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Background: Poly-victimization (PV) not only threatens physical and mental health but also causes a range of social problems. Left-behind children in rural areas are more likely to experience PV problems. However, there have been fewer studies on PV among rural children, and even fewer intervention studies. Objective: The difference-in-differences method was employed to analyze the impact of intervention measures, based on the theory of planned behavior, on PV among left-behind children in rural areas. Methods: The study subjects were left-behind children from six middle schools in two cities in southern China, who completed the baseline survey from 2020 to 2021. They were divided into a control group and an intervention group, each consisting of 228 cases, based on their schools. Before and after the intervention, the Self-made victimization-related knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire, Poly-victimization scale, and Middle school students' coping style scale were used to evaluate the victimization-related KAP(knowledge, attitude, and practice), victimization occurrence, and coping styles of left-behind children, respectively. Stata 15.0 was used to establish a difference-in-differences regression model to analyze the impact of the intervention measures on poly-victimization and coping styles. Results: Mixed Anova revealed that after the intervention, the KAP scores of the intervention group were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). After the intervention, the incidence of child victimization in the intervention group dropped to 9.60% (n = 22), lower than in the baseline survey, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01). The incidence of PV among children in the intervention group was lower than that in the control group, with the difference being statistically significant (p < 0.01). The net reduction in the incidence of PV among children was 21.20%. After the intervention, the protection rate for preventing PV among children was 73.33%, and the effect index was 3.75. The intervention improved children's coping styles, problem-solving, and help-seeking, while reducing negative coping styles such as avoidance and venting, with the differences being statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Intervention measures based on the theory of planned behavior reduce the occurrence of PV among left-behind children, and the intervention effects on different types of victimization are also different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies have shown that Chinese Clinicians and nurses have positive attitudes toward ACP, but no local tools exist to assess their need for ACP knowledge and skills training. resulting in their inability to initiate ACP conversations as well as poor end-of-life care for patients. Therefore, this study aims to assess the needs of Chinese Clinicians and nurses for ACP knowledge and skills training and assess the validity and reliability of a questionnaire on the Training Needs for Advance Care Planning (TNACP) scale. Methods: From October to November 2021, 170 clinicians and nurses were pre-surveyed using a preliminary draft of the questionnaire. The responses were screened using item analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to describe the internal consistency and stability of the questionnaire. The Content validity index (CVI), Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to test the validity of the questionnaire. Results: After independent samples t-test analysis, Except for the entry "A2", the critical ratio between the two groups of the remaining 23 items was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Based on the above screening methods, the "A2" item was deleted, and the final number of questionnaire items was 23. The I-CVI was 0.79–1.00, and the S-CVI/Ave was 0.90. Three common factors were extracted—the cumulative contribution rate was 69.969%, and the factor loading of all items was 0.506–0.843 (all > 0.40). The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Training Needs for Advance Care Planning (TNACP) scale model fit well(X2/df = 2.504, RMSEA = 0.092, GFI = 0.809, AGFI = 0.745, CFI = 0.931, IFI = 0.932, TLI = 0.916); the Cronbach's α = 0.888 for the total questionnaire, and the three dimensions of Cronbach's α were 0.729 to 0.959; and the ICC for the overall scores between the test-retest evaluations was 0.884 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The TNACP scale has good reliability and validity and can be used to assess Chinese Clinicians and nurses' training needs for implementing ACP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. To measure nursing clinical teachers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices about nursing students (NSs) suffering from workplace violence (WPV) in China. Background. The nursing clinical teacher is the most important person for NS during the clinical rotation. In contrast, there is a lack of investigation into the ability of nursing clinical teachers to manage NSs suffering from WPV. Method. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Hubei province, China, between June and July 2022. Convenience sampling was employed to recruit clinical teachers in 9 tertiary hospitals who met the inclusion criteria. The survey was conducted using a self-designed questionnaire which has good reliability and validity. Questionnaires were collected through a web-based platform called Questionnaire Star in China. In July 2022, a total of 900 questionnaires were eventually distributed, and 869 valid questionnaires were returned. The software SPSS 26.0 was used to conduct descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Result. The mean ± SD knowledge, attitudes, and practices scores of the nursing clinical teachers were 69.51 ± 12.78, 29.11 ± 4.38, and 82.84 ± 13.60, respectively. Also, the average score rate was 77.24%, 83.17%, and 87.20%, respectively. There are still deficiencies in the knowledge, attitudes, and practices index, such as knowledge about the sources of violence, perceptions about influencing factors, and behavioural practices for prevention. Factors affecting the knowledge index scores included teachers' age, highest academic degree obtained, years of work, the highest level of education that they could teach NSs, whether they had experienced WPV, whether they had witnessed NSs suffering from WPV, and whether their NSs had suffered from WPV. Factors affecting scores on the attitude index included the age, highest academic degree obtained, years of work, the highest level of education that they could teach NSs, and whether they had received training on prevention and coping with WPV. Factors influencing the score for the practice index included the working department, highest academic degree obtained, professional title, the highest level of education that they could teach NSs, and whether they had received training on prevention and coping with WPV. Conclusion. Nursing clinical teachers showed moderate levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices about NSs suffering from WPV. The deficiencies mainly focused on the sources, manifestations, influencing factors, and preventive strategies of it. Also, nursing clinical teachers should be trained to better prevent and cope with WPV suffered by NSs. At the same time, in order to better protect and teach NSs, the selection criteria for nursing clinical teachers should be stricter, with requirements on age, education, years of working experience, and titles. Implications for Nursing Management. With nursing clinical teachers as the training target, health organizations and institutions should actively develop training related to preventing and coping with NSs suffering from WPV. Also, it should be incorporated into the preservice training system for nursing clinical teachers. The content of training could focus on the sources, manifestations, influencing factors, and prevention strategies of NSs suffering from WPV. The method could be online theoretical teaching combined with offline scenario simulation exercises. At the same time, strict admission criteria for nursing clinical teachers can be helpful in protecting the safety of NSs during the clinical rotation phase. For nursing managers, they should be kept abreast of organisational policies and adopt a zero-tolerance policy towards violence. It also can be recommended that nursing clinical teachers should be proactively involved in training to improve their own ability to protect NSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart manufacturing is a key element in Industry 4.0. However, studies on the relationship between manufacturers' network structure and their technology standardization capability are not available. As such, this paper develops a model to explore the relationships among enterprises' network structure, their knowledge acquisition capability and their technology standardization capability. A survey on manufacturers in China is conducted. Hypotheses are developed, and structural equation modelling is applied to analyse the model. The results indicate that the three dimensions of enterprises' network structure are positively related with their technology standardization capability. Enterprises' knowledge acquisition capability mediates the relationship between their network structure and their technology standardization capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to investigate community pharmacist's perception on the provision of over-thecounter (OTC) traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pharmaceutical services; focusing on the areas of their attitude, general practice, perceived barriers and suggested improvements. Methods: Questionnaire survey targeting community pharmacists in Harbin of China was applied in this study. Questionnaires were distributed and collected at community pharmacies. Data was analyzed by combining descriptive analysis and Chi-test. Results: 280 valid questionnaires were collected, giving a response rate of 78%. Respondents generally showed positive attitude towards OTC TCM pharmaceutical services. However, they were uncertain about whether such pharmaceutical services should be considered as their primary responsibility. Respondents indicated that they acted proactively to find out all the medicines taken by their patients and to remind consumers of possible OTC TCM adverse reactions. However, they were less keen on recommending or re-directing consumers to suitable OTC TCM. The three main barriers hindering the provision of OTC TCM pharmaceutical service identified in this study were "insufficient professional knowledge" (54.6%), "ambiguity of the professional role of pharmacists" (54.6%) and "lack of scientific evidence of OTC TCM" (45.4%). The three main actions considered most relevant to improving pharmaceutical service of OTC TCM were "formulating or refining legislation to clarify the legal and professional role of pharmacists with respect to TCM" (60.7%), "strengthening training of pharmacists with respect to TCM" (57.9%), and "promoting public awareness of the pharmacist's role" (53.6%). According to the results of Chi-test, respondents' perceptions about the attitude, practice, perceived barriers, and improvement suggestions were significantly different depending on the education levels, certificate types and workloads of western medicine. Conclusions: The community pharmacists in Harbin, China were positive about the provision of OTC TCM pharmaceutical services. However, they were less certain about taking this duty as their primary responsibility. Insufficient knowledge and lack of role definition in the area of OTC TCM were found to be the major factors discouraging the provision of pharmaceutical service on OTC TCM by community pharmacists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives. To describe the level of knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported quality of practice in pain assessment among nurses of Mainland China and explore links with current hospital pain policy and continuing education. Background. Knowledge is necessary for skilled pain assessment among nurses. Little is currently known regarding knowledge, attitude toward, and self reported pain assessment by nurses from Mainland China. Methods. Quantitative research and cross-sectional convenience sampling assessed nursing knowledge, attitude, and practice among 101 nurses working in high-level hospitals in Mainland China. Results. 81.2% of nurses participating in the survey were from high-level (level three) hospitals in Mainland China. 24.8% of the nurses attended continuing education in pain assessment. No nurses from the 76 hospital staffs surveyed were able to recall any hospital policy regarding pain assessment. Knowledge regarding pain assessment was rated at 1.9 ( SD = 1.6) on a (0-7) scale. 27.7% of nurses possessed a positive attitude toward pain assessment. Pain assessment was not routine in most of the hospitals surveyed. Nurses who attended continuing education showed greater knowledge and more positive attitudes regarding pain assessment but did not show improvement in their quality of practice. Conclusions. This study identified inadequate knowledge and low level of self-reported pain assessment practice among nurses working in high-level hospitals in Mainland China. Current education did not influence nursing self-reported pain assessment practice. Knowledge of pain evaluation should be improved through newer approaches to education. A better policy framework for pain evaluation may also contribute to improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Locally harvested wild edible plants (WEPs) provide food as well as cash income for indigenous people and are of great importance in ensuring global food security. Some also play a significant role in maintaining the productivity and stability of traditional agro-ecosystems. Shangri-la region of Yunnan Province, SW China, is regarded as a biodiversity hotspot. People living there have accumulated traditional knowledge about plants. However, with economic development, WEPs are threatened and the associated traditional knowledge is in danger of being lost. Therefore, ethnobotanical surveys were conducted throughout this area to investigate and document the wild edible plants traditionally used by local Tibetan people. Methods: Twenty-nine villages were selected to carry out the field investigations. Information was collected using direct observation, semi-structured interviews, individual discussions, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, questionnaires and participatory rural appraisal (PRA). Results: Information about 168 wild edible plant species in 116 genera of 62 families was recorded and specimens were collected. Most species were edible greens (80 species) or fruits (78). These WEPs are sources for local people, especially those living in remote rural areas, to obtain mineral elements and vitamins. More than half of the species (70%) have multiple use(s) besides food value. Some are crop wild relatives that could be used for crop improvement. Several also have potential values for further commercial exploitation. However, the utilization of WEPs and related knowledge are eroding rapidly, especially in the areas with convenient transportation and booming tourism. Conclusion: Wild food plants species are abundant and diverse in Shangri-la region. They provide food and nutrients to local people and could also be a source of cash income. However, both WEPs and their associated indigenous knowledge are facing various threats. Thus, conservation and sustainable utilization of these plants in this area are of the utmost importance. Documentation of these species may provide basic information for conservation, possibly further exploitation, and will preserve local traditional knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Historically, indigo-yielding plant species were important cash crops from Central Asia to the southern United States and Central America. Indigo-dyed textiles were widely traded along the legendary Silk Road that linked China to Europe. Today, due to the labor-intensive nature of indigo extraction at the household level, lifestyle changes and the widespread availability of commercially produced indigo paste, traditional indigo extraction methods have declined in villages. Yet Li textile weavers on Hainan Island are internationally recognized as producers of indigo-dyed textile using warp ikat techniques. In contrast, Hainan Miao weavers produce indigo-dyed textiles using batik (wax resist) techniques. The aim of this study was to document the indigenous knowledge on indigo-yielding plant species used by both Hainan Miao and Li people on Hainan Island, China. Method: Ethnic uses were documented during three field surveys, through a questionnaire survey of 193 respondents, comprising 144 Hainan Miao and 49 Li traditional dyers. Mention index (QI), Availability index (AI), and Preference ranking (PR) of each indigo-yielding plant species were calculated to screen out plant resources with potential development value. Results: Five indigo-yielding plant species (from four plant families and four genera) were historically used by Hainan Miao and Li dyers. However, just four species are still in use. Strobilanthes cusia was the main indigo source for Hainan Miao dyers. Li dyers also commonly use Indigofera species (I. tinctoria and I. suffruticosa) for indigo extraction. Wrightia laevis is less commonly used as a contemporary indigo source. Indigo extraction by steeping in water to which lime is added to increase the pH is sharing by the five indigo-yielding plant species. Strobilanthes cusia had the highest QI, AI and PR values in Hainan Miao villages. Indigofera tinctoria had the highest QI and AI values, but Indigofera suffruticosa was preferred by Li dyers. Conclusion: In the process of modernization and urbanization, some Hainan Miao and Li dyers retain the traditional indigo extraction methods. We found that Strobilanthes cusia and Indigofera tinctoria have the most potential for sustainable indigo production in the future. Furthermore, this study documents the details of extraction method from Wrightia laevis for the first time and the use of Ricinus communis seeds in that process. As one of the last places globally where Wrightia laevis is still used for indigo production, the may also be a nice market among textile collectors and museums that keeps the tradition of Wrightia laevis production and use for indigo extraction alive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Visual impairment is an important disability affecting a substantial proportion of people globally. The aim of this study was to assess the oral health status of visually impaired schoolchildren in northeast China, and to investigate the influencing factors. Methods: The study was performed in 2015, according to the criteria and methods used in the Third National Oral Health Epidemiological Survey in China. One hundred and three visually impaired schoolchildren from the only special school for the blind in northeast China were included in the study. Oral examinations were performed to assess the caries of deciduous and permanent teeth, periodontal disease, malocclusion. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to investigate oral health-related behaviors, knowledge and attitude about oral care. Results: The overall prevalence of caries was 78.64%, and mean number of caries was 2.43 ± 2.75. The prevalence of caries in deciduous and permanent teeth was 65.22 and 71.84%, respectively. The rates of gingival bleeding and dental calculus were 44.66 and 67.96%, respectively. Malocclusion was observed in 49.51% of the children with visual impairment. The prevalence of caries was significantly higher in girls than boys (P < 0.05). The logistic regression analysis identified the knowledge level of parents and the toothache experience as risk factors for oral health, while the daily use of fluoride toothpaste could reduce the caries incidence. Conclusions: This group of visually impaired schoolchildren exhibited a high prevalence of dental caries, poor periodontal health, and severe malocclusion. Oral health status is relatively poor among visually impaired schoolchildren in northeast China. Factors that significantly affected the prevalence of dental caries included education level of the mother, experience of toothache, and use of fluoride toothpaste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]