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The Carrera de Indias has been one of the areas of study that has received the most attention in historiography, especially on the relationships between Spain and America throughout the colonial period. The traffic of ships, men and merchandise continues to appeal considerable treatment, since the phenomenon presents enormous research possibilities: nautical, emigration, trade; but it is also true that the economic and human aspect has prevailed, leaving aside other dimensions. And so, among the emigrants settled there and the families that remained here, a large correspondence was maintained throughout the centuries of Modernity. Multiple references were made in these letters to the new life they were beginning in the West Indies. Among these references there was no shortage of those corresponding to life on board. This research paper aims to analyze what were the foods shipped for the journey to America and what recommendations were contained in the letters in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to reflect on the political function of the arbítrios, through a memorial written by Luis de Ribera, which deals with a topic related to the ecclesiastical government of Peru. The arbítrios were proposals addressed to the king for the solution of problems in several spheres of the government, especially financial matters. They had their heyday in Spain from the middle of the 16th century, and from the first decades of the 17th century we can observe an arbitrism centered on American issues, although to a lesser extent than the Castilian arbitrism. Ecclesiastical issues were of great importance in the Spanish territories in America, due to the fact that sovereignty over the new lands was justified by the evangelization of the natives. Ribera's memorial offered a solution to one of these issues, the rivalry between the religious orders and the secular clergy; from this we will consider the influence of these writings on political issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to analyze cases of possible nominal regular polysemy by metaphor. The analysis of these cases involves a review of the classical definition of regular polysemy proposed by Apresjan and developed primarily for metonymic extensions. From the advanced search in Diccionario del español de América y España (Dictionary of the Spanish of America and Spain) of possible cases of regular polysemy that respond to person and sensation hyperonymes, metaphorical and metonymic extensions are studied and the semantic dimensions in which the senses can diverge are analized. It is hypothesized that for there to be regular polysemy by metaphor, the senses of a group of lexical items must differ in paralell, which implies agreeing on three variables: a) the directionality of the polysemy, b) the non-descriptive meaning and c) the aspect on which similarity is based. It is concluded that there are three classes of regular polysemy by metaphor, although groups that exhibit an intermediate status are also detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article propose to articulate the global movement of the colonization in the 18th century to the local development of the Santa Catarina island. Starting from an general picture, based in a consolidate historiography about Portuguese America, arriving in the specific, where cartographic documents and official correspondences has been incorporated to the specialized bibliography about the region. Nevertheless, this paper shows how the fortifications in the island and the Azorean immigration are spatialisations from the conflicts and broader processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents several papers presented at an annual meeting of the Renaissance Society of America that focus on topics related to Spanish colonies in America and the interaction of American and Spanish cultures. One paper explores art and architecture in colonial Latin America and discusses how architectural and art history has been affected by nationalism. Another paper examines the relationship between Spanish settlers and indigenous cultures in America during the exploration and colonization of America. The final paper discusses the cultural geography of the Atlantic region using literary scholarship regarding the Spanish colonization in America.

Rickettsia typhi is an intracellular bacteria who causes murine typhus. His importance is reflected in the high frequency founding specific antibodies against R. typhi in several worldwide seroepidemiological studies, the seroprevalence ranging between 3-36%. Natural reservoirs of Rickettsia typhi are rats (some species belonging the Rattus Genus) and fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) are his vector. This infection is associated with overcrowding, pollution and poor hygiene. Typically presents fever, headache, rash on trunk and extremities, in some cases may occur organ-specific complications, affecting liver, kidney, lung or brain. Initially the disease is very similar to other diseases, is very common to confuse the murine typhus with Dengue fever, therefore, ignorance of the disease is a factor related to complications or non-specific treatments for the resolution of this infection. This paper presents the most relevant information to consider about the rickettsiosis caused by Rickettsia typhi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on mestizaje in the colonization of Hispaniola, especially in relation with Nicolás de Ovando's settlements (1501-1503). From a Colonial Studies perspective, this paper seeks to dialogue with recent research in archaeological Contact Studies that have focused on the problem of gender. The analysis from mestizaje allows us to think of Hispaniola as a gender and race contact zone in the frame of the relations of power and domination imposed by Spanish conquest. Through the discursive analysis of the Instructions that the Crown sent to Ovando and a reading of the myth of Guahayona as recorded by Ramón Pané in his Relación de las antigüedades de los indios (1498), I analyze the role of gender relations in the establishment of the colonial power relation in order to open new reflections on the central place of gender in the processes of colonial subordination that follow this initial stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Spanish colonization of America, representation of its territory became a necessity, a process in which a new hybrid style of cartography arose, that mixed Spanish and indigenous conventions as well as new ones, a result of mutual influences between cultures. Most of the maps that indigenous and Spanish mapmakers drew during the sixteenth century did not conform to the cartographic canons used in renaissance Europe. In this large corpus we find an exceptional case with all the characteristics of scientific representation, such as the Spanish royal cosmographers hoped the new overseas territories would be mapped: the map of Zapotidan. Although this document has been studied by several authors, this paper focuses particularly on the cartographic procedures, with new contributions: an analysis of the representation system used, the extent of area represented, and the determination of scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to establish the nature, as the characteristics of Latin American society during the colony, especially the new Spain, and the reasons why the wars of independence in the region, and the circumstances which determine, as they create disruptions, since the beginning of their economies in seeking to implement a project of nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late 18th century, representatives of the Spanish empire occupied the San Francisco Bay Area and rapidly transformed the region through the introduction of agriculture, animal husbandry, Roman Catholicism, the Spanish language, and the use of pottery. This paper focuses on the latter, evaluating questions of local manufacture or importation of ceramic materials among missions, the presidio, and pueblos within the San Francisco Presidio Jurisdiction. Through the application of instrumental neutron activation analysis of ceramic materials, local production of earthenwares at each of the missions is shown whereas glazed ware patterns reveal a mix of local and nonlocal sources. These patterns provide insights into the manufacture, supply, and exchange of ceramics in the San Francisco Bay Area, and through them a window on the materiality of the colonial encounter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document studies the configuration of the Denouncer, based on what the author calls in its work as, neighbor legislative panopticism. The Denouncer, is a control mechanism of normative fulfillment designed by the Spanish Crown and the Supreme Council of the Indians, that served as an element of coercion and intimidation within the population, with the purpose of allowing the configuration of the Ordered City in the terms of the Recopilación de Leyes de los Reinos de las Indias (Indies Kingdoms Compilation of Laws). In this paper the author studies the application and obeyance of this compilation, as well as the recognized aphorism "se acata, pero no se cumple" (law is accepted but not fulfilled), in order to propose that the policy of the Denouncer was a control mechanism designed by the colonial authorities. Finally, this article proves that the Denouncer was a person that accepted and fulfills the Indian legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]