the ice toward the glacier's terminus, and the stability of glacial ice as it transitions from resting on the geologic terrain to floating in the ocean. Despite being an important component of glacial systems, the full range of possible modes of water delivery and how these interact and vary across time and space is not well resolved. We describe a relict subglacial meltwater network preserved on the Antarctic seafloor, representing a persistent pathway for water drainage when the East Antarctic Ice Sheet was much larger. The landforms within the drainage network implicate substantial changes in how subglacial water drainage was influenced by the shape of the underlying terrain and demonstrate the prolonged impacts that meltwater corridors have on the retreat of glacial ice. Key Points: Bed topography was the primary control on the morphology and organization of a large paleo‐subglacial meltwater corridor in AntarcticaThe morphology of the corridor supports downstream gains and losses in meltwater supply and/or changes in drainage styleGrounding‐line retreat events were significantly larger when channels were active and smaller when channelized drainage had ceased [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Labyrinth in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica is characterized by large bedrock channels emerging from beneath the margin of Wright Upper Glacier. To study the morphodynamics of large subglacial channels cut into bedrock, we develop herein a numerical model based on the classical theory of subglacial channels and recent results on bedrock abrasion by saltating bed load. Model results show that bedrock abrasion in subglacial channels with pressurized flow reaches a maximum at an intermediate distance up-ice from the glacier snout for a wide range of sediment grain sizes and sediment loads. Close to the snout, the velocity is too low and the sediment particles cannot be mobilized. Far from the snout, the flow accelerates and sediment is transported in suspension, thus limiting particle impacts at the channel bottom and reducing abrasion. This non-monotonic relationship between subglacial flow and bedrock abrasion produces concave up bottom profiles in subglacial channels and potential cross-section constrictions after channel confluences. Both landforms are present in the bedrock channels of the Labyrinth. We therefore conclude that these geomorphic features are a possible signature of bedrock abrasion, rather than glacial scour, and reflect the complex interplay between transport rate, sediment load, and transport capacity in subglacial channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On high‐latitude continental margins sediment is supplied from land to the deep sea through a variety of processes, including iceberg and sea‐ice rafting, and bottom current transport. The accurate reconstruction of sediment fluxes from these sources through time is important in palaeoclimate reconstructions. The goal of this study was to assess a shift in the intensity of glacial processes, iceberg and sea‐ice rafting during the Pliocene through an investigation of coarse sediment deposited at the AND‐2A site in the Ross Sea and at International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1359 on the Antarctic continental rise. Terrigenous particle‐size distributions and suites of quartz grain microtextures in the sand fraction of the deep‐sea sediments were compared to those from Antarctic glaciomarine diamictites as a baseline for proximal glacial sediment in its source area. Using images acquired through Scanning Electron Microscopy, and following a quantitative approach, fewer immature and potentially glacially transported grains were found in Pliocene deep‐sea sand fractions than in ice‐contact sediments. Specifically, in the lower Pliocene interval silt and fine sand percentages are elevated, and microtextures in at least half of the sand fraction are inconsistent with a primary glacial origin. Larger numbers of chemically altered and abraded grains in the deep‐sea sand fraction, along with microtextures that are diagnostic of periglacial environments, suggest a role for eolian sediment transport. These results highlight the anomalous nature of high‐latitude sediment fluxes during prolonged periods of ice retreat. Furthermore, the identification of a significant offshore sediment flux during Antarctic deglaciation has implications for estimated nutrient supply to the Southern Ocean and the potential for high‐latitude climate feedbacks under warmer climate states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we interpret the role played by ocean circulation in sediment distribution on the southwestern Atlantic margin using radiogenic Nd and Pb isotopes. The latitudinal trends for Pb and Nd isotopes reflect the different current systems acting on the margin. The utilization of the sediment fingerprinting method allowed us to associate the isotopic signatures with the main oceanographic features in the area. We recognized differences between Nd and Pb sources to the Argentinean shelf (carried by the flow of Subantarctic Shelf Water) and slopes (transported by deeper flows). Sediments from Antarctica extend up to the Uruguayan margin, carried by the Upper and Lower Circumpolar Deep Water. Our data confirm that, for shelf and intermediate areas (the upper 1200 m), the transfer of sediments from the Argentinean margin to the north of 35 ∘ S is limited by the Subtropical Shelf Front and the basin-wide recirculated Antarctic Intermediate Water. On the southern Brazilian inner and middle shelf, it is possible to recognize the northward influence of the Río de la Plata sediments carried by the Plata Plume Water. Another flow responsible for sediment transport and deposition on the outer shelf and slope is the southward flow of the Brazil Current. Finally, we propose that the Brazil–Malvinas Confluence and the Santos Bifurcation act as boundaries of geochemical provinces in the area. A conceptual model of sediment sources and transport is provided for the southwestern Atlantic margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change in the Antarctic over the past 50+ years has caused contraction of ice and snow cover, longer melt seasons and intensified glacier melting. These changes affect erosion and sediment redistribution processes that are vital to our understanding of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and sediment input to oceans. This 79 day study of the Orwell Glacier meltwater stream on Signy Island (5 December 2019–21 February 2020) used 5 min recordings of turbidity, stream discharge (Q) and air temperature (AT), supplemented by 454 water samples from which suspended sediment concentration (SSC) was gravimetrically determined, to calculate daily suspended sediment loads (SSLs). Qmean was 47.8 ± 3.5 l s-1, SSCmean was 71.0 ± 15.9 mg l-1 and daily SSLmean was 75 ± 8 kg day-1 with a suspended sediment yield of 43.6 t km-2 yr-1. A multiple regression model predicted SSLs reliably (multiple r = 0.95, r2 = 0.91, n = 79) and, when run with ATmean + 1°C (expected on Signy Island by 2060) and ATmean + 2°C (expected by 2100) scenarios, the model predicted 7% and 13% increases in SSLs, respectively. The SSLs estimated in this study are low when compared with others from around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent decades Antarctic sea-ice extent has increased, alongside widespread ice shelf thinning and freshening of waters along the Antarctic margin. In contrast, Earth system models generally simulate a decrease in sea ice. Circulation of water masses beneath large-cavity ice shelves is not included in current Earth System models and may be a driver of this phenomena. We examine a Holocene sediment core off East Antarctica that records the Neoglacial transition, the last major baseline shift of Antarctic sea ice, and part of a late-Holocene global cooling trend. We provide a multi-proxy record of Holocene glacial meltwater input, sediment transport, and sea-ice variability. Our record, supported by high-resolution ocean modelling, shows that a rapid Antarctic sea-ice increase during the mid-Holocene (∼ 4.5 ka) occurred against a backdrop of increasing glacial meltwater input and gradual climate warming. We suggest that mid-Holocene ice shelf cavity expansion led to cooling of surface waters and sea-ice growth that slowed basal ice shelf melting. Incorporating this feedback mechanism into global climate models will be important for future projections of Antarctic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural glaci‐geological processes can entrain basal sediment into ice, leading to its transportation and deposition downstream. Sediments potentially rich in essential nutrients, like silica and iron, can thus be transferred from continental sources to the ocean, where deposition could enhance marine primary productivity. However, a lack of data has limited our knowledge of sediment entrainment, transfer, and distribution in Antarctica, until now. We use ice‐penetrating radar to examine englacial sediments in the Weddell Sea sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Radargrams reveal englacial reflectors on the leeside of nunataks and subglacial highlands, where Mie scattering analysis of the reflectors suggests particle sizes consistent with surface moraine sediments. We hypothesize that these sediments are entrained at the thermal boundary between cold and warm‐based ice. Conservative estimates of >130 × 109 kg of englacial sediment in Horseshoe Valley alone suggest that the ice sheet has significant entrainment potential unappreciated previously. Plain Language Summary: Glaciers can acquire and transport sediments rich in essential nutrients, like silica and iron, from the land to the ocean, where deposition may enhance biological productivity. Our ability to detect and map sediment‐rich ice in Antarctica has been hindered by technical limitations of geophysical equipment and data availability, until now. In this paper ice‐penetrating radar is used to detect sediments in the Weddell Sea sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. We identify sediment near the glacial surface, and further down the ice column, along partially buried mountain ranges and bedrock hills beneath the ice. Our conservative estimates reveal >130 million metric tonnes of englacial sediment in a single valley. These sediments are entrained at the ice/bed interface and transported to mountain fronts and the coast by local and regional ice flow. Key Points: Ice‐penetrating radar reveals basal sediment reflectors in the West Antarctic Ice SheetBasal thermal regimes promote sediment entrainmentOnce entrained, basal sediments are transported by regional ice flow [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a unique case study and methodology for measurements of the bedload transport in the two, newly created troughs at the forefield of the Baranowski Glacier: Fosa and Siodło creeks. The weather conditions and the granulometric analysis are presented and discussed briefly. Rating curves for the Fosa and Siodło creeks are presented for the first time for this region. Changes of the bedload transport as well as water discharge and water velocity at both creeks are investigated. The hysteresis for the relationships between rate of bedload transport and water discharges were identified showing that for both creeks for the higher water levels a figure of eight loop may be easily recognized. Moreover, a new method for the calculation of bedload transport rate, based on the weighted arithmetic mean instead of the arithmetic mean, is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Submarine gullies are common features of high latitude continental slopes and, over the last decade, have been shown to play a key role in continental margin evolution, submarine erosion, downslope sediment transport, slope deposits, and the architecture of petroleum reservoirs. However, the processes that form these gullies, the timescales over which they develop, and the environmental controls influencing their morphology remain poorly constrained. We present the first systematic and comparative analysis between Arctic and Antarctic gullies with the aim of identifying differences in slope character, from which we infer differences in processes operating in these environments. Quantitative analysis of multibeam echosounder data along 2441km of the continental shelf and upper slope and morphometric signatures of over 1450 gullies show that six geomorphically distinct gully types exist on high latitude continental margins. We identify distinct differences between Arctic and Antarctic gully morphologies. In the Arctic data sets, deep relief (>30m gully incision depth at 50m below the shelf edge) and shelf-incising gullies are lacking. These differences have implications for the timescales over which the gullies were formed and for the magnitude of the flows that formed them. We consider two hypotheses for these differences: (1) some Antarctic gullies developed through several glacial cycles; and (2) larger Antarctic gullies were formed since the Last Glacial Maximum as a result of erosive flows (i.e., sediment-laden subglacial meltwater) being more abundant on parts of the Antarctic margin over longer timescales. A second difference is that unique gully signatures are observed on Arctic and on Antarctic margins. Environmental controls, such as the oceanographic regime and geotechnical differences, may lead to particular styles of gully erosion observed on Arctic and Antarctic margins. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We examined sediment melt-migration dynamics in the ice cover of Lake Fryxell, Taylor Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, using a combination of laboratory experiments, field observations, and modeling. The specific objectives were to determine the thermal conditions required for sediment melt and how sediment migration rates vary with meteorological forcings and ice microstructure. These characteristics are relevant to the influence of climate change on lake ice structure and ecosystem processes in polar regions. Sediment began melting through laboratory ice at -2 °C in simulated summer conditions, with warmer ice producing faster melt rates. An energy balance model, supported by our laboratory experiments, demonstrated that subsurface sediment can melt down to an equilibrium depth of ~2 m in two years. Field experiments and modeling revealed that surficial sediment melts at about half the rate of subsurface sediment because of heat losses to shallow, cold ice and the cold, dry atmosphere. Gravity flow of sediment along grain boundaries was pronounced in laboratory ice warmer than -1 °C. This mechanism produced a flux of 0.1 g m-2 hr-1, a significant value relative to published benthic sedimentation rates for these lakes indicating an important sediment sorting mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two sediment cores collected from beneath the Amery Ice Shell, East Antarctica describe the physical sedimentation patterns beneath an existing major embayed ice shelf. Core AM01b was collected from a site of basal freezing, contrasting with core AM02, collected from a site of basal melting. Both cores comprise Holocene siliceous muddy ooze (SMO), however, AM01b also recovered interbedded siliciclastic mud, sand and gravel with inclined bedding in its lower 27 cm. This interval indicates an episode of variable but strong current activity before SMO sedimentation became dominant, 14C ages corrected for old surface ages are consistent with previous dating of marine sediments in Prydz Bay. However, the basal age of AM01b of 28250 ± 230 14C yr BP probably results from greater contamination by recycled organic matter. Lithology, 14C surface ages, absolute diatom abundance, and the diatom assemblage are used as indicators of sediment transport pathways beneath the ice shelf. The transport pathways suggested from these indicators do not correspond to previous models of the basal melt/freeze pattern. This indicates that the overturning baroclinic circulation beneath the Amery Ice Shelf (near-bed inflow-surface outflow) is a more important influence on basal melt/freeze and sediment distributions than the barotropic circulation that produces inflow in the east and outflow in the west of the ice front. Localized topographic (ice draft and bed elevation) variations are likely to play a dominant role in the resulting sub-ice shelf melt and sediment distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present two time series of bottom current and temperature collected 8 m above the seabed on either side of a large sediment drift located on the continental rise of the Pacific margin of the Antarctic Peninsula. The mean current speed is comparable (6.2 cm s-1 and 6.1 cm s-1 respectively), but the mean direction differs by about 121 deg. The direction of mean flow follows the bathymetric contour, and the maximum speed never exceeds 20 cm s-1 (below the typical benthic storm threshold). The potential temperature is remarkably stable (0.11 -+ 0.01 deg. C and0.13 -+ 0.02 deg. C at the two sites). The cross-covariance indicates a significant peak at 20.2 days lag, slightlylonger than the travel time of 18.7 days calculated between the two stations following the isobaths (98.4 km) and thus providing evidencefor the topographic control on bottom water flow. The observed bottom water flow is consistent with deposition of Holocene hemipelagic sediments of the 'drift maintenance' stage. Indicators for palaeoceanographic conditions during glacial periods of the 'drift maintenance' stage and the older 'drift growth' stage are at present too scarce to understand fully how the past oceanographic conditions influenced theevolution of the drifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]