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The 17 papers in this collection all deal with 20th-century journalism, journalists, and mass media. The papers and their authors are: "Building One's Own Gallows: The Trade Publications' Reaction to a Federal Shield Law, 1972-1974" (Karla Gower); "The Useful Ogre: Sweden's Use and Views of American Television, 1956-62" (Ulf Jonas Bjork); "Black or Negro? The Media's Dilemma of Racial Identifiers, 1967-1971" (Joey Senat); "Hostile Crowds, Homosexual Activists and AIDS Victims: Mainstream Newspapers Cover Gay Liberation" (Elizabeth M. Koehler); "Unhappy Events in Ireland: Irish-American Press Coverage of Dublin's 1916 Easter Rising" (Karen Patricia Potter); "'They're Talking about Us': Yellow Journalism and the Press of West Africa" (W. Joseph Campbell); "Same/Difference: The Media, Equal Rights and Aboriginal Women in Canada, 1968" (Barbara M. Freeman); "Literature, Propaganda and the First World War: The Case of 'Blackwood's Magazine'" (David Finkelstein); "Reasoned Protest and Personal Journalism: The Liberty and Death of 'The Intermountain Observer'" (James B. McPherson); "Measuring Jazz Journalism in Missouri Dailies of the 1920s" (Steven D. Koski); "Fighting for 'The Big Voices of the Air': A History of the Clear Channel Broadcasting Service"; "Rural Publicity in the Boilerplate Era: The Mt. Clemens News Bureau" (James C. Foust); "The Delightful Relationship: Presidents and White House Correspondents in the 1920s" (Stephen Ponder); "Construction of a Gay Image in the Washington Press: 1943-1970" (Edward M. Alwood); "Balancing Academic Freedom and Academic Image: The North Carolina Speaker Ban, 1963-1968" (Patricia Richardson); "The Vietnam War, the Cold War, and Protestants: How the 'Christian Century' and 'Christianity Today' Reflected American Society in the 1960s" (David E. Settje); and "News Pegs and the National Farmers Organization: Episodic and Life-Span Patterns of Press Coverage" (Jane S. McConnell). (NKA)

The 14 papers in this collection all deal with 20th century journalism and journalists in the United States. The papers and their authors are: "Educating Ike: The Evolution of Presidential PR in 1953" (David W. Guth); "Crumbs from the Publishers' Golden Tables: The Plight of the Chicago Newsboy" (Jon Bekken); "'They Work Too Hard': How Newspapers Justified the 1924 Exclusion of Japanese Immigrants" (Brad Hamm); "Agnes Smedley: A Radical Journalist in Search of a Cause" (Karla Gower); "The Camera's Red Lens: Television Coverage of Wounded Knee II, 1973" (William Hewitt); "From College Expulsion to Pulitzer Prize: How the New York World-Telegram's Fred Woltman Became the 'No. 1 Newspaper Specialist' on Communists" (Brad Hamm); "The Segregationist Press in the Closed Society: The Jackson Daily News' Coverage of the Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1964" (David R. Davies); "A 'Political Institutional' Theory of the News: The Emergence of Independent Journalism in Detroit, 1865-1920" (Richard L. Kaplan); "Will Irwin Revisited: A Contrast of Past and Present Criticisms of the Press" (Brian C. Smith); "Returning Government to the Hands of the People: The Pacific Northwest's Nonpartisan League Newspapers" (Mary M. Cronin and Paul Schlienz); "Birth Control Crusade: The Public Relations Campaign" (R. Brooks Garner); "AIDS and the Gay Press: Uncovering or Covering Up?" (Rodger Streitmatter); "The Farmer and the Radio Man Should Be Friends: Clear Channel Radio Stations and the Farm Lobby, 1941-1968" (James C. Foust); and "Electrical Transcriptions: Quality Programming for All Radio Stations" (Jann Hyde). (NKA)

The 13 papers presented in this collection all deal with journalism and journalists from colonial America through the 19th century. The papers and their authors are: "'The Presence of God Was Much Seen in Their Assemblies': Religious News in Colonial America" (David A. Copeland); "And So They Came: The Persuasive Effect of American Settlement Literature during the Colonial Era" (Julie Hedgepeth Williams); "The Impact of the American Revolution on the Occupational Ideology of Journalists: A Comparison of Pre- and Post-Revolution Prospectuses" (Patricia L. Dooley); "Trade, Treachery, and Daily Necessities: The Significance of the Sea to Colonial Newspapers" (David A. Copeland); "The Press and the War of 1812" (Susan Thompson); "'A Tincture of Madness': The Failure of Benjamin Franklin's West Indies Printing Partnerships" (Ralph Frasca); "'The Earnest Endeavor': Andrew Brown's Role in Philadelphia's 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic" (Mark A. Smith); "Constantine Rea: An Antebellum Editor" (Nan Fairley); "The Rise of the Fact and 'Naive Empiricism' in Journalism and the Sciences, As Seen in the Great Cholera Epidemics of 1832, 1849, and 1866" (David T. Z. Mindich); "Observers of Crisis and Compromise: The Washington Correspondents of 1850" (Mark J. Stegmaier); "With Respect and Admiration--Walter Mason Camp, Journalist of the Little Big Horn" (Warren E. "Sandy" Barnard); "Domesticity and Municipal Housekeeping Concerns in the Writing of Women Journalists during the Nineteenth Century" (Agnes Hooper Gottlieb); and "From an Incautious Heroine, Ishbel Ross: Arms Outstretched beneath a Backward-Billowing Old Glory" (Beverly G. Merrick). (NKA)

Due to the development of artificial intelligence and language-based software, automatic machines, which can generate news contents from data, are starting to be used in the editorial practice. Despite the fact that this field of editorial work is currently at its advent, it has been developing and improving relatively quickly. At present, robots for production of contents are implemented in editorial offices of large media, and are able to process huge amounts of data, while saving journalists' work. Robo-journalism, which is the result of an effective interconnection among informatics, statistics and reporting, is being vividly discussed not only in media practice, but also in professional circles. The study deals with robot journalism that uses intelligent software to produce news articles. Its application fundamentally redefines editorial routines, journalistic practices and existing models of editorial work. Media and journalism theorists are interested in the influence of robojournalism on the editing process, the journalistic profession, the journalist as a creative person and their competences. The authors of the paper intend to broaden the awareness of this dynamically developing segment of new coverage and to point out its selected aspects in relation to media practice, but also theoretical reflection. [For "NORDSCI International Conference Proceedings: Education and Language Edition (Athens, Greece, August 19, 2019). Book 1. Volume 2," see ED603411.]

As publishers make the transition from ink-on-paper to digitalized messages, researchers must ask whether the system is the solution. Are there advantages to presenting newspaper content on computers? Or do people prefer to handle paper? A study reported subjects' self-report responses regarding interface between people (experimental subjects) and modality (paper, computer, multimedia). Each of the 75 subjects participating in the study were given questionnaires to rate their responses to the different media. Fifty-five of the participants were U.S. undergraduate students enrolled in journalism classes. Twenty subjects were university library employees, recruited as "expert" searchers. The study revealed significant effects for interestingness, pleasingness, image interestingness, and image pleasantness as a function of modality. For each of these measures, multimedia was rated the highest, followed by computer and paper. Although the study did not address memory, the results suggest that the primacy of print theory may be losing its predictive power. No effect was found for text as a function of modality. Perhaps perceived differences between modalities are diminishing. Further research might confirm this suggestion. Researchers may begin to notice less and less cognitive and behavioral resistance to computerized information delivery systems. And they may notice more resistance to ink-on-paper. To meet such evolving expectations, researchers and newspaper professionals may apply results of this study to design effective interactive multimedia systems and content. (Seven figures and two data tables are included. Contains 53 references.) (TB)

The Newspaper section of the Proceedings contains the following 14 papers: "Caught in the Web: Newspaper Use of the Internet and Other Online Resources" (Bruce Garrison); "'Powerful' Attributive Verbs and 'Body Language' Statements Revisited" (Sherrie L. Wilson); "Community Journalism at Work: Newspapers Putting More Emphasis on Importance of Local News" (David Kaszuba and Bill Reader); "Local Press Coverage of Environmental Conflict: A Content Analysis of 'The Daily Review,' 1985-1994" (Claire E. Taylor, Jung-Sook Lee, and William R. Davie); "The Impact of Beat Competition on City Hall Coverage" (Stephen Lacy, David C. Coulson, and Charles St. Cyr); "Newspaper Coverage of Medicine: A Survey of Editors and Cardiac Surgeons" (Raymond N. Ankney, Richard A. Moore, and Patricia Heilmann); "Effect of Structural Pluralism and Corporate News Structure on News Source Perceptions of Critical Content" (David K. Demers and Debra L. Merskin); "Handling Hate: A Content Analysis of Washington State's Newspaper Coverage of Hate Crimes and White Supremacists" (Virginia Whitehouse); "Superstars or Second-Class Citizens? Management and Staffing Issues Affecting Newspapers' Online Journalists" (Jane B. Singer, Martha P. Tharp, and Amon Haruta); "50 Years Later: 'What It Means To Miss the Paper': Berelson, Dependency Theory, and Failed Newspaper Delivery" (Clyde Bentley); "Newspaper Omsbudsmanship as Viewed by Omsbudsmen and Their Editors" (Kenneth Starck and Julie Eisele); "Free Trade or Fair Trade?: The U.S. Auto Trade Policy and the Press" (Kuang-Kuo Chang); "Australian Newspaper Gatekeepers: Their Use of Readership Research" (Kerry Philip Green); and "Sources of the Decline in Newspaper Reading: Examining Long-Term Changes by Means of Nonlinear Trend Decomposition" (Wolfram Peiser). (CR)

The Minorities and Communication section of the Proceedings contains the following seven papers: "HIV/AIDS Video Programming for Latino Youth" (Hilary N. Karasz); "Use of Asian American History in the News Media: The Discourse of 'Model Minority'" (Chiung Hwang Chen and Ethan Yorgason); "No Racism Here: News Coverage of the Desegregation of the University of Alabama" (Jim Sernoe); "Racial Differences in Responding to Occupational Portrayals by Models on Television" (Osei Appiah); "They Just Keep Rolling Along: Images of Blacks in Film Versions of 'Show Boat'" (Douglass K. Daniel); "Like the Sun Piercing the Clouds: Native American Tribal Newspapers and Their Functions" (Teresa Trumbly Lamsam); and "Newspaper Coverage of Immigration in 1996 and Reader Ethnicity" (Yu-li Chang). Individual papers contain references. (CR)

The Media Management and Economics section of the Proceedings contains the following 14 papers: "The Case Method and Telecommunication Management Education: A Classroom Trial" (Anne Hoag, Ron Rizzuto, and Rex Martin); "It's a Small Publishing World after All: Media Monopolization of the Children's Book Market" (James L. McQuivey and Megan K. McQuivey); "The National Program Service: A New Beginning?" (Matt Jackson); "State Influence on Public Television: A Case Study of Indiana and Kentucky" (Matt Jackson); "Do Employee Ethical Beliefs Affect Advertising Clearance Decisions at Commercial Television Stations?" (Jan LeBlanc Wicks and Avery Abernethy); "Job Satisfaction among Journalists at Daily Newspapers: Does Size of Organization Make a Difference?" (Kris P. Kodrich and Randal A. Beam); "Network Affiliation Changes and Inheritance Effects" (Marianne Barrett and Charles C. Brotherton); "A Profile of Potential High-Definition Television Adopters in the United States" (Michel Dupagne); "The Effect of the VCR on the Mass Media Markets in Korea, 1961-1993: The Principle of Relative Constancy Reapplied" (Sung Tae Kim); "Entrepreneurship and Economics: Essentials of the Media Management Course" (Mary Alice Shaver); "Wage Stabilization and the Daily Newspaper Commission in World War II" (Mary Alice Shaver and Anthony Hatcher); "Newspaper Stocks and Stock Market Indicators: A Comparison and Analysis of Means of Tracking Performance" (Regina Lewis and Robert G. Picard); "Rosse's Model Revisited: Moving from Linearity to Concentric Circles to Explain Newspaper Competition" (Janet A. Bridges, Barry Litman, and Lamar W. Bridges); and "Playing the Market: Diversification as a Management Strategy among Publicly Traded Newspaper Companies" (John Carvalho). Individual papers contain references. (CR)

The History section of the Proceedings contains the following 12 papers: "Change on Tap for Nashville: The Telegraph and News Content, 1860" (Frank E. Fee, Jr.); "Rod Sterling's 'Hegemony Zone'" (Bob Pondillo); "The Publications of the Carlisle Indian School: Cultural Voices or Pure Propaganda?" (Beth A. Haller); "'Upholding the Womanhood of Woman' by Opposing the Vote: The Countermovement Rhetoric of the 'Remonstrance,' 1890-1920" (Elizabeth V. Burt); "Seeking the Editorial High Ground: E.W. Scripps' Experiment in Adless Journalism" (Duane Stoltzfus); "Edward H. Butler of the Buffalo 'News': The Ascent and Corruption of a New Journalism Pioneer" (Michael J. Dillon); "Selling Cable Television in the 1970s and 1980s: Social Dreams and Business Schemes" (William J. Leonhirth);"John Shaw Billings: The Demons That Drove Time/Life's 'Editor's Editor'" (Michael F. Lane); "Issues of Openness and Privacy: Press Coverage of Betty Ford's Breast Cancer" (Myra Gregory Knight); "The Japanese-Language Press and the Government's Decision of the Japanese Mass Evacuation during World War II: Three Japanese Newspapers' Reception of the War, the Japanese Americans' Wartime Status, and the Evacuation" (Takeya Mizuno); "Free at Last? Religious Contradictions in the Origins of the Black Press in America (Allen W. Palmer and Lyrum Laturner); and "Why Did Women Journalists Leave the Newsroom?: Stories of Quitting (Linda Steiner). (Individual papers contain references.) (CR)

Throughout its history, the press in the United States has been dominated by whites and directed toward the interests and well-being of white readers, often ignoring or distorting news and events within and about nonwhite communities. As a result, minority groups have established their own press systems. One of these systems, with a 148-year history, is the native American press. The first Indian paper, half in English and half in the Cherokee alphabet, was the "Cherokee Phoenix," established in 1828. Like many other native American papers, it did not long survive the pressures and open harrassment by white society and government. Although of varying degrees of journalistic sophistication, today's native American press carries on the tradition of investigative watchdog journalism, continues its role as educator, and functions as a preserver of heritage, carrying tales from the past and accounts of living native American leaders. Increasing numbers of papers also attempt to reintroduce the native American languages of their readers. (Author/JM)

Using data published by "Editor & Publisher," annual reports, and confidential material made available by publishers, this paper examines budgets for papers of varying sizes from 1947 to 1974. While expenses have been increasing more rapidly than revenue since 1947, newspapers are above average in rate of return on revenue. Earnings of 15% after taxes are not uncommon, though large metropolitan papers and papers with fewer than 25,000 circulation are much less profitable. The chief change in revenue over the past 27 years has been in advertising. In 1947, advertising typically accounted for two-thirds of total revenue, and national ads made up more than 12% of the total. Local and classified ads now have grown to nearly 70% of total revenue, while national ads have declined to less than 4%. Subscriber revenue has dropped from around one-third of total revenue to around one-quarter. The most startling increase has been in administrative and general expense. For the composite paper, this category represented 11% of all expenses in 1947, but 27% in 1974. Budget data are presented by circulation and a cost/demand curve for circulation and advertising is estimated. (Author/AA)

Data gathered as part of a media criticism project involving 109 New England daily newspapers were reanalyzed to discover community and organizational determinants of press performance. A content analysis of essays written about the region's press was used to obtain empirical indicators of press performance. The findings suggest that management decisions are related to newspaper performance in several ways. The number and kind of editorial staff, their training and experience, and the salary given them, all predict press performance. In addition, those newspapers which participate in professional seminars and workshops, as well as those which invest in self-study, are better papers than those which do not. Large papers, those with large news holes to fill (the estimated amount of space devoted to news), and those which are part of large media corporations are better than those with small circulations, small news holes, and independent ownership. There is only limited evidence that the community is a stimulating or restricting force in producing a good newspaper, though better educated and more diverse communities do have better papers. (Author/AA)

Defining ethnic newspapers as those published in a foreign language or in English that address themselves to a national group, this paper presents an overview of such papers currently published in the United States. The paper is organized into three sections. The first deals with the functions served by ethnic papers, including aiding in assimilation, helping to preserve ethnicity, filling news gaps, serving as watchdogs of foreign governments, and contributing to the diversity of political and social thought in the United States. The second section covers the drawbacks of ethnic papers, specifically their high mortality rate, increasing financial difficulties, and the problem they face of incurring criticisms that they are anti-American if they attempt to be outspoken organs in their communities. The third section discusses the future of the ethnic press and concludes that the current emphasis on exploring cultural roots and learning second languages will affect its role. (FL)

The Newspaper and Magazine section of the proceedings contains the following 11 papers: "Real-Time Journalism: Instantaneous Change for News Writing" (Karla Aronson and others); "Names in the News: A Study of Journalistic Decision-Making in Regard to the Naming of Crime Victims" (Michelle Johnson); "The Daily Newspaper and Audiotex Personals: A Case Study of Organizational Adoption of Innovation" (Debra Merskin); "What Content Shows about Topic-Team Performance" (John T. Russial); "Have You Heard the News? Newspaper Journalists Consider Audiotex and Other New Media Forms" (Jane B. Singer); "Who Reports the Hard/Soft News? A Study of Differences in Story Assignments to Male and Female Journalists at 'Newsweek'" (Dan Alinanger); "Welcome to Lilliput: The Shrinking of the General Interest in Magazine Publishing" (Erik Ellis); "The Retiring Feminist: Doris E. Fleischman and Doris Fleischman Bernays" (Susan Henry); "'Of Enduring Interest': The First Issue of 'The Readers Digest' as a 'Snapshot' of America in 1922--and its Legacy in a Mass-Market Culture" (Carolyn Kitch); "News Magazine Lead Story Coverage of the 1992 Presidential Campaign" (Mark N. Popovich and Sandra E. Moriarty); and "The Shrinking Debate over Journalistic Standards: Where Have All the Letters Gone?" (Brian Thornton). Individual papers contain references. (CR)