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Background: Ethical decision-making in end-of-life care is one of the most challenging aspects of healthcare: providing ethical care to the society is one of the most important responsibilities of healthcare professionals. In order to assess nurses' ethical decision-making in end-of-life care, researchers need a specialized and comprehensive instrument which is sufficiently valid and reliable. The present study was conducted to translate and test the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Nurses' Ethical Decision-Making in End-of-Life Care Scale (NEDM-EOLCS). Methods: This is a cross-sectional, multi-centric study with a methodological design The participants were selected via convenience sampling from five hospitals located in Iran. In total, 1320 nurses (660 for exploratory factor analysis and 660 for confirmatory factor analysis) participated in the study. The original NEDM-EOLCS was translated into Persian and subsequently the psychometric properties of the scale were assessed according to COSMIN criteria. Results: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed the factor loading of the 55 items to be between 0.62 and 0.88, all of which were significant. Also, exploratory factor analysis showed that 3 factors (perceived professional accountability, moral reasoning/moral agency and moral practice) explained 74.51% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results verified the good fit of the data (a chi-square of 21.74, df = 7, P = 0.001) RMSEA = 0.01, CFI = 0.96, NFI = 0.95, and TLI = 0.97). The reliability of the scale was measured in terms of its internal consistency and the Cronbach's alpha of the whole instrument was found to be 0.98. Conclusion: The Persian version of NEDM-EOLCS for nurses is sufficiently valid and reliable. Thus, this instrument can be used to measure nurses' ethical decision-making in end-of-life care and identify the most effective strategies, e.g. educational interventions, to improve ethical decision-making skills in end-of-life care in these healthcare professionals as necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most important population challenges during the last three decades has been the significant decrease in the fertility rate worldwide. Since the validity and reliability of the Male and Female Fertility Knowledge Inventories (MFKI and FFKI) have not been determined in Iran, we conducted this study to assess psychometric characteristics of the MFKI and FFKI in couples in Tabriz and Urmia, Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, as the first part (quantitative phase) of a sequential explanatory mixed-method study. The current study was done on 1200 participants (600 women with their husbands) living in the northwestern region of Iran, between January 2023 and September 2023. The psychometric properties of the Persian version of the tool (MFKI and FFKI) were performed in 5 stages, including translation process, content validity, face validity, construct validity and reliability assesment. Results: In this study, the CVI, CVR, and impact scores of the MFKI tool were equal to 0.90, 0.88, 3.26 and CVI, CVR, and Impact scores of the FFKI tool were respectively equal to 0.95, 0.91 and 3.59, that it indicated a satisfactory level of content and face validity. Then, to check the construct validity, the results of the exploratory factor analysis of the MFKI tool on 13 items led to the identification of 3 factors, including Environment and reproductive health (ERH), Lifestyle factors (LSF) and Sperm quality (SQ), which explained 66% of the cumulative variance. The results of the exploratory factor analysis of the FFKI tool on 15 items led to the identification of 4 factors, including Reproductive health (RH), Lifestyle factors (LSF), Chance of conception (CHC) and Ovarian reserve and preservation (ORP), which explained 68% of the cumulative variance. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that the Persian version of MFKI and FFKI has acceptable psychometric properties to measure the awareness of Iranian couples regarding fertility, which can be used as a screening tool for fertility knowledge by health care professionals and also as a reliable tool in research. Plain English summary: The right to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is considered one of the basic rights of couples all over the world. Increasing childbearing age is a global social issue. In spite of the policies of having children in the previous decade, fertility reduction and involuntary childlessness are still the foremost global health problems. The fertility rate in Iran has reduced significantly in the last thirty years. This reduction can be attributed not only to economic difficulties but also to the postponement of marriage and having children, as well as infertility issues, which, by increasing the awareness of couples about fertility, seems to be able to overcome this problem to some extent. Consequently, we decided to conduct this study with the aim of determining the psychometric properties of the Male and Female Fertility Knowledge Inventories (MFKI and FFKI) in Iranian couples. The results of the current study revealed that this questionnaire, having acceptable psychometric properties to evaluate the state of awareness of Iranian couples regarding fertility, can be used as a valid and reliable tool in Iranian couples. It appears that it is essential for health care providers to play an active role in advising couples about the appropriate age of fertility, the problems of delay in having children, overcoming the value of having few children in society. Accordingly, health policymakers should recommend the use of valid screening tools to identify the knowledge of women and men about fertility in health centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The patient's fear of social reactions, the disease stigma, and being a transmission agent is a psychological and social consequence of contracting some diseases, especially infectious ones, in any society. The present study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate a COVID-19 social stigma questionnaire in nurses. Methods: This mixed-method study was conducted using a sequential exploratory approach according to the Creswell method in Mazandaran Province (Iran) during 2021-22. The study was performed in three phases: (1) a qualitative phase to explain the key concept, (2) designing the scale items, and (3) an experimental phase with the scale psychometric evaluation. In the first phase, nurses' experiences regarding the concept of COVID-19 social stigma were evaluated using a qualitative method with an inductive qualitative content analysis approach. In this phase, the lived experiences of 12 nurses working at hospitals of Babol University of Medical Sciences were extracted through in-depth interviews with semi-structured questions and analyzed by conventional content analysis. The main classes are contradictory feelings, rejection, and adaptation strategies. In the second phase, the designed items were validated by determining face validity, content validity, and construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). In addition, the scale's reliability was determined through internal consistency and stability. Results: Following the study's first phase, a pool of questions with 64 initial items was formed. After evaluating face and content validity, the number of items was reduced to 24 cases. An excellent total content validity (S-CVI/Ave) of 0.93 was calculated for the scale. According to EFA outputs, three factors accounted for the most variance (52.82%), and four items were excluded in this phase. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) statistic and Bartlett's test of sphericity were calculated at 0.776 and P < 0.001, respectively. The results of Cronbach's alpha (0.796) and intraclass correlation (0.793) indicated the correlation and internal consistency of the scale. Conclusion: This scale can help healthcare managers and policymakers apply necessary protective measures by evaluating the social stigma of COVID-19 in nurses and emerging infectious diseases that may occur in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Knowledge advancement exposes the pharmacists to new ethical and professional challenges in providing pharmaceutical care. The pharmacist's attitude towards the ethical challenges of pharmacy practice could be of great help in assessing pharmacist's ethical sensitivity. This study aimed to design a valid and reliable questionnaire for measuring pharmacists' attitudes. Methods The present study is the second phase of a sequential exploratory mixed-method study for designing and psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire. In the first phase the questionnaire was developed using semi-structured interviews followed by content analysis. The psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire was performed examining the validity (face, content, and construct), and reliability (internal consistency and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and Standard Error of Measurement) in a sample of pharmacists practicing in community pharmacies in Tehran and Tabriz, Iran (n = 504). The construct validity of the questionnaire was determined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results The Scale-Content Validity Index/Average (S-CVI/AVE) was calculated at 0.84. The results of exploratory factor analysis supported 22 items in four factors including regulations and rules, professional communications, providing and supplying medicine, and consultation and providing pharmaceutical care that are explained by a total of 49.50% of the variance. Also, confirmatory factor analysis confirmed goodness of fit indices and model fit. Cronbach's alpha Coefficient was 0.919 and ICC was 0.914. Conclusions The psychometric evaluation of the present questionnaire shows a native, valid and reliable instrument to assess pharmacists' attitudes toward ethical challenges which could be a mirror of pharmacists ethical sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Infant colic, causing excessive crying, poses anxiety for parents and a challenge for pediatricians and nurses. The Infant Colic Scale (ICS) serves to assess the severity and causal factors of colic. Despite its significance, the psychometric properties of ICS have not been evaluated in the Iranian population. This study seeks to address this gap by assessing the psychometric properties of ICS in Iran. Methods: A sample of 220 mothers with 2-16-week-old term infants diagnosed with infantile colic was selected through convenience sampling. Following forward and back-translation, the face validity, content validity, and construct validity of ICS were systematically evaluated. Reliability was examined through both internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest stability methods. Results: Content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) values for ICS were 0.94 and 0.81, respectively. The good fit indices confirmed the validity of the five-factor structure. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were 0.71 and 0.94, respectively. Conclusion: The Persian version of ICS is a valid and reliable tool, suitable for assessing infantile colic in the Iranian population. Future studies and clinical practice can utilize this tool to identify major causes of this disorder in the Iranian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The new Knee Society Knee Scoring System (KSS) has been widely used to assess the symptoms, satisfaction, expectations, and physical activities of patients who undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA). KSS has been translated and validated into many languages but not Persian. The aim of this study was to translate and evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the new KSS. Methods: The Persian version of the new KSS was translated and culturally adapted according to international guidelines, including translation, back-translation, pre-testing, and expert committee review. A total of 142 patients scheduled to undergo TKA were included in this study and were asked to complete the Persian-KSS, Oxford Knee Score (OKS), and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) index both two weeks before the surgery and 6 months after the surgery. Face, content, and construct validity were evaluated to assess the validity of Persian-KSS. Results: The Persian-KSS was comprehensive, indicating that the Persian version of KSS was clear and easy to understand for Persian-speaking patients undergoing TKA. The reliability of the Persian-KSS, assessed by Cronbach's alpha, was 0.894 and 0.800 for the pre- and post-operative stages, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) assessed the test–retest reliability, which was 0.766 and 0.796 for the pre- and post-operative stages, respectively. The construct validity analysis of Persian-KSS demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between Persian-KSS and the OKS (r = − 0.935, p-value = 0.000 for the pre-operative stage, and r = − 0.809, p-value = 0.000 for the post-operative stage) and VAS index (r = − 0.401, p-value = 0.001 for the pre-operative stage and r = − 0.259, p-value = 0.029 for the post-operative stage). Conclusion: The Persian-KSS, developed after the translation and cross-cultural adaptation process, was proven to be a reliable and valid assessment measure for those who undergo TKA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, one of the concepts that has received attention in the nursing profession is professional dignity. On the other hand, there was no proper scale to evaluate this concept. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of perceived clinical nurses' professional dignity scale (PCNPDS). Methods: This exploratory sequential mixed method was developed and implemented in Iran. The study was conducted in two phases; (a) item generation by hybrid concept analysis and (b) item reduction by psychometric evaluation including validity and reliability of the developed scale. Also, the interpretability (ceiling and floor effect), stability (intraclass correlation coefficient), and absolute stability (standard error of measurement) were calculated. Results: 68 items in the primary item pool were finally reduced to 22 items after evaluating the validity (face, content, and construct validity) and reliability. Exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors (organizational dignity, dignity-based competency, and dignity-based appreciation) and explained 47.55% of the total extracted variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model had a good fit. Finally, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, McDonald's omega, ICC, and SEM were calculated as 0.90, 0.89, 0.96, and 1.91, respectively. Conclusion: The 22-item developed scale is valid and reliable for professional dignity measurement among Iranian clinical nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Evidence-based practice improves the quality of clinical performance. Attitude affects the implementation of research findings into practice. The Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS-36) evaluates the attitude of therapists toward evidence-based practice. The present study aimed to provide a validated Persian translation of the EBPAS-36 for audiologists. Methods: The original EBPAS-36 was translated by using the international quality of life assessment protocol. The validity of translated version was surveyed by an expert panel and the Persian version with 35 questions was yielded. A demographic questionnaire and EBPAS P-35 were given to 182 audiologists to evaluate the psychometric properties. The reliability was evaluated by completing the EBPAS P-35 after 2 weeks by 30 of the participants and Cronbach's alpha and Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) were calculated. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) were also conducted. Results: The content validity ratio was above 0.33 for all except item 10 which was removed from the Persian version. The mean(SD) total score was 2.38(0.46). A significant relationship was observed between the total score and all subscales (p<0.05). The original factor structure showed an acceptable model fit (CMIN/DF=1.39, GFI=0.84, CFI=0.94, IFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.04) confirming the 12-factor structure of the EBPAS-36. The internal consistency was very good for the total score (α=0.88) and adequate to very good for the subscales (0.65--0.84), indicating high reliability. The ICC showed good agreement in the score of test-retest (total ICC=0.65). Conclusion: This study confirms good psychometric properties and validity of the EBPAS P-35 in a sample of audiologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the 20-item Fear of Self Questionnaire (FSQ) in Iranian samples. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive survey design was used. Students in universities of Tehran were invited to participate. Participants were asked to complete the Persian versions of the FSQ, Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Ego Strength Scale (ESS), and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RES). Face, content, and construct validity, internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), and test-retest reliability of the FSQ were assessed. Results: Face and content validity of the FSQ were confirmed. Analysis of the principal components using the inclined rotation method showed that there were two factors with an eigenvalue >1, which explained 80.5% of the total variance. The first factor had 12 items and the second factor had 8 items. The internal consistency was 0.975, 0.981, and 0.941 for the total score and the first and second factor, respectively, whereas the test-retest reliability was 0.732, 0.729, and 0.714, respectively (all p ≤ 0.01). For convergent validity of the FSQ, correlations of the total score and the two factors of the FSQ with the scores of VOCI, RES, ESS, and DASS-21 were all significant (p ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: The FSQ can be used in Iranian samples for clinical practice and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The instruments used to measure presenteeism are all flawed and only incompletely measure the concept of presenteeism in employees of the general population. As a result, the concept of presenteeism is not measured, and in most of these instruments, the population for which the instrument has been developed differs from the nursing population. The present research was conducted to design and validate the instrument for evaluating presenteeism in nursing. Methods: The present study was part of an exploratory sequential mixed study. In this study, the instrument for measuring the level of presenteeism among nurses was developed and validated based on the results of the qualitative stage. To this end, the instrument's psychometric properties were investigated using face, content, and construct validity, as well as reliability through internal consistency and stability. Results: In this study, an instrument containing 17 items and three dimensions (imperfect cognitive presence, imperfect emotional presence, and imperfect movement presence) with favorable validation characteristics was developed. Therefore, the instrument was able to explain 56.375% of the total variance. Furthermore, Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients were 0.881 and 0.815, respectively. The intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) was also reported as 0.972 for the entire instrument, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.941 to 0.987. Conclusion: Based this study, it was possible to measure the level of nurses' presenteeism through an instrument with favorable psychometric properties. This study helps health managers lay the groundwork for designing a system for measuring presenteeism among Iranian nurses using the developed instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A valid and reliable tool compatible with the culture is needed to evaluate the safety culture as one of the vital and promotional components in improving the quality of safety and health care. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the "Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC)" in physicians and nurses working in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Methods: In this methodological research, the qualitative face, content validity, and construct validity were performed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis to the psychometric evaluation of the HSOPSC questionnaire. Based on convenience sampling and the inclusion criteria, 360 individuals completed the questionnaire. Internal consistency and stability were measured. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 21 and LISREL. Results: In examining the construct validity, fit indices were not appropriate for the 12-dimension model of the Persian version. According to T-value, six heterogeneous items and a dimension were omitted. The 11-dimension model with 36 items showed an appropriate fit with the data. Cronbach's alpha was evaluated at 0.79, and the stability was 0.82 (p˂0.001). Conclusion: The Persian version of HSOPSC with 11 dimensions and 36 items has favorable validity and reliability and can be used in NICUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self-efficacy demonstrates the general competence of nurses in providing nursing care. Evaluation of nurses' self-efficacy is of particular importance to improve nursing care. The existing self-efficacy scales in Iran are insufficient due to lack of focus on the specific issues of the nursing profession. This study was conducted with the aim of translating and psychometrically evaluating the Persian version of "Nursing Profession Self-Efficacy Scale" (NPSES). Materials and method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in two parts: translation and psychometric evaluation. After getting permission from the original developer of the scale, the process of translating the questionnaire into Persian was done based on the Polit and Yang model. Then, the face validity was explored using a qualitative method with the participation of 10 nurses. The content validity was investigated using a qualitative and quantitative method (content validity index) with the participation of 15 experts. Construct validity was surveyed with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis via completing the questionnaire by 550 nurses worked in different wards of hospitals affiliated to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd/Iran, who were selected using convenience sampling. The reliability of the tool was also established with internal consistency and stability methods, with the participation of 30 nurses. SPSS20 and AMOS were used for data analysis. Results: "Nursing Profession Self-Efficacy Scale" includes 19 items for which the translation and cultural compatibility of the Persian version were confirmed. Face validity and content validity (SCVI/Ave = 0.9) were acceptable. By conducting exploratory factor analysis, three factors (professional situation, care situation, and support situation) were identified, which accounted for 62.38% of the variance of the scores. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the values of the fit indices confirmed the appropriate fit of the model. The reliability was established using Cronbach's α method (α = 0.86) and an ICC of 0.83, indicating that the scale was reliable. Conclusion: The translation, validity, and reliability of the Persian version of "Nursing Profession Self-Efficacy Scale" suggested that this tool has a clear and legitimate translation. Also, this tool has good validity and reliability and can be used as one of the tools to measure the self-efficacy of Iranian nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In order to increase HPV vaccination, it is necessary to identify the factors influencing vaccination behavior among different cultures and the young adult populations. To evaluate the factors influencing HPV vaccine uptake behaviors, valid, reliable, and culture-compatible scales are required. This study was conducted with the aim of designing and psychometric assessment of the scale of factors influencing HPV vaccine uptake behaviors in Young Adults (FI(HPV)VUBYA) in Iran. Methods: The present study was carried out in a mixed-method in two steps: (a) Generating items using a qualitative study and literature review and (b) Reducing items by psychometric assessment of the designed scale. The initial set of items (N = 80) was prepared based on a qualitative study and literature review. A total of 400 young adults participated in online data collection from November 2019 to February 2020. The validity (face, content, and construct) and reliability (internal consistency and stability) of the scale were evaluated. Results: The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed that the scale has 7 factors, explaining 57.84% of the total extracted variance. There was also a knowledge factor that EFA did not analyze, but its validity and reliability were evaluated with 7 other factors. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit. Convergent and divergent validity of the scale was accepted for all factors. Good reliability was also reported for the scale. Conclusion: FI(HPV)VUBYA 8-factor scale has good validity and reliability among young Iranian adults. Due to its appropriate psychometric properties, this scale can be used on this population in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We developed and psychometrically tested the Nursing Presence Scale. Background: Nursing presence is a foundation for professional nursing practice; therefore, it is critical to measure this concept. Introduction: This instrument development study was designed to generate an itemized scale and psychometric testing using a sample of Iranian patients. Methods: Based on both a concept development and literature review, and finally face and content validity 44-item draft scale was generated. During November 2018–2019, 774 patients were surveyed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to evaluate the scale's construct validity; concurrent and predictive reliability of the nursing presence scale were also evaluated. We also examine the weighting to scale items. Results: The analyses yielded a 36-item, 4-factor scale that adequately fit the data. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole instrument was 0.94. The intra class correlation coefficient was 0.91. Nursing Presence Scale scores were positively correlated with Revised Humane Caring Scale and predicted 25% of missed nursing care. Conclusion: This 36-item has good reliability and validity, making it useful for measuring the current condition of nursing presence. Implications for Nursing and Health Policy: Measuring the frequency of nursing presence allows for data-driven planning and upgrading the inpatient care services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The autonomy of faculty members is vital for making the right decision in their work and professional development. Given the need and lack of appropriate tools to measure the autonomous work behavior of faculty members, the current study was conducted with the collaboration of the faculty members from Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, aiming at assessing the psychometrics of the Persian version of a scale for assessing autonomous work behavior of faculty members in Iran. Methods: The Persian version of a scale developed by Evers et alwas validated in this psychometric study. A total of 480 faculty members were selected using convenience sampling. After translation and cultural adaptation, face and content validity and reliability were checked, and construct validity was calculated using confirmatory factor analysis with Lisrel factor analysis software. Results: Of the 480 study participants, 225 (46.9%) were males, and 255 (53.1%) were females. The mean age of the subjects was 37.39 ± 7.58 years. The majority (360; 75%) had the rank of assistant professor, and 360 (75%) had less than 15 years of work experience. Content validity among 20 experts was 0.88. Confirmatory factor analysis for all 25 items loaded across four factors, and this four-factor scale showed a good fit in the Iranian community. Reliability using Cronbach's alpha was calculated at 0.85, and 0.9 using the test-retest method. Conclusion: The Persian version of this scale has good validity and reliability in Iran and is a useful tool for assessing the autonomous work behavior of faculty members that educational administrators can use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medical staff in hospitals were faced with great stress as a result of COVID-19's sudden and severe occurrence, which makes investigating their resilience essential. Aims and methods: Using qualitative and quantitative research methods, this research studied medical staff (n = 403) working in a hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic and followed four main goals: First was evaluating the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Adult Resilience Measure-Revised (ARM-R). The second goal was investigating the personal, relational, social, and organizational issues facing the medical staff during the COVID-19 using semi-structural interviews. The third goal was to determine predictive effects of demographic and work-related variables on resilience using stepwise regression analysis. And the fourth was comparing resilience of three groups of the medical staff (coronavirus group consisted of the medical staff in direct contact with COVID-19 patients; emergency group who work in the emergency department who deal with both COVID and non-COVID patients; and non-coronavirus group who had no contact with COVID-19 patients) using one-way ANOVA. Findings: Results showed that internal reliability/consistency, content, and face validity of the Persian version of the ARM-R are acceptable. The construct validity of the test was also verified using exploratory factor analysis and indicated the two factors of personal and relational resilience. The content of the interviews was analyzed using manifest content analysis, and the results were divided into 27 subcategories and 3 main categories including personal, organizational, and family categories. Moreover, regression analysis revealed that the marital status and age of children can explain resilience variance in some medical staff groups. The results of ANOVA and post hoc test also showed that the total resilience of the non-coronavirus group was greater than the coronavirus and emergency groups; the relational resilience of the coronavirus and non-coronavirus groups was greater than the emergency, and non-coronavirus group's personal resilience was greater than the emergency group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Compassionate care is emphasized within professional ethics codes for nursing and is a key indicator of care quality. The purpose of the present study is to develop and assess the psychometric properties of a compassionate care instrument for nurses. Methods: This methodological study was carried out in two phases -qualitative and quantitative-from February 2016 to October 2018. In the qualitative stage of the study, a content analysis approach was used to establish the concept of compassionate care through interviews with nurses, patients, and family caregivers. The initial draft of the questionnaire was developed based on the qualitative findings and a subsequent review of the literature. In the second phase, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire were assessed for validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS v.16. Results: From the results of the qualitative phase and review of literature, 80 items were extracted. In the quantitative phase, after evaluation of the face and content validity, 40 items were kept. After measurement of the construct validity, 28 items whose factor loading was above 0.4 were retained. Measurement of convergent validity showed a moderate correlation between the questionnaire and the nurses' caring behaviors scale (r = 0.67, P = 0.01). The reliability of the 28-item questionnaire was tested by measuring its Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient which were found to be 0.91 and 0.94 for the whole questionnaire, respectively. Conclusion: The questionnaire has enough validity and reliability to be used for measuring the nurses' compassionate care. Therefore, the instrument can be used to measure and record the quality of nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The present study aimed to cross-culturally adapt and assess the validity and reliability of the English version of the Wexner questionnaire translated into the Persian language in Iranian patients. Background: Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders; therefore, it is necessary to utilize an index for both the clinic and research studies. Methods: In the first phase, the English version of the Wexner questionnaire was translated into the Persian language. In the second phase, the Persian version was assessed to evaluate the psychometric properties in 136 patients with functional constipation who referred to gastrointestinal and physical medicine clinics. Content validity was assessed by face validity. Construct validity was tested based on hypothesis testing and structural validity. The correlation of the total scores of the Wexner questionnaire and the Patient Assessment Constipation Quality Of Life (PAC-QOL) questionnaire was used for concurrent criterion validity. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were calculated using Cronbach's α and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).The floor/ceiling effect of the questionnaire was also evaluated. Results: The content validity of the Persian version of Wexner's questionnaire was acceptable. The construct and concurrent criteria validity showed moderate correlation. The internal consistency and intrarater reliability were moderate (0.51) and excellent (rp = 0.97, p-value <0.001), respectively. No floor/ceiling effect was seen. Conclusion: The Persian version of the Wexner questionnaire showed good validity and reliability in Iranian patients and can therefore be applied in clinics as well as in research for Persian-speaking countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dealing with the spiritual needs of patients has been recognized as one of the principles of holistic care in nursing. Therefore, it is necessary for nurses to deal with the spiritual issues of patients. Also, a valid and reliable scale is needed to measure nurse-provided spiritual care. So the purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the "Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale" in Iranian nurses. Method: In a methodological study, English version of the Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale was translated into Persian by forward–backward translation procedure. Face validity was assessed by cognitive interview, and content validity was assessed by a panel of experts. In addition, construct validity was assessed by exploratory factor analysis. The participants were 188 nurses working in different adult wards. Reliability was measured using the Cronbach's alpha and stability reliability was assessed using the internal correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: In assessing the construct validity, two factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were identified, which explained 58.47% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha value was 0.932, and ICC was 0.892. Conclusion: As a result, the Persian version of the Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale shows a good validity and reliability. Therefore, this scale can be used to evaluate spiritual care at the bedside in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Elderly abuse is a major problem in developing countries and causes complications such as reduced quality of life, increased incidence of mental diseases and even death. Objectives. To evaluate the validity of a Persian version of the Vulnerability Abuse Screening Scale (VASS) in the elderly. Material and methods. This methodological study was performed on 200 older adults (aged ≥ 60) in Iran. Measurements included the Elderly Vulnerability to Abuse Screening Scale (VASS), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS). Results. The mean and standard deviation of the studied population was 68 ± 5.8 years. After applying the necessary changes in the items at the face and content validity stage, the initial reliability was confirmed in a sample of 50 elderly with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.74. The initial tool model (12-question version) was not validated in the factor analysis process, so the second tool model (9-question version) was prepared and found to have construct validity. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient in the 9-question version was 0.70, and the intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.99. Conclusions. According to the study results, it seems that the Persian 9-question version can be used as a valid and reliable tool in the study and assessment of vulnerability to abuse in the Iranian elderly population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Women's experience and satisfaction with childbirth care are increasingly being addressed by health care providers, managers, and policymakers. Due to need for a validated special scale for assessing satisfaction of women with preterm birth, we aimed to translate and adapt the first specific tool, Preterm Birth Experiences and Satisfaction Scale (P-BESS), into Persian language and evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods: A methodological and cross-sectional study was conducted in two tertiary levels of maternal hospitals in Tabriz. The Iranian version of the scale was developed from the original English version using forward-backward translation. After confirmation of its face and content validity, the scale was completed by 201 women who had given birth prematurely. Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors (staff professionalism and empathy, confidence in Staff, information and explanations) with eigenvalues greater than 1, explaining a total variance of 55.4%. Confirmatory factory analysis showed that the 17-item, three factor model fitted the data well: the root mean square error of approximation 0.060. There were moderate correlations between the total and sub-scales of Iranian P-BESS and overall satisfaction (r = 0.45 to 0.66), as well as need for improvement (r = -0.46 to -0.61), which confirm convergent validity. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the scale and its sub-scales were satisfactory (α = 0.852 to 0.922, intraclass correlation coefficient; 0.83 to 0.92). Conclusion: The Iranian version of P-BESS is a valid and reliable scale which can be used by policy makers, managers, health care providers and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The precise measurement of childbirth satisfaction demands a reliable tool specifically designed for maternal care and birth satisfaction. It was designed to measure the degree of women's satisfaction with childbirth. The purpose of the present study was to translate and analyze the psychometric properties of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) in Iranian women. Materials and Methods: This is a methodological cross-sectional study. Five health centers in various regions of Kashan were affiliated to Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Two hundred and twelve mothers who were referred to the health centers and had childbirth during the last year were included. The face and content validity were obtained after backward-forward translation of the Iranian version of BSS-R by 12 faculty board members in midwifery and reproductive health fields. The construct validity of the tool was determined using confirmatory factor analysis on 212 women in the postpartum period. The internal consistency and reliability of the tool was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS (version 16.0) and EQS 6.1. Results: The result of face and content validity was minor modifications in some words. Confirmatory analysis results indicated that there was an acceptable fit with a three-factor model. Cronbach's alpha was estimated for the whole tool 0.74, and the alpha of the three subscales ranged from 0.698 to 0.801. ICC for determining reliability was 0.77. Conclusion: The Iranian version of BSS-R was a reliable and valid tool for assessing the women's satisfaction with their childbirth care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop and validate a shared governance feasibility instrument in schools of nursing in Iran with respect to the nature of the profession and the sociocultural context of the Iranian community. Background: Nursing schools are liable to the application of shared governance due to the presence of various expert educational groups within the school that necessitates reciprocal cooperation. Since the concept of shared governance is culture-based and given that no full-fledged study has been conducted on shared governance in Iran, the development of a suitable shared governance feasibility instrument is rendered as mandatory. Methods: This sequential exploratory mixed-method study consisted of two qualitative and quantitative parts was accomplished 2016–2019. First, the primary items were extracted through an extensive review of the literature, qualitative interviews and underwent psychometric validation using a methodological approach. Face, content, construct validity and reliability of the instrument was established and completed. Results: One hundred fifty items were distilled from the first stage of the study, was reduced to 70 after establishing face, content validity and primary reliability. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in 52 items covering the two factors "shared atmosphere and culture" and "infrastructural prerequisites". These two factors accounted for 78.6% of the total variance of the questionnaire. In calculating the final reliability coefficient of the instrument, Cronbach's alpha and Omega were 0.981 and 0.805, respectively. The results showed an ICC of 0.91 indicating high reliability of the developed instrument with a standard error of measurement (SEM) of 10.43. Finally, the items underwent weighting via scoring by considering item weights due to differences between the two methods. Conclusion: "Shared governance feasibility instrument" can provide a new insight into organisational performance for all policy-makers and beneficiaries of higher education. This not only leads to the use of intelligence and capabilities of the beneficiaries, but also aids in faster movement toward achieving organisational goals. Implications for nursing management: This study and the developed instrument may serve as a guide for the feasibility of implementing shared governance to assess management styles and performance in higher education centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Many scales have been developed to assess health literacy. These scales have been developed extensively in clinical populations in developed countries. Our study describes the process of development and validation of the Health Literacy Questionnaire to measure health literacy in the general Iranian population. Methods: We followed the scale development process outlined by Schwab in 1980. After a comprehensive review of the research published on Nutbeam's definition of health literacy and its measurement, two focus groups were considered to generate a pool of items. We then assessed the face validity and content validity of the items. The final version of the questionnaire was subject to independent exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. Finally, construct validity was assessed using bivariate analysis between the total scores on the scale and theoretically relevant variables. Results: The results of exploratory factor analysis revealed a threefactor 14-item structure for the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis provided a good statistical and conceptual fit for the data. The analysis of the internal consistency of the scale was satisfactory (α = 0.798). Further, health literacy was significantly associated with participants' age, educational level, self-rated household income, smoking history, self-rated health, and self-rated health literacy. Conclusions: The results we obtained indicate that this newly constructed health literacy tool is highly valid and reliable. Prospective studies are required to evaluate the predictive validity of the scale with regard to health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Designing cancer prevention programs needs information on knowledge, attitude, and practice of the community. Unfortunately, this information is not available in Iran. Materials and Methods: We developed a questionnaire (NUTCANKAPQ) to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Iranian women regarding cancer prevention dietary habits. We recruited women who had referred to public health-care centers in Tehran, Iran. To assess validity, we applied face, content, and construct validity methods. We performed test--retest approaches to assess reliability, and internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed through Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results: Qualitative content validity was carried out by an expert panel, and internal consistency was deemed satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha, >0.6). We also observed high reliability in the questionnaire (ICC = 0.85). The mean (± standard deviation) scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice of study participants were 28.3 (±14.1), 67.1 (±18.9), and 53.7 (±8.3), respectively. The result of exploratory factor analysis, Kaiser--Meyer--Olkin (KMO), implied that the model was reasonably fit (KMO > 0.6). The final questionnaire included seventy items. Conclusion: NUTCANKAPQ is a valid and reliable tool for the assessment of cancer-related nutrition knowledge, attitude, and practice among the Iranian population. Application of NUTCANKAPQ may provide important clues for policy-making and improvement of cancer prevention programs among the Iranian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the fact that many infertile couples have to decide about whether or not to choose donor conception, there is no predictive scale for evaluating the process of decision-making on donor conception and its determinants in such couples. The present study was conducted to develop a decision-making questionnaire for selecting donor conception and assess its psychometric properties in Iranian infertile couples. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional validation study was conducted based on the method developed by DeVellis (2012) in four steps at Milad Infertility Clinic, Mashhad, Iran. The dimensions of the concept of decisionmaking were determined in the first step based on the qualitative results obtained from 38 semi-structured in-depth interviews. Items that were appropriate for the questionnaire were developed in the second step using the qualitative data and a review of the literature. In the third step, the research team reviewed and eliminated some of the items. The fourth step evaluated the face, content and construct validity of the questionnaire through exploratory factor analysis on a sample of 220 infertile couples using convenience sampling and investigated its initial and final reliability. Results: Based on the results of the qualitative study, a pool of 170 items was developed, 101 of which were eliminated after revision due to ambiguity, repetition or their poor face and content validity and initial reliability. The questionnaire was evaluated for its construct validity with 69 items. After the exploratory factor analysis, the decisionmaking donor conception questionnaire (DMDCQ) having 51 items and seven factors, was finalized. All the factors had Cronbach's alpha values of 0.75-0.87 and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) greater than 0.7. Conclusion: This study led to development of a valid and reliable scale for examining infertile couples' decisionmaking about whether or not to use donor conception as well as the determinants of this decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The health locus of control (HLC) can indirectly determine the health status. The current study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of Form C of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC-C) scale in pregnant women. Methods: 554 pregnant women participated in this cross-sectional study conducted in 2017; they referred to community health centers affiliated with Mashhad and Gonabad Medical Sciences Universities. Multi-stage random sampling was done. In this study, first, the questionnaire was translated into Farsi; then, face validity and construct validity were done through exploratory factor analysis, and concurrent criterion validity was also examined. Moreover, the reliability was assessed through internal consistency and stability methods. Results: The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that the MHLC-C scale consisted of four subscales, i.e. Chance, Internal, Other People, and Doctors, which accounted for 51.18% of variance. The results of the reliability analysis showed an acceptable internal consistency for the scale (Cronbach's alpha coefficient for subscales from 0.62 to 0.90). Also, the test-retest results showed good stability for all subscales other than Doctors (P<0.05). The concurrent validity of Forms B and C of MHLC scale showed a positive and significant correlation between subscales. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the MHLC-C scale had acceptable validity and reliability in pregnant women and is suggested as an applicable criterion for assessing individuals control beliefs with any medical or health-related condition in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health literacy has received growing attention in recent years to reduce health disparities. Health literate individuals can gain access, understand and use health information to maintain, improve and promote good health. Objective: To develop and assess the psychometric properties of a tool for the measurement of health literacy among workers, the Health Literacy Scale for Workers (HELSW). Methods: 15 companies were selected from the factories of the industrial city of Saveh. 450 (400 male and 50 female) workers from Saveh, Iran, were selected through a multistage random sampling. The study had two stages--a qualitative and a quantitative stage. In the qualitative phase, the workers' beliefs were extracted based on 61 in-depth interviews. Content validity was assessed with the help of 12 experts in the field of health education, public health and occupational health. Also, face validity was evaluated through interviewing with 20 workers. In the quantitative phase, the reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated by measuring the internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The construct validity was assessed by the principal component analysis using varimax rotation. Results: In the exploratory factor analysis, six domains (ie, access, reading, understanding, assessment, decision making and applying health information, and self-efficacy) with 34 items were loaded; the model explained 64.3% of the total variance. Intraclass correlation coefficient and test-retest reliability ranged from 0.72 to 0.84 and 0.69 to 0.86, respectively. Conclusion: It seems that the developed Persian questionnaire, HELSW, is a reliable and valid measure of the health literacy in workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Food insecurity has a considerable impact on the social, physical, and psychological well-being of people and there is no food security assessment tool specific for Iranians. This study aimed to develop and assess the validity and reliability of an Iranian-specific food security questionnaire. Methods: The food security questionnaire was developed by five food security specialists by evaluating all available questionnaires (not specific to Iranians) in terms of applicability to Iranians. Furthermore, questions were developed from interviews conducted with ten families who were below the poverty threshold to understand how they described their food status. This questionnaire was administered to 200 households from different parts of Isfahan, Iran. Households were selected by multi-stage cluster randomized sampling. Households were categorized into 4 groups based on their score on the questionnaire; food secure (total score 0), mildly (total score 1-2), moderately (total score 3-7) and severely food insecure (total score 8-18). In the second stage of the study, 25 households were selected from each food security status group to evaluate the reliability and validity of the questionnaire by assessing sociodemographic, anthropometric, nutritional and biochemical parameters. Results: The prevalence of food security and mildly, moderately and severely food insecure were 24%, 33%, 27% and 16%, respectively. Content and face validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by experts, and latent class analysis confirmed construct validity. The developed questionnaire had good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.91) and showed significant differences in hypothesized directions in food security status for sociodemographic factors. The prevalence of mothers, but not fathers or children, who had hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and hematocrit less than the normal ranges increased (P = 0.04, P = 0.02, P = 0.02; respectively) with food insecurity. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that the developed questionnaire was a valid and reliable instrument to measure household food insecurity of Iranian families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lack of accurate menstrual knowledge, attitude, and practices leave female adolescents ignorant of the necessary health behaviors during menstruation. This study aimed to develop a menstrual health-seeking behavior questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior to evaluate its psychometric properties in female adolescents in Tehran. Methods: This study was conducted on 578 female adolescents aged 12-15 years in Tehran. The first draft of the menstrual health-seeking behavior questionnaire containing 52 items was developed based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The content and face validity of the questionnaire was assessed by a panel of experts. Construct validity was also assessed using exploratory factor analysis (KMO=0.73) with varimax rotation. Cranach's alpha and test-retest were used to examine the reliability of the questionnaire. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0. Results: The content and face validity of the 42 items were finally confirmed. Content validity index was greater than 0.73 for all six TPB constructs. Explanatory factor analysis yielded an acceptable fit for the six-factor model (RMSE=0.053, 95% CI 0.042-0.064). These factors jointly explained 65% of the variance in the outcome variables. Cranach's alpha coefficients ranged from 0.79 to 0.91, demonstrating an excellent internal consistency and high reliability of the questionnaire. Test-retest reliability was also satisfactory for all items (ICC=0.86-0.94). Conclusion: The results illustrate that the menstrual health-seeking behavior questionnaire is psychometrically adequate and highly reliable. This theoretically grounded questionnaire can be well applied in future interventions for female adolescents to assess their menstrual health-related knowledge, attitude, and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapy-related symptom checklist for children (TRSC-C) was developed as a symptom assessment tool in children receiving chemotherapy. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of TRSC-C. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013-2014 in Tehran, Iran. TRSC-C was translated using backward-forward approach. The content validity, face validity, and comprehensiveness were investigated based on the opinion of experts. The item content validity index (I-VI) and scale content validity index (S-VI) were calculated by the mean approach and inter-rater agreement. The scale was revised based on the comments from a team of five experts, after which it was evaluated by an additional group of four experts. To assess the inter-rater reliability, two raters filled the scale with 29 and 30 patients in the outpatient clinic of Hara-e Ali Ashlar Hospital. The Coronach's alpha was calculated and factor analysis was performed. The scores of content validity were analyzed in Excel. Other statistical analyses were performed using the SEPSES software version 20.0. Based on the initial assessment, the S-VI with less conservative approach was 60% for clarity, 33% for relevancy, and 60% for simplicity. After revising the scale, the S-VI reached 100%. The comprehensiveness and face validity of the scale were appropriate. The scale was inter-rater reliable and the Coronach's alpha was 0.803. Eleven subscales were found in the TRSC-C. It is concluded that the Persian TRSC-C is a valid and reliable tool for measuring children symptoms. Availability of a valid and reliable checklist is a fundamental step in monitoring the symptoms of patients while receiving chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ethical conflict is one of ICU nurses’ main problems, which rise for several reasons that must be measured. Unfortunately, there is no native instrument for measuring ethical conflicts for ICU nurses in Iran. One of the more suitable and new tools for the measurement of ethical conflict is called the “Ethical Conflict in Nursing Questionnaire: Critical Care Version (ECCNQ-CCV).” This study was aimed to translate and investigate psychometric properties of the ECCNQ-CCV in Iranian nurses. Methods: In this methodological study, after translation and cultural adaptation, face validity, content validity, and construct validity were assessed. Then, internal consistency and stability were measured for reliability. Two software programs (SPSS version 20 and AMOS) were used for data analysis. Result: Face and content validities were acceptable. Confirmatory factor analysis was not fitted. Thus, exploratory factor analysis was done, which showed five factors. However, some of the scenarios in a factor were not compatible with each other, and choosing the fit name for factors was not possible. Thus, all the scenarios were put into one factor, which has been proposed by the developer in the original version. The alpha Cronbach was 0.92 for the total scale. Conclusions: Findings show that the one factor Persian version of the ECNQ-CCV has acceptable psychometric properties. It can be used to evaluate ethical conflicts in Iranian ICU nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Moderate increase in physical activity (PA) may be helpful in preventing or postponing the complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of a health action process approach (HAPA)-based PA inventory amongT2DM patients. Methods: In 2015, this cross-sectional study was carried out on 203 participants recruited by convenience sampling in Isfahan, Iran. Content and face validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. The comments noted by 9 outpatients on the inventory were also investigated. Then, the items were administered to 203 T2DM patients. Construct validity was conducted using exploratory and structural equation modeling confirmatory factor analyses. Reliability was also assessed with Cronbach alpha and interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: Content validity was acceptable (CVR = 0.62, CVI=0.89). Exploratory factor analysis extracted seven factors (risk- perception, action self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, maintenance self-efficacy, action and coping planning, behavioral intention, and recovery self-efficacy) explaining 82.23% of the variation. The HAPA had an acceptable fit to the observations (χ² = 3.21, df = 3, P = 0.38; RMSEA = 0.06; AGFI = 0.90; PGFI =0.12).The rangeof Cronbach alpha and ICC for the scales was about 0.63 to 0.97 and 0.862 to 0.988, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of the present study provided an initial support for the reliability and validity of the HAPA-based PA inventory among patients with T2 DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: At present, there are no comprehensive validated instruments for measuring adolescents' beliefs regarding tobacco smoking in the Iranian society. This study aimed to evaluate the validity, reliability and feasibility of the belief- based tobacco smoking scale using the Theory of Planned Behavior's (TPB) constructs as a theoretical framework. Methods: This cross-sectional validation study was carried out on 410 male adolescents of Hamadan, west of Iran, recruited through multi-stage random sampling method. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). In addition, Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) and Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA) were performed to test construct validity. Content validity was examined using Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR). Results: Results obtained from factor analysis showed that the data was fit to the model (χ²=391.43, P<0.001) and TPB consisted of 22 items measuring seven components which explaining 69.7% of the common variance. The mean scores for the CVI and CVR were 0.89 and 0.80; respectively. Additional analyses indicated acceptable results for internal consistency reliability values ranging from 0.55 to 0.92. Conclusion: The belief-based tobacco smoking questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument and now is acceptable and suitable and can be used in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Designing cancer prevention programs needs information on knowledge, attitude, and practice of the community. Unfortunately, this information is not available in Iran. Materials and Methods: We developed a questionnaire (NUTCANKAPQ) to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Iranian women regarding cancer prevention dietary habits. We recruited women who had referred to public health-care centers in Tehran, Iran. To assess validity, we applied face, content, and construct validity methods. We performed test–retest approaches to assess reliability, and internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed through Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results: Qualitative content validity was carried out by an expert panel, and internal consistency was deemed satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha, >0.6). We also observed high reliability in the questionnaire (ICC = 0.85). The mean (± standard deviation) scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice of study participants were 28.3 (±14.1), 67.1 (±18.9), and 53.7 (±8.3), respectively. The result of exploratory factor analysis, Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO), implied that the model was reasonably fit (KMO > 0.6). The final questionnaire included seventy items. Conclusion: NUTCANKAPQ is a valid and reliable tool for the assessment of cancer-related nutrition knowledge, attitude, and practice among the Iranian population. Application of NUTCANKAPQ may provide important clues for policy-making and improvement of cancer prevention programs among the Iranian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]