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In the process of European integration, national constitutional law remains crucial, in several respects. The EU Constitution, in its broadest sense, builds on the common constitutional traditions and principles of the Member States, and EU law refers back to national constitutional law in many ways. National constitutional law contributes to constitutionalising the EU, to give it legitimacy, and to ensure that the EU and the Member States as its agents continue to comply with fundamental constitutional requirements, such as the rule of law, democracy and accountability, and the protection of fundamental rights. Also, from the national perspective, national constitutional law remains essential, since it provides the foundation of membership of the EU, it is decisive for the procedures to be followed when powers are transferred at times of accession and Treaty amendment, and it serves to provide the connection between the national and the EU legal orders. Participation in the EU requires adaptation of the national constitutional arrangements, and national constitutions should not be neglected in the process of the constitutionalisation of Europe. This paper looks into the national constitutional experience of the EU-15 with the EU and asks whether lessons can be learned for candidate countries.

This paper examines the postlitigation history of an English nuisance case of 1858 concerning pollution of the river Tame caused by sewage from the city of Birmingham. This case is a classic citation that purports to illustrate the absence in English nuisance law of a social benefit defense for nuisance. As the court’s judgment in law found in favor of an individual landowner against Birmingham, population 250,000, property rights were manifestly awarded where benefits were lower. Coase’s theorem arguments would expect that postlitigation negotiations would ensue, and in this case such negotiations did occur but broke down. The legal conflict stretched on over nearly 40 years, while the pollution was, in practice, allowed to continue. The argument is made that the English court, in effect, by failing to enforce its decisions robustly, did take note of the calamitous social effects that would have followed a rigorous enforcement of the court’s orders.

In this paper, we characterize the class of all spaces X whose products with a fixed non-Archimedan space Y are normal. In particular, we give a characterization of all spaces X whose products with every ω μ -metrizable space are normal.

The chief aim of the paper is to study the major function of higher education in cultural innovation through an analysis of how China's higher education nationalizes and internationalizes and draws challenges for cultural innovation. The starting points are an original contribution to the understanding of the role of higher education in relation to innovation (UNESCO Forum on Higher Education, Research and Knowledge, 2009). On this basis we move ahead and the procedure we follow can be briefly described as follows: firstly, the paper makes a simple analysis about the characteristics of higher education localization and its influence on cultural innovation; meanwhile, the author puts forward several proposals for the reform of higher education in order to promote cultural innovation. Secondly, the author proceeds to emphasize the importance of higher education internationalization and its value in cultural innovation. Thirdly, the paper expounds internationalization communication and cooperation of Chinese higher education. At last, It is concluded that higher educational localization and internationalization are of great significance for realization of the function of cultural innovation keeping balance between Chinese native culture and international culture. Index Terms - Cultural innovation, localization, internationalization, Chinese higher education

The Dramatic Vision of August Wilson by Sandra D. Shannon. Washington: Howard UP, 1996. $17.95 paper With the publication and performance of Jitney/(1979), Ma Rainey's Black Bottom (1985), Fences (1987), Joe Turner's Come and Gone (1988), The Piano Lesson (1990), and Two Trains Running (1992)--as well as several apprentice and shorter works--August Wilson has become the best-known contemporary African American playwright. The past few years have seen a groundswell of publishing concerning his work. Given the success of his plays, the depth of his cultural commitment, and the breadth of his artistic vision, it is clear that the time is ripe for serious scholarship ,on his work. Kim Pereira's August Wilson and the African-American Odyssey and Sandra D. Shannon's The Dramatic Vision of August Wilson are two of the most recent contributions to this discussion about the meaning and value of Wilson's work. Distillations of African American folk traditions, the blues, and 1960s radicalism, Wilson's plays are potent reminders that the past, present, and future of African American lives matter, that the fact of the black presence in the United States is fundamental to the very existence and prominence of the nation. In this respect, Wilson's works are the very stuff of the American Dream; they are celebrations of history, endurance, and achievement. Indeed, Wilson has placed his works in close connection with a complex of African American cultural forms and figures: African American folk wisdom, the blues, Amiri Baraka, Romare Bearden. In addition, Wilson has developed a plan to dramatize a black perspective on each decade of the twentieth century. Much criticism about Wilson reflects the close interaction between history and African American experience that is a fundamental feature of Wilson's plays. Both Kim Pereira in August Wilson and the African-American Odyssey and Sandra D. Shannon in The Dramatic Vision of August Wilson make Wilson's articulated intention to re-examine history and retrieve culture the starting point for their readings of the plays. Pereira performs a strong, traditional reading of Wilson, while Shannon constructs a biography-based investigation into the origins and practices of Wilson's work. In both studies, Wilson emerges as an extraordinary artist, and yet the sum of that creative strength is not entirely identified. Both works succeed in claiming more critical space for Wilson, and yet both works leave more complex, less duty-bound readings for others to attempt. Kim Pereira's August Wilson and the African-American Odyssey asserts a traditional reading of Wilson's works based on the proposition that the significance of the plays lies in their relationship to American history. Pereira traces the outline of what he calls the African American odyssey through three phases: separation, migration, and reunion. Appropriately, these phases can be superimposed comfortably onto his readings of Wilson's plays. The movement of conflict and resolution in Pereira's hands becomes a cultural odyssey which each play re-enacts in one way or another. Conscientiously laying a foundation for his historical analysis with references to the work of Eric Foner, Sterling Stuckey, and Ralph Ellison, Pereira links his conception of the African American odyssey to large-scale historical, cultural moments: the removal from Africa, the cultural disruptions caused by slavery; as well as the migrations from South to North. Such a historical/cultural reading allows Pereira to focus sharply on the articulations of "odyssey" in the plays he reads. The disadvantages of this approach, however, are also clear. Such flatly-defined, starkly-drawn lines of inquiry--while well approved amongst many commentators on Wilson--lend a quality of inflexible determinism and repetitiveness to the study. Treating Wilson's four major plays--Ma Rainey's Black Bottom (the 1920s), Fences (the 1950s), Joe Turner's Come and Gone (the 1910s), and The Piano Lesson (the 1930s)--Pereira suggests that the plays are examinations of the "effects of separation, migration, and reunion on the descendants of slaves who migrated from the rural South to the urban North. …

Does democracy affect foreign exchange reserves? This paper identifies four possible explanations for the determinants of foreign exchange reserves. Using the relationship between public goods provision and political regime types as a conceptual centerpiece, it offers a theoretical framework in which these four arguments are pit against each other. The “insurance” and “social cost” arguments posit monotonously positive and negative relationships between democracy and reserves, respectively, each citing democratic governments’ propensity to provide public goods such as financial stability and public spending. The mercantilist and rentier state arguments together put forth a conditional hypothesis that autocracies serve particularistic interests of outwardly (inwardly) oriented elites more than democracies do through weak-currency/large-reserve (strong-currency/small-reserve) policies. Utilizing panel data covering 127 countries from 1975 to 2012, I find that more democratic regimes are associated with larger (smaller) volumes of reserves when the size of exporting sectors is considerably small (large).

This paper examines the roles and position of female religious leaders in Madura Island, known as Nyai. Nyais are female religious leaders and are highly respected by the rural communities for not only being someone who is master in Islamic teachings, and her dakwah (outreach), but also being influential amongst the communities. Yet, the role and position of nyai in a patriarchal society of Madura are crucial in the sense that their dakwah and teachings have gradually become doctrine for female communities in the male-dominated environment. Particular nyais have demonstrated their determination in identity contestation and playing their agency role for their communities. Their popularity and growing followers have become a serious concern and criticism of some male religious leaders (known as kyai) in the Island. An ethnography study applied to observe the daily life of two female nyais in two regional districts of Madura, they are Nyai Sitti of Sampang and Nyai Dausy of Sumenep, and found that in the context of nyai’s hierarchy in Madura, these two nyais have built what have created authority and represented their leadership positions on their social class. They are the central figures, where their popularity are shaped by their charisma, genealogy, and people’s power. Indeed, they have reached the position of ‘nyai rajheh’ (great leader), which is a leading influential figure, especially for women in contemporary Madura Island.

This paper was retracted by IOP Publishing on 12 December 2018. This paper was published due to a technical error and was not intended to be included in this journal. Retraction published: 8 February 2019

(1799). VIII. Experiments made to ascertain the composition of the Swedish stone paper or artificial slate. The Philosophical Magazine: Vol. 3, No. 10, pp. 158-164.

In that section of my former paper which treats of radiant heat, it was hinted, though from imperfect experiments, that the range of its refrangibility is probably more extensive than that of the prismatic colours; but, having lately had some favourable sunshine, and obtained a sufficient confirmation of the same, it will be proper to add the following experiments to those which have been given. I provided a small stand, with four short legs, and covered it with white paper. On this I drew five lines, parallel to one end of the stand, at half an inch distance from each other, but so that the first of the lines might only be ¼ of an inch from the edge. These lines I intersected at right angles with three others; the 2d and 3d whereof were, respectively, at 2½ and at 4 inches from the first.

Having interspersed in the following Paper, with as much attention to brevity as the subject admits, every intelligence relating to the Trigonometrical Survey, I think it unnecessary to swell the bulk of the communication, by giving a long prefatory account of its progress since the year 1796. The contents of the work now meeting the public eye, are important and numerous: I have divided it into sections. The first contains the calculations of the sides of the principal and secondary triangles extended over the country in 1797, 1798, and 1799; together with an account of the measurement of a new base line on Sedgemoor, and a short historical narrative of each yearʼs operation. The second section contains the computed latitudes and longitudes of those places, on the western coast, intersected in 1795 and 1796, and also such others, since de­termined, as lie conveniently situated to the newly-observed meridians. This section also contains the directions of those meridians; one on Black Down, in Dorsetshire; another on Butterton Hill, in Devonshire; and another on St. Agnes Beacon, in Cornwall. Among the contents are likewise to be numbered the bearings, distances, &c. of the stations and intersected objects, from the parallels and meridians.

For a purpose of improvement of project management, we should determine the success right or wrong of project objectively and quantitatively. On the other hand, a decision of success right or wrong of software development projects has been evaluated subjectively by a questionnaire for stakeholders concerned. Furthermore, the study of definition of project success right or wrong and quantitative decision techniques is not found. Recently, gathering of the attribute data about software development projects in Japan has been performed by the IPA/SEC (Software Engineering Centre of the Information-Technology Promotion Agency Japan). Therefore, we developed the diagnostic technique to judge the success right or wrong on a project by a discriminant analysis based on the actual data of IPA/SECs in the precedent study. Also, we tried to develop the diagnostic technique of success right or wrong of project based on the “Success degree estimation mode” in this study. In this paper, we would like to propose the result of comparison between the effectiveness of these diagnostic techniques of the project.

One of the objects of the paper which last year I had the honour of presenting to the Royal Society, was to shew the in­ sufficiency in mathematical reasoning, of a principle of analogy, by which the properties demonstrated for one figure were to be transferred to another, to which the former was supposed to bear a resemblance; and the argument for the insufficiency of the principle was this, that the analogy between the two figures was neither antecedent to calculation, nor independent of it, and consequently could not regulate it; that analogy was the object of investigation, not the guide; the result of demonstra­tion, not its directing principle. Having shewn that analogy could not establish the truth of certain mathematical conclusions, I next endeavoured to shew why such conclusions had been rightly inferred; not by pro­posing any new excogitated principle, nor by pointing out an hitherto unobserved intellectual process; but I conceived they might be obtained by operations conducted in a manner similar to that by which all reasoning with general terms is conducted, and that the relations between the symbols or general terms were to be established by giving the true meaning to the con­necting signs, which indicate not so much the arithmetical computation of quantities, as certain algebraical operations. It was further observed, that, from certain established formulas, abridged symbols or general terms might be formed, which consequently must have their signification dependent on such formulas; and that, although the parts of certain abridged ex­pressions could not separately be arithmetically computed, yet the expressions themselves might be legitimately employed in all algebraic operations.

In this paper, we contribute with empirical insight into the complexity of establishing and sustaining integration between different information infrastructures in health care. An overall concern is to elaborate on how, despite many obstacles, the integration effort moves forward. We see this as a collective achievement, where users have an essential role in terms of mobilizing and coordinating the other actors as well as maintaining the integration. These activities are not limited to a specific project; they emerge from and are part of day-to-day practice. Empirically, we focus on a large integration initiative between the laboratory systems at the University Hospital of Northern Norway and the electronic patient records used by general practitioners in the Northern health region. Together with the vendor, Well Diagnostics, the hospital initiated a project aimed at establishing a new laboratory requisition system that enabled GPs to send requisitions electronically to the hospital laboratories. Theoretically, we draw on the concept of information infrastructures, and supplement this with Actor Network Theory.

(1811). LXII. Method of procuring turpentine and other products from the scotch fir. The Philosophical Magazine: Vol. 37, No. 157, pp. 360-367.

In a volume of Miscellaneous Papers among the Cotton Manuscripts in the British Museum, is a short but curious Memoir on the state of Norham Castle in the time of Henry the Eighth.A very short extract from that part which relates to provisions for the garrison was copied by Mr. Pinkerton in his History of Scotland: but I think the whole Memoir affords an important detail, not only of the œconomy, but of the general expense attending the keeping up of an ancient fortress.

The Royal Society did me the honour of printing in the volume of their Transactions for last year, a paper of mine on the nature of the salts termed triple prussiates, and on acids formed by the union of certain bodies with the elements of the prussic acid. In that paper, I endeavoured to prove, that the elements of the prussic acid would combine with a certain proportion of black oxide of iron, and form a peculiar, and hitherto unknown acid, for which I proposed the name of the ferruretted chyazic acid. I showed that this was the real acid portion of the salts which had received the erroneous appellation of triple prussiates, and that the property of combining with the prussic acid, so as to change its nature, and increase its acid properties, was not confined to the black oxide of iron, but, was possessed probably by many other bodies, but certainly by sulphur, which formed with it another acid, for which I proposed the name of the sulphuretted chyazic acid. The paper also contained some analytical researches into the proportions in which the elements of these new acids are combined in them, and also into the proportions in which they unite with different saline bases.

I have more than once had the honour to lay before the Society of Antiquaries Transcripts of Letters and other Papers from a very curious volume in the Lansdown Collection of Manuscripts at the British Museum. There is another Paper in that volume, to which I beg to call the Society's attention: it is a fragment of a public document, with some remarks at the foot of it in the running hand of Queen Elizabeth.

Amongst many curious papers preserved at Losely, near Guildford; the ancient seat of the Mores, and now possessed by their descendant James More Molyneux, Esq. are accounts relating to the Christmas Diversions given by the Lord of Misrule, and relating to the King's Office of Revells and Tents. The former may serve as an addition to the account of the Lord of Misrule, given by our late worthy Secretary, Mr. Brand; the latter I do not remember to have seen in print.

I send you my papers relating to the Ancient Constitution, Discipline, and Usages of the Cathedral Church of Exeter; requesting you to submit them to the Society of Antiquaries: and, as I am not aware that the public is possessed of any information on such a subject, except the meagre account in Dugdale's History of St. Paul's, and some few passages in Archdeacon Reynolds's Tract on Church Government, and in Archdeacon Churton's Life of Dean Nowell, I think it probable that the Society may find them not undeserving their notice.

In transmitting to the Society the specimens from the hill of Kinnoul which accompany this paper, I have thought it necessary to enter into a description somewhat detailed, of appearances attended with considerable interest, and involving some difficulties. We are yet, it is to be feared, in want of a theory capable of solving all the cases which the increased activity of geological research is daily bringing to light. It is among difficult and unexplained phenomena that we are to seek for the stimulus which will lead us to pursue those researches on the multiplication of which alone we can hope to found a true system; and it is to a salutary distrust of the all-sufficiency of any hypothesis, that we must look for protection from its paralyzing effects. The hill of Kinnoul, from which the specimens now before the Society were selected, has been frequently visited by geologists and mineralogists, more perhaps with a view to the minerals which the rock contains than for the purpose of examining those remarkable geological phenomena which it exhibits. Except the account of it in the travels of Faujas de St. Fond, I know not that any description of this hill has been laid before the public. The peculiar opinions of that author are well known, and I believe that in this country it is not necessary to enter into any refutation of his conclusions. As far indeed as the appearance of the trap rocks and their peculiar mineralogical character are concerned, the

When Mr. Whitby engaged to superintend this most arduous undertaking, Sir Joseph Banks requested him to examine narrowly any caverns he might meet with in the rock, and have the bones, or any other fossil remains that were met with, carefully preserved. Mr. Whitby in compliance with this request, in November 1816, sent up to Sir Joseph Banks a box of fossil bones, which are the subject of the present Paper.

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In the year 1814, the skull and vertebrae of this fossil skeleton were first described in the Philosophical Transactions; and so much was the attention of the public called to the subject by that account, and so many specimens were brought under my observation, that in the year 1816, I was enabled to make many valuable additions to my former paper. In 1818, I laid before the Society the description of bones not before met with; and since that time, through the kindness of Mr. De la Beche, and Colonel Birch, I have procured materials, which put it in my power to describe nearly the complete skeleton, and to correct any errors, which the imperfect state of the first specimens had led me to commit. One of these errors was, a belief that the orifice immediately before the margin of the orbit was natural, as it occurred in every specimen of the skull I had met with, five or six in number; but Colonel Birch has shown me a portion of a skull of very large dimensions, in which the nasal bones are perfect, and no such orifice is seen; so that the aperture described and delineated in my first paper, is the effect of injury the bones have sustained. A drawing of this skull is annexed, half the size of the original specimen. The drawing is made by Mr. Clift.

During the course of the year 1814, I had the honour to lay before the Society a paper on the geology of Northumberland and Durham. * It is now my intention to extend that sketch towards the South, taking the Humber and the great north turnpike road for the southern and western boundaries of the district to be described, and the German ocean and the river Tees for the western and northern ones. † It is here proper to remark, that the former are only ideal limits to the formations under consideration; but the latter are real terminations of the rocky strata, a brief account of which will constitute the subject of the following observations. The length of this district is about 60 miles, and its extreme breadth 40; and though the mineral treasures it contains will bear no comparison in respect to number and value with the productions of the country situated to the north and north-west, yet extensive quarries of alum-shale, together with freestone, limestone, chalk, ironstone, and a few thin seams of coal, add in some degree, to the riches of the landed proprietors, and give to many of the poorer inhabitants the means of comfort and support. To begin at the northern extremity of this tract of country, it is necessary to recur to a circumstance mentioned on a former occasion, * viz. that the Tees flows over rocks of fine-grained red and white calcareous sandstones devoid of mica, from a short distance above Croft bridge to the

On the 19th of February last, I had the honour of reading to this Society, some notices of the mode of working and polishing granite, by the natives of India.One object of that paper was, from a view of the immense masses, which Indian artists are still in the habit of rendering obedient to their simple instruments, to deduce the probability of the similarity, if not of the identity, of the means now in use among them, with the processes by which the architects of the ancient world, raised the stupendous monuments which we still see in existence; and, as an instance of the very recent exercise of these arts, I mentioned the erection of a granite obelisk near Seringapatam, to the memory of the late Josiah Webbe, Esq. who died in the year 1805.

In the year 1821, Sir Archibald Edmonstone, whose interesting work on two of the Oäses of Upper Egypt has been so favourably received by the public, presented me with a mummy, which he had purchased at Gournou, on the 24th of March, 1819, from one of the inhabitants of the sepulchral excavations on the side of the mountain, at the back of which are the celebrated tombs of the kings of Thebes. It cost about four dollars. There was no outer case to it; and it is difficult to conceive how the beauty and perfect condition of the surface of the single case in which the mummy was inclosed, could have been so well preserved without any external covering. It appears from Sir Archibald’s testimony, confirmed by my own observations, that the mummies which have a second, or an outer case, like the one bought at the same time by Sir Archibald Edmondstone’s fellow traveller, Mr. Hoghton, and now lying unopened at his seat near Preston, in Lancashire, have been folded, externally, with greater care than the one about to be described; and that the outward folds are ornamented with variegated stripes of linen. These observations accord with those made by Jomard and Royer. The first, or inner case, too, of those mummies is covered with a kind of paper, on which the figures and hieroglyphics are painted with much greater brilliancy of colour. Similar remarks apply to the mummy presented to the Hunterian Museum at Glasgow, by Mr. Heywood, a Smyrna merchant, the second or inner case of which is said to be of wonderful beauty and brilliancy.

Dear Sir, The frequent opportunities I have had of receiving pleasure from your writings and conversation, have induced me to prefer offering to the Royal Society through your medium, this Paper on Life Contingencies, which forms part of a continuation of my original paper on the same subject, published among the valuable papers of the Society, as by passing through your hands it may receive the advantage of your judgment.

(1827). LXVII. Remarks on Mr. Sturgeon's Paper “On the Inflammation of Gunpowder by Electricity”. The Philosophical Magazine: Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 343-345.

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The remains of ancient sculpture, called by Europeans the Seven Pagodas, on the Coromandel Coast, thirty-five miles south of Madras, have long attracted the attention of those who feel an interest in Hindu Archæology; and, so long ago as the year 1788, formed the subject of a paper in the first volume of the Asiatic Researches. The author, Mr. William Chambers, wrote from memory, after an interval of twelve years from the period at which he had visited the scene which he described, His account, unaccompanied as it was by drawings or fac similes of the inscriptions, could therefore scarcely be expected to be sufficiently minute to answer any further purpose than that avowed by himself, of exciting public attention, and “giving rise to more accurate observations, and more complete discoveries on the same subject.” In the fifth volume of the Asiatic Researches, published in 1798, there is a more descriptive account of these temples and excavations, written by Mr. Goldingham, a gentleman of well-known talent, on whose observations, as they were recorded on the spot, we may with confidence rely. Mrs. Graham is indeed a later writer on the subject: but her remarks are desultory, and her information imperfect, as might be expected from the opportunities presenting themselves to a casual and hasty visitor. In Bishop Heber's narrative three pages are devoted to a notice of Maha-Bali-poor. (Pages 216–218, vol. iii.) But the author merely follows the legends of the place, and evidently aims at nothing more than a record in his journal of his impressions on a cursory visit. The testimony, however, which this lamented prelate bears to the degree of skill displayed in these sculptures must, from his acknowledged taste, be looked upon as peculiarly valuable; and it is gratifying to one who has taken much interest in them to find, that he considered “some of the porticoes, temples and bas-reliefs as very beautifully executed,” and pronounced “the general merit of the work as superior to that of Elephanta.”

During our last session I did myself the pleasure of presenting to the Society an autobiographical sketch of Nana Farnevis; and of elucidating the character of Madhu Rao the Great, the prince of Poona, from a series of original letters, principally in his own handwriting.The interest which those papers excited fully proves, that the biography of celebrated men is an object not only deserving your attention, but, I may venture to say, is also one of the most pleasing forms in which information regarding the inhabitants of the East can well be conveyed to the learned of the West. It is this conviction that has induced me to submit to you the following sketch of the life of the great Muhamedan historian of India, commonly known by the name of Ferishta, with some account of his writings; and I feel assured that your attention will be more completely roused, when you know that his work, now lying before me, has lately been translated, and will in a few days, I trust, be open to your inspection, and submitted for your judgment and approval.

I Shall attempt in this Paper to prove that the plant called Viola by the Romans, is not, according to the received opinion, our common Violet, but the flower called Iris, and well-known in our English gardens. This idea first occurred to me, when in the winter of 1825-1826 I travelled on horseback over the greater part of Sicily, and observed, that amongst the numerous wild flowers which that genial climate was already bringing forth at that season, there was no Violet to be seen, but, on the other hand, a great abundance of Iris; and I have since been informed that such is likewise the case in southern Italy. This seemed to me to render it improbable, that a plant so common should have been unnoticed by the ancient pastoral poets, and that their strains should be devoted to one apparently of foreign origin, of later introduction, and of less general growth.

In this paper we offer an axiomatic approach for the investigation of rights by means of game forms. We give a new definition of constitution which consists of three components: the set of rights, the assignment of rights to groups of members of the society, and the distribution of power in the society (as a function of the distribution of rights). Using the foregoing definition we investigate game forms that faithfully represent the distribution of power in the society, and allow the members of the society to exercise their rights simultaneously. Several well-known examples are analyzed in the light of our framework. Finally, we find a connection between Sen’s minimal liberalism and Maskin’s result on implementation by Nash equilibria.

The case to which we owe the observations contained in this paper, is that of a youth, who at the age of ten was attacked with an inflammation and suppuration in the left ear, which continued discharging matter for several weeks; and who after the space of about a twelvemonth had the same symptoms in his right ear, the discharge in both cases being thin and fetid, and conveying many small bones and particles of bones. On probing the ears when the youth was about twenty years of age, it was found that the membrane tympani of the left ear was totally destroyed, and that but a small part of it remained in the right ear. So free was the passage through both the ears, that the patient, by closing his nostrils and contracting his cheeks, could with ease force the air from the mouth through the meatus auditorius; and yet what is most remarkable, the sense of hearing was by no means materially impaired by this imperfection; especially in the left ear, where the whole of the membrane was dissolved. The organ even retained a nice musical discrimination.

This tusk, which weighed fifty pounds, and measured about six feet in length, is supposed to have been imported from Africa, and was purchased at Liverpool by a manufacturer of Birmingham. On shaking it, a rattling noise was heard near the middle part, which, on cutting the tooth transversely, was found to be occasioned by an iron spear-head, about six inches and a half long, which lay in the longitudinal direction of the tooth, with the point foremost, and was considerably corroded. It is conjectured that the spear had entered at the basis of the trunk, between the interior angle of the eye and the proboscis, the cavity of the tusk being placed immediately beneath this part.

This singular production has hitherto been found only in a small lake in Carniola, called Sitticher See, and has never yet been met with in other large lakes of the neighbourhood, although these be known to communicate with the former by subterraneous channels. The specimens which have as yet reached either the public or private collections are so few, that all the descriptions hitherto given by Laurenti, Scopoli, Herman, Schneider, and Gmelin, have been found equally defective and erroneous, especially as to the anatomical con­struction, which, indeed, those able naturalists have scarcely had opportunities of investigating. This defect probably gave rise to a difference of opinion concerning the class to which this animal is to be annumerated; some considering it as a species arrived at its degree of perfection, while others maintain that it is the larva of some kind of lizard hitherto unknown. The principal object of this paper is to offer so circumstantial a description of the different parts of this animal as to enable physio­logists to determine the point hitherto undecided. The specimen from which this description was taken measured about thirteen inches in length, and one inch in diameter; the fore part of the head was flat and narrow, somewhat resembling the bill of a duck : the upper lip projected considerably beyond the lower one. No external traces of nostrils, ears or eyes could be discovered. Of the latter, however, some indications are thought to have been perceived on a living specimen. On each side of the occiput was an opening, like those of fishes; and over them certain branchial appendages, similar to those in tadpoles and other larvæ of amphibious animals; whence probably arose the difference of opinions concerning the nature of this animal. From the description here given, we are to infer, that the construc­tion of these parts, when carefully examined, differs materially from those as well of fishes as of tadpoles or other larvæ.

From the introduction to this paper we learn, that in the year 1798, His Majesty was pleased to appoint a committee of members of his Privy Council, to take into consideration the state of the coins of the kingdom ; and that this committee, having remarked the considerable loss which the gold coin in particular had sustained by wear within certain periods, had applied to Mr. Cavendish and Mr. Hatchett for their opinion what were the causes of this diminution, and what remedy might be applied to the defects by which it is occasioned. The mode of carrying on this investigation having been agreed upon by these two gentlemen, it fell to Mr. Hatchett’s lot to perform the preconcerted experiments, and to draw up the account of them.

In the years 1801 and 1802, while Capt. Flinders, on board the Investigator, was surveying the south coast of New Holland, he observed a difference in the direction of the magnetic needle, for which there appeared no other cause than that of the ship’s head being in a different direction. The compasses made use of on board the above mentioned ship were of Walker’s construction, one excepted, which was made by Adams; and it appears, from a table of observations given by Capt. Flinders, that some of the variations here treated of were 4° less, and others 4° greater than the truth. It also appears, that when this error was to the west, the ship’s head was to the east, or nearly so; when the error was eastward, the ship’s head was in a contrary direction; and when the observations agree best with those taken on shore, which may be considered as having the true variation, the ship’s head was nearly north or south. A minute inspection of the table seems to favour the opinion, that the excess or diminution of the variation was generally in proportion to the inclination of the ship’s head, from the magnetic meridian, on either side. Capt. Flinders, having ascertained the certainty of a difference in the compass, arising from an alteration in the point steered, thought it necessary, when he wanted a set of bearings from a point where the ship tacked, to take one set just before and another immediately after that operation. Several specimens of the manner in which these bearings were taken are given; also a specimen of the plan he followed in protracting such bearings: these specimens are in the form of tables, and are not of a nature to be abridged.

Mr. Knight begins his paper by stating, that every tree, in the usual course of its growth, generates the buds that expand in the succeeding spring; but if these buds are destroyed, during the winter or early part of the spring, other buds are in many species generated; which buds perform the office of those that previously existed, except that they never afford blossoms or fruit. This reproduction of buds has not escaped the notice of naturalists; but it does not appear that they have ascertained from which of the various substances of the tree the reproduced buds derived their origin. After noticing some erroneous opinions respecting the origin of buds, Mr. Knight proceeds to relate some observations and experiments made by him on this subject. If the fruit-stalks of the Sea Cale ( Crambe maritima ) are cut off in the spring, the medullary substance decays, and a cup is formed, the sides of which consist of a woody substance, perfectly similar to the alburnum of trees. From the interior part of this substance, new buds are frequently generated in the ensuing spring: hence it is obvious, that the buds, in this case, do not spring from the bark; but it is not equally evident that they do not spring from some remains of the medulla.

The force of percussion is a subject, respecting the estimation of which a controversy has subsisted for more than a century past between different classes of philosophers. For although it is agreed that when unequal bodies move with the same velocity, the forces are as their quantities of matter; yet when equal bodies move with unequal velocities, there are two methods of estimating the comparative forces of such bodies. Leibnitz and his followers conceive the forces to vary as the squares of the velocities; while their opponents maintain that the forces are in the simple ratio of the velocities of the bodies respectively. The latter have been considered as Newtonians; but Dr. Wollaston endeavours to show that they can derive no support from any expressions of Newton. In order to explain the grounds for each opinion, the author proposes the following experiment.

The chief circumstance that induced Capt. Flinders to think his observations Upon the marine barometer were worthy of attention, was the coincidence that took place between the rising and falling of the mercury, and the setting in of winds that blew from the sea and from off the land, to which there seemed to be at least as much reference as to the strength of the wind or the state of the atmosphere. Our author’s examination of the coasts of New Holland and the other parts of the Terra Australis, began at Cape Leuwen, and con­tinued eastward along the south coast. His observations, which, on account of their length, we must pass over, show, that a change of wind from the northern half of the compass to any point in the southern half, caused the mercury to rise; and that a contrary change caused it to fall. Also, that the mercury stood considerably higher When the wind came from the south side of east and west, than when, in similar weather, it came from the north side.

The author having received specimens of the Swedish mineral tantalite, containing the metal called Tantalium, by Mr. Ekeberg, was desirous of ascertaining whether that metal might not be the same as columbium, which had been discovered a short time before by Mr. Hatchett; and for that purpose he procured some oxide of columbium from Mr. Hatchett, and also a fragment of the mineral in the British Museum, originally analysed by Mr. Hatchett. He describes the external resemblance to be such, that one might be taken for the other; but observes, that the columbite is rather more brittle than tantalite.

In the year 1788 Dr. Parry published, in the Memoirs of the Medical Society of London, an account of many symptoms, such as headache, vertigo, mania, dyspnœa, convulsions, and others usually denominated nervous, that had been removed by pressure on the carotid arteries, which the author conceives to have operated by diminishing a too violent impulse of blood into the vessels of the brain, and thereby obviating excessive irritation. From various cases which have occurred to Dr. Parry since that period, he selects one which appears to him to afford a singular illustration of the principle. It is that of a lady, who, after having been exposed to severe cold for some time, was seized with numbness of the left side, succeeded by tingling of the left hand, and deafness of the left ear, succeeded by excessive sensibility to sound. These were followed by a feeling of contraction or stiffness of various muscles of that side, and subsequently flutterings and twitchings of the flexor muscles of the fore-arm and of the deltoid; not, however, so as to move her arm or hand. The rate of these vibrations was usually about 80 in a minute; but were much increased from any slight cause of general irritation.