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Functional richness patterns of lake chironomid assemblages have been increasingly studied in the Northern Hemisphere, but so far there are no studies in Southern Hemisphere lakes. Present-day chironomid assemblages were studied from 40 lakes in NW Patagonia to investigate functional and taxonomic diversity and its relationships with the environment. Using multiple regression analysis involving climate-related and site-specific variables, we found that water temperature and terrestrial vegetation cover were the main drivers affecting chironomid taxonomic richness and diversity. Functional richness was explained only by vegetation cover variation, and functional diversity was not explained by any of the predictor variables. Our results contrast with previous findings in the Northern Hemisphere showing that taxonomic and functional diversity measures provide similar information on community and ecosystem function. In Patagonian lakes, taxonomical diversity analysis is still more helpful to understand the relationships between chironomid assemblages and environment, which remarks the needs for further ecological studies on Chironomidae in the area. Regardless, this is the first study to investigate chironomid functional groups in relation to the environment and their distribution in austral lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paleoecological studies are crucial for understanding ecosystem disturbance and resilience dynamics. However, nearly all the research related to the response of aquatic communities to disturbances has been developed at short-term ecological scales. In this study, we investigate the long-term response of chironomid insects of two lakes, to volcanic and other environmental disturbances that have taken place during the last 200 years. The studied lakes, Lake Verde and Lake Toncek, are located in the Nahuel Huapi National Park (northern Patagonia, Argentina), under contrasting environmental settings. Our results show that the main driver of faunal changes in both lakes is volcanism. Indeed, after the impact of the 1960 Puyehue/Calbuco volcanic events, the chironomid assemblage of Lake Verde recovered to initial conditions showing high resistance and a strong resilience to the impact. In this lake, the canopy, the presence of macrophytes, and the dynamic of the watershed are important determinants of resilience providing habitats for species colonization and/or by giving refugia to the community. Contrarily, chironomid assemblages from Lake Toncek did not recover to the original state after the impact of the ash. This lake is located above the tree line, and therefore it is highly probable that the lack of vegetation cover in the basin offered no protection for the aquatic environment, leaving the ecosystem highly exposed to the effect of the volcanic ashes. Subordinate to the effects of the volcanism, rising temperatures in the last 50 years and/or increasing human activities in the area, especially in L. Toncek, may also be responsible for the changes in chironomid assemblages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the Southern Hemisphere, the lack of quantitative temperature records hampers the understanding of climate change since the Last Glaciation and refrains the comparison with the Northern Hemisphere records. To provide quantitative data, a 63-lake chironomid transfer functions was developed in Patagonia. Mean annual air temperature (MAT) was one of the most important factors explaining the distribution of chironomids while precipitation did not have any significant relationship with chironomid assemblages. The MAT model had a r 2 of 0.64, a RMSE of 0.83 and a maximum bias of 1.81°C, comparable to other transfer functions of this size. This model was applied to the Lake Potrok Aike (PTA) chironomid records which consisted of only four taxa (Phaenopsectra, Cricotopus, Smittia and Polypedilum). The chironomid-inferred air temperatures were colder-than-the-average (10.8°C) during the Lateglacial with the coldest temperatures (9°C in average) during the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR). Between ca. 8000 and 3500cal. years BP, the chironomid-inferred air temperatures were warmer-than-the-average with a decreasing trend. From ca. 3500cal. years BP to the present, the chironomid-inferred temperatures oscillated around the average. The difference between the chironomid-inferred air temperature in the surface sample and the climate normal (1961–1990) was 0.6°C, suggesting that chironomids are sensitive enough to quantitatively reconstruct MAT at PTA. The general pattern of temperature changes reconstructed by the PTA chironomid record corresponded well to other quantitative records in the Southern Hemisphere. The results presented here show that investing in the development of chironomid transfer functions for quantitative climate research in the Southern Hemisphere is valuable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study investigates the palaeoecological record (δ18O, δ13C, pollen, plant macrofossils, chironomids and cladocera) at Lake Bled (Slovenia) sedimentary core to better understand the response of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to Late-glacial climatic fluctuations. The multi-proxy record suggests that in the Oldest Dryas, the landscape around Lake Bled was rather open, presumably because of the cold and dry climate, with a trend towards wetter conditions, as suggested by an increase in tree pollen as well as chironomid and cladocera faunas typical for well-oxygenated water. Climatic warming at the beginning of the Late-glacial Interstadial at ca. 14,800 cal yr BP is suggested by an increase in the δ18O value, the appearance of Betula and Larix pollen and macrofossils, and a warmth-adapted chironomid fauna. With further warming at ca. 13,800 cal yr BP, broad-leaved tree taxa (Quercus, Tilia, Ulmus), Artemisia, and Picea increase, whereas chironomid data (Cricotopus B) suggest lowering of lake levels. After 12,800 cal yr BP (and throughout the Younger Dryas), the climate was colder and drier, as indicated by lower δ18O values, decline of trees, increase of microscopic charcoal, xerophytes and littoral chironomids. A warmer climate, together with the spread of broad-leaved tree taxa and a deeper, more productive lake, mark the onset of the Late-glacial/Holocene transition. These results suggest that terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems at Lake Bled were very dynamic and sensitive to Late-glacial climatic fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Morenito located in the Argentinean Patagonia has been exposed to climatic, volcanic, and anthropogenic impacts for the last decades. In particular, the damming of the lake and the eruption of the Calbuco/Puyehue Volcanoes in AD 1960 played an important role in the lake's history. A 80-cm-long sediment core from Lake Morenito spanning more than 100 years was studied for chironomids, stable isotopes, and organic geochemistry to investigate how natural and anthropogenic stressors impacted the lake. Chironomid assemblages display large changes around AD 1950, with the appearance of the warm-adapted Chironomus and the replacement of Apsectrotanypus by Ablabesmyia, indicating a shift to warmer conditions. By that time and up to the present, an increasing trend of δ15N coupled with a decrease of δ13C points to shifts in the carbon and nitrogen cycles associated with human activities. It is evident that the onset of human activities during the 1950s following by the lake damming in AD 1960 had significant effects on the chironomid assemblages and the geochemical composition of sediments which is reflected in the progressive deterioration of the lake ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]