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This paper briefly summarizes the importance, current situation and existing problems of earthquake science popularization in primary and secondary schools, and focuses on the development path of earthquake science popularization based on STEAM education concept. On the basis of clarifying the main purpose, service target group of earthquake science popularization education, and effective popular science content and form, this paper applies the concept of STEAM education to propose the effective path of earthquake science popularization in primary and secondary schools. Taking the junior high school section as an example to make a specific case analysis, this paper suggests to build an earthquake science popularization ecosystem from the perspective of STEAM education. STEAM education is an interdisciplinary education concept that integrates science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics, emphasizing the integration of disciplines. It is a new form of learning in which taking projects as the main line, teachers as the lead, and students as the main body. This study argues that STEAM education needs to be integrated into the earthquake science popularization, and a high-quality science education system should be constructed, covering both on- and off-campus educational activities and active learning ability, so as to create an ecosystem suitable for the development of science popularization education.

This paper collected the data of death and loss of contact in Luding MS6.8 earthquake, quantitatively analyzed the characteristics of the number of deaths and loss of contacts over time, and compared with typical destructive earthquakes in recent 10 years. Combing the actual emergency rescue work, this paper sort out and summarized the main reasons, systematically analyzed the impact of geological disasters on personnel mortality and loss of connection rate, discussed the characteristics of earthquake disasters and disaster relief in mountainous areas. At the same time, we propose suggestions for the verification and submission capabilities of earthquake disaster information and the improvement of personnel search and rescue capabilities in complex mountainous environments.

The eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is composed of multiple secondary tectonic units which constitute typical “multi-level extrusion-rotation active tectonic system”. It is the tectonic transformation belt that regulates the eastward extrusion of plateau blocks, and contains high-density active faults. This area is characterized by frequent and high intensity strong earthquakes and complex geological and geomorphological features. Therefore, this region is one of the areas in China where the problem of earthquake disaster is particularly significant. In recent years, with the research deepening of the national earthquake disaster risk survey, active fault detection of urban，seismic experimental site construction, seismic safety evaluation of engineering sites, identification of active faults and evaluation of crustal stability in major projects sites and urban areas，and the wide application of high-precision remote sensing, tectonic geomorphology, paleoseismic and Quaternary chronology methods. The investigation of seismogenic structures around the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent areas has been significantly improved. In order to timely exchange the latest study results in this field support regional earthquake prevention and disaster reduction and geological safety evaluation of important projects sites and infrastructure construction, the journal editorial department of Progress in Earthquake Science organized the special topic “The strong earthquakes and seismogenic structures in eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas”. More than 20 representative academic papers such as active faults and earthquakes, Jishishan earthquake in Gansu Province，and research reviews in related fields have been collected. In this issue, 10 papers are selected in the special topic I “The strong earthquakes and seismogenic structures in eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas”. It is hoped that these newly study results may improve the understanding of characteristics of strong earthquake activity and seismogenic structural mechanism in the region, and provide scientific basis for regional strong earthquake risk analysis and effective prevention of strong earthquake disaster risk.

Daqingshan piedmont fault is located in the northern margin of Hetao basin and has been active strongly since the Late Quaternary. Previous researchers had conducted extensive research on the characteristics of paleoseismic in this area, but limited by the dating techniques and the fact that there were fewer data available on the same fault profile that can effectively constrain paleoseismic events, and fewer profiles that can reveal more paleoseismic events. This paper explores the excavation of an paleoseismic trench on the east side of Lianhuashan in the western section of Tuyouqi of the Daqingshan piedmont fault, using Optically Stimulated Luminescence data, and combineing with the age data of previous exploration trenches. By using the fault successive limit method, it is found that the western section of the Tuyouqi fault has experienced five paleoseismic events approximately 11500 years ago, with an average recurrence interval of 2260 years. The five paleoseismic events in this section of the fault, from new to old, are 1.28 to 1.42 ka, 3.41 to 3.60 ka, 4.08 to 5.01 ka, 8.26 to 9.32 ka, and 10.70 to 11.30 ka, respectively. The latest event of activity should be the earthquake of 849 AD. Meanwhile, the trench exploration revealed that the fault in this section exhibits a normal fault nature, with an inclination angle between 58 and 77 degrees. According to empirical formula, the potential seismic capacity of the Baotou section, the western section of Tuyouqi, and the western section of Tuzuoqi are around MW6.8～7.1, MW6.8～7.1 and MW7.1～7.2, respectively. The magnitude obtained by the empirical formula in this paper is relatively small, and there may be cascade rupture. In the later stage, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the risk of the western section of Daqingshan piedmont fault combined with other means.

The epicenter of the 2017 Qinghai Zeku MS4.9 earthquake was located near the SN-striking Riyueshan fault, while the focal mechanism solutions and the dominant arrangement of seismic sequence are inconsistent with the Riyueshan fault. In this paper, we have discovered EW- and NW-trending faults near the epicenter, by methods of remote sensing interpretation and field investigation. These faults are western terminal structures of Xiahe fault, in which the EW-trending faults are north-dipping and associated with kinematics including both left-lateral and vertical slip. Meanwhile, we use double differential positioning to relocate seismic sequences of Zeku MS4.9 earthquake. Results show that seismic arrangements consist of two segments striking NW and EW. The seismic profile crossing EW-striking segment indicates a north-dipping fault plane. Well consistence is found between Xiahe fault and seismic arrangements of Zeku MS4.9 earthquake, which leads us to the speculation that the seismogenic fault of Zeku earthquake is Xiahe fault. From a regional perspective, the Xiahe fault might be one strand of dissipating faults in the western end of the West Qinling fault, and the Zeku MS4.9 earthquake represents tectonic activity of the western end of the West Qinling fault. Besides，the northwestward turn of fault striking and reverse slipping of Xiahe fault might also be attributed to the right-lateral shearing effects of Riyueshan fault. Results of this paper highlight the significance of improving active fault traces, especially for the secondary or pre-existing faults in a tectonic active area.

Lacustrine sediments store a wealth of information and are often used to indicate climate change. Natural disasters such as earthquake, flood, landslide or collapse usually form characteristic disturbances in lacustrine sediments, which can be analyzed and identified using lake geology methods. This paper reviews the research progress of lacustrine sediments, systematically summarizes the characteristics of typical natural disasters in lacustrine sediments, and focuses on the identification methods of natural disaster events in lacustrine sediments. Among them, the comprehensive analysis method integrates various analysis methods for sedimentary identification of lake events at the present stage. ① Identify the endogenous and exogenous origin based on the relationship between sedimentary facies and event-induced deposits(EID)；② Recognize the most likely trigger based on the elimination of impossible triggers；③ Verify the correctness of the most likely trigger according to the existing identification criteria. This method integrates the advantages of typical mark analysis and exclusion method, and is the most effective analysis method at present. This paper also discusses the advantages, disadvantages and constraints of the study of lacustrine sediment disaster events. The continuity, sensitivity and high resolution of lacustrine sediments are conducive to the study of disaster events, but the establishment of sedimentary identification markers of typical natural disaster events in lakes is still the key to restricting the study of lake abnormal events in the future.

This technical paper investigates the influence of sample size and geologic characteristics on the geotechnical design of levee embankments. Sample quality plays a vital role in quantifying engineering properties for levee embankment projects, and numerous studies have highlighted the impact of sample disturbance on such engineering properties. Despite this evidence, conventional tube and piston samplers of different diameters continue to be widely used, potentially leading to underestimation of shear strength. The paper focuses on comparing 7.6 cm and 12.7 cm diameter undisturbed Shelby tube samples and CPT data collected from three levee sites in the Greater New Orleans Area, Louisiana, USA, which encompass diverse geologic histories. The study aims to assess the effect of industry used samples size and geology on levee construction costs. The findings provide valuable insights into optimizing sample collection methods and improving geotechnical design for earthen embankments.

In order to improve the modern management level of unattended seismic monitoring stations in cities and counties, standardize the management of observation logs in stations, and improve the display of seismic monitoring work in cities and counties, Jiaxing Seismic Survey and Prevention Center actively explored the implementation of digital management of seismic monitoring stations through the development of the “Digital Observation Log Project of Seismic Monitoring Stations”. This paper mainly introduces the basic ideas and technical approaches of the research and development of the project, and briefly describes the main functions of the system. The implementation of the project can effectively solve the drawbacks of the traditional paper-based observation logs of seismic monitoring stations, and realize the digital management of the basic information of seismic monitoring stations and daily operation and maintenance. The project also builds the QR code for station information, effectively giving full play to the role of city and county monitoring stations in science popularization and publicity in earthquake prevention and disaster reduction, emergency response, disaster prevention culture and other aspects, and expanding the social service function of stations.

This paper uses various channels to collect the data of earthquake disasters in 2022, and collates the global seismic activities and earthquake disasters in 2022. The change curves of global disaster earthquake frequency and casualties in recent 20 years and the distribution map of disaster earthquakes in 2022 were drawn. By summarizing the earthquake information and disaster conditions causing casualties, a detailed analysis of major earthquake disasters was made. The main characteristics of global earthquake disasters in 2022 were summarized, and major earthquake events in Afghanistan were listed. Compared with last year’s earthquake, the number of casualties caused by earthquake disasters in 2022 has decreased, and the disaster earthquakes are characterized by concentrated casualties and frequent secondary disasters. In view of the prominent causes of earthquake casualties, this paper puts forward corresponding earthquake disaster prevention measures and suggestions.

Radon is sensitive to the change of strata stress before and after the earthquake. It is an effective element for tracing the structure and seismic activity, and accounts for a large proportion in China’s earthquake precursor observation network. In recent years, due to the aging and updating of instruments, the calibration of radon meters at many stations has been restricted, which further affects the accuracy and reliability of radon observation data. In this paper, the high-precision AlphaGUARD radon meter is used to calibrate the BG2015R radon meter in Ningde No.1 well by using fresh well water and fixed sources with a certain concentration. The relative errors between the new K value and the old K value are 2.83% and 1.1% respectively, and the calibration results meet the observation requirements of China Earthquake Networks Center; At the same time, the average and consistency of the measured values of AlphaGUARD radon meter and BG2015R radon meter in the calibration experiment are calculated and analyzed, and the value suggestions for the calibration of the two sets of instruments are given. The flow and method of the calibration experiment described in this paper can provide a certain technical reference for the calibration of the radon meter operating in the network.

In this paper we analyzed the increased noise in the observation data of FHD proton vector magnetometer at Suqian station from April 28, 2020. After we checked and analyzed the instrument parameter settings, observation environment, instrument and operation conditions, the failure of FHD instrument is confirmed. The capacitor in the instrument compensation current circuit was broken down due to aging, and we solved the problem by replacing the faulty capacitor. After the repairmen, the calculated background noise of magnetic declination D, horizontal component H and vertical component Z decreased from 1.19′, 1.45 nT, 1.58 nT to 0.82′, 0.32 nT, 0.50 nT, and the noise quality of each component had been significantly improved. Through the inspection, detection and judgment of geomagnetic instruments and external observation environmental problems, we summarize the reasons for the noise fault. This paper provides a scientific and effective detection method for geomagnetic stations to find and analyze the main reason for the data noise problems.

On the 50th anniversary of Progress in Earthquake Sciences, the scientific bibliometrics methods supplied by CiteSpace are used to conduct author collaboration network analysis and keyword co-occurrence analysis of the 7151 papers published in Recent Developments in World Seismology from 1979 to 2020. The work aims to systematically explore the thematic context, knowledge evolution, historical hot spots and author group development of the publications of Recent Developments in World Seismology in the different periods. The continuous changes in the theme, advancement of knowledge evolution, and the exchange of historical hot spots showed by papers in Recent Developments in World Seismology fully reflect the past, present and future of seismology. Based on the introduction of scientific communication and the journal publishing model evolution, suggestions such as integrating the scientific resources of the China Earthquake Administration, promoting the intensive publishing, and attracting high-level papers to be initially published in seismic journals are put forward to solve the “multiple, scattered, and weak” problem of seismic journals.

This paper aims to investigate the present situation and transfer mechanisms of microplastics in lacustrine sediments in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The study surveyed the average abundance of microplastics in sediments. The abundance of microplastics in sediments of lakes from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is 17.22–2643.65 items/kg DW and 0–60.63 items/kg DW based on the data of the Qinghai Lake and the Siying Co Basin. The microplastic abundance in sediments from small and medium lakes is very high compared to that in other areas in the world. Like microplastics in other lakes of the world, those in the lakes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau mainly include organic polymers PA, PET, PE, and PP and are primarily in the shape of fibers and fragments. The microplastic pollution of lacustrine sediments in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is affected by natural changes and by human activities, and the concentration of microplastics in lacustrine ecosystems gradually increases through food chains. Furthermore, the paper suggests the relevant administrative departments of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau strengthen waste management while developing tourism and pay much attention to the impacts of microplastics in water environments. This study provides a reference for preventing and controlling microplastic contamination in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.

The Shimensi deposit is a recently discovered W-Cu-Mo polymetallic deposit located in the Jiangnan porphyry-skarn W belt in South China. The deposit has a resource of 0.74×106 t of WO3 accompanied by 0.4×106 t Cu and 28000 t Mo and other useful components like Ga, making it one of the largest W deposits in the world. This paper is aimed to reveal the ore-controlling mechanisms of the Shimensi deposit, involving the role of the ore-related granites, the tectonic background for its formation, and the metallogenesis model. The systematic geological survey suggests multi-types of alteration are developed in the deposit, mainly including greisenization, potassic-alteration, sericitization, chloritization, and silicification. Drilling engineering data and mining works indicate that the Shimensi deposit consists of two main orebodies of I and II. Therein, the W resource has reached a supergiant scale, and the accompanied Cu, Mo, Au, Bi, Ga, and some other useful components are also of economic significance. The main ore-minerals consist of scheelite, wolframite and chalcopyrite. Disseminated mineralization is the dominant type of the W-Cu-Mo polymetallic orebodies, and mainly distributes in the inner and external contact zone that between the Neoproterozoic biotite granodiorite and the Yanshanian granites. The main orebody occurs at the external contact zone, and the pegmatoid crust near the inner contact zone is an important prospecting marker of the W mineralization. Of them, the disseminated W ores within the wall rock of the Neoproterozoic biotite granodiorite is a new mineralization type identified in this paper. Combining previous geochronological and isotopic data, we propose that the mineralization of the Shimensi deposit is closely related to the intruding of the Yanshanian porphyritic biotite granite and granite porphyry. Geochemical data suggest that the biotite granodiorite is rich in Ca and had provided a large amount of Ca for the precipitation of scheelite in this area. Thus, it is a favorable wall rock type for W mineralization. The Shimensi deposit belongs to granitic-type W polymetallic deposit related to post-magmatic hydrothermal, and the ore-forming fluid was initially derived from the Yanshanian magmas.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.

Based on the earthquake disaster data collected by various routes, this paper sorts out the global seismic activity and disasters in 2021. Variation curves of global disaster earthquake frequency with casualties in this century at the beginning twenty years and distribution map of hazard earthquakes in 2021 were plotted. And the earthquake information and disaster situation of earthquakes with casualties were described. Correspondingly, the major earthquake disasters were analyzed in detail, and the main characteristics of global earthquake disasters in 2021 were summarized. Compared with the previous earthquake, it is found that the seismicity is strong in 2021, especially to the occurrence rate of earthquakes with magnitude 8 and above. In 2021, the number of casualties caused by earthquake increased, and disaster earthquakes were characterized by high frequency, concentrated casualties, and frequent secondary disasters. According to the situation of high earthquake frequency and prominent causes of casualties, this paper puts forward corresponding measures and suggestions for earthquake disaster prevention, which emphasizes the importance of earthquake prevention work for the future.

As a new type of pollutants in the marine environment, microplastics have attracted increasing attention from scientific researchers and environmental protection workers in China and abroad. However, for the microplastic pollution in sea areas in China, there are a very limited number of studies on its current status and few reviews of research on the microplastics. This paper reviews the surveys and researches of microplastics in the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea, and main estuaries in China carried out in recent years and proposes an outlook for future work, aiming to provide research suggestions and solutions for ecological protection against microplastic pollution in sea areas in China. Previous studies have shown that microplastics are widely distributed in water bodies and sediments in sea areas and major estuaries in China. The Pearl River Estuary, in the South China Sea suffers the most serious microplastic pollution, followed by the Bohai Sea. In contrast, the microplastic pollution in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea is comparatively slight. Microplastics in sea areas in China are mainly fibrous and are concentrated in offshore areas with developed industry and a dense population (especially around estuaries and bays). In addition, they are widely affected by human activities, such as shipping, aquaculture, industry, and sewage discharge. Here the authors suggest unifying measurement units and research methods and developing related standard systems to carry out researches related to microplastics. Furthermore, this paper also suggests further deepening researches on both the source-sink process of microplastics and nanoscale microplastics while enhancing the development and implementation of related policies, aiming to promote researches and control of microplastics in sea areas in China.© 2022 China Geology Editorial Office.

A M3.1 earthquake occurred in Qingpu District of Shanghai at 1:39 on June 15，2023. The Shanghai Earthquake Early Warning Network successfully received the earthquake early warning information released by the China Earthquake Early Warning Network，and the locally deployed Fujian Early Warning System EEW also successfully processed and produced the earthquake early warning results. In this paper，the results of 7 earthquake early warnings produced by Shanghai Earthquake Early Warning System and the earthquake early warning information released by China Earthquake Early Warning Network are compared and analyzed. The epicenter of the earthquake is located in the Shanghai Earthquake Early Warning Network. The first early warning information was released at 6.8 s after the earthquake. All 7 early warning processing results were produced within 15 s after the earthquake. Compared with the official earthquake catalogue，the first early warning processing result has an epicentral position deviation of 5 km and a magnitude deviation of −0.1. With the increase of the number of early warning stations involved in the calculation，the epicenter position is finally consistent with the official catalogue，and the magnitude deviation is also maintained at 0.5. The results of this earthquake early warning show that although Shanghai and its surrounding areas belong to the general early warning area with small and micro earthquakes as the main seismic activities，due to the large density of early warning stations，more accurate early warning processing results can also be produced in a short time after the earthquake，which is of great reference significance for the ongoing integration of monitoring and early warning business in the Yangtze River Delta.

Two typical analysis models for high rise building structures (the shear wall structure and the frame shear wall structure) were established in this paper. On the premise that the story drift meets the limit values specified in the specifications, the changes in the usage of concrete and steel bars with the characteristic periods of the design ground motions were studied. In addition, keeping the two structural models unchanged，the maximum story drift of the two structural models under different characteristic periods were analyzed, and then the failure states of the two structural models were given. Results show that when the story drift meets the requirements of the specification, the usage of concrete and steel bars in the shear wall structure and the frame shear wall structure increases with the characteristic period increasing. The larger the characteristic period, the greater the increment of concrete and steel bars usage. The increment of concrete and steel bars usage in the frame shear wall structure is smaller than that in the shear wall structure under the same characteristic period appreciation. Increasing the characteristic period will affect the failure states of the structures when the structural models remain unchanged, but mostly in a minor damage state, except for the shear wall structure that reaches to moderate damage state at Tg=0.9 s.

The destruction of cratons is one of the key research objects of geophysicists. According to China Earthquake Networks Center, small and medium-sized earthquakes have occurred more frequently in southern Hebei in recent years than before. In order to explore the reasons for the instability of the crustal structure in southern Hebei, in this paper the earthquakes are precisely located based on the P-wave arrival time data recorded by China Earthquake Networks Center, and the double difference tomography of the crustal velocity structure is performed by using the P-wave seismic phase data. It is found that the sources after fine location are mainly distributed in the crust depth of 5～15 km, mainly near the faults. In terms of velocity structure, the mean RMS value of seismic travel time residuals decreases from 0.81 s to 0.36 s, and the earthquakes are more likely to occur in the transition zone at the edge of the high-speed region. There is a low-speed anomaly zone at the junction of the crust and mantle in Handan and Xingtai. The Moho surface and upper mantle may be upwelling by hot flow materials such as magma, intruding into the crust and undergoing chemical reactions, leading to the thinning and damage of the lithosphere, resulting in an unstable crustal structure and creating favorable conditions for shallow earthquakes.

This paper mainly introduces a program written in Matlab for determining ground motion parameters. From the three framework modules of input, processing and output, the author combines his understanding and experience to analyze the process of determining design seismic parameters in detail. It uses an Excel file to control the input parameters as a whole, taking into account factors such as peak ground acceleration, site classification, design earthquake grouping, and zoning map adjustment factors. It simplifies the complex process of processing response spectrum data, and achieves automatic calibration of borehole response spectra under different standard spectra recommended by different codes, automatic saving of maps, and exporting of ground motion parameter tables. The program can comprehensively analyze multiple boreholes and multiple response spectrum data for different design reference periods and different probability levels of exceedance at one time, which is very efficient in handling regional seismic safety evaluation and other multi-site engineering projects. The application analysis of examples in seismic safety evaluation work is also presented in the article. The program can not only process bedrock response spectrum, but also analyze the overall or individual response spectrum of boreholes to obtain more reasonable ground motion parameters, which is helpful for the seismic safety evaluation work.

This paper collects relevant information on the newly added Yuping potential seismic source in western Huaihua, and analyzed the seismic hazard of the study area based on 1′×1′ grid points. We mainly discussed the changes in PGA before and after the new potential seismic source in the Hunan-Guizhou border region, and drawing isolines and zoning based on the PGA of site Ⅱ. The results of seismic hazard analysis show that the PGA has been greatly improved inside and 20 km away around the new potential seismic source. When the focal depth is 10 km, the PGA of exceeding probability of 10 in 50 years within the Yuping potential source range increases from 35～40 cm/s2 to 80～95 cm/s2, increase of about 2.3 to 2.4 times. In local areas such as Xinhuang and Zhijiang within the potential source, the basic intensity can reach Ⅶ degrees. And outside the potential source, PGA gradually increases from 35～80 cm/s2. When the focal depth is 15 km, the basic intensity in regions such as Xinhuang and Zhijiang remains at Ⅵ degrees. The article also conducted a preliminary analysis of the seismic capacity of different types of houses in Xinhuang and Zhijiang county in western Huaihua. Additional attention should be paid to the follow-up work of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction.

In this paper，the regional full waveform inversion using the broadband waveforms recorded by China Seismic Network were conducted，and the focal mechanism solutions of the 59 earthquakes with M≥4.0 occurred in the mainland of China during March to June 2024 were obtained. The types of these focal mechanism solutions show 18 reverse faulting，33 strike-slip faulting，7 normal faulting and 1 odd earthquakes.

The earth medium can be regarded as a porous medium. Because the attenuation of the wave is very significant, it can effectively reduce the energy of the shock wave. The porous medium can be used as a protective material for the shock wave, which is of special significance for large underground structures. In this paper, the measurement results of the artificial joint porous medium filled with water or ice with large amplitude and rapidly rising stress pulse are given. The influence of water as solid or liquid phase in the joint on the explosion effect is discussed. In this paper, two physical models of wave attenuation in porous media, namely double pore model and partial saturation model, are used. The calculation results show that the predicted P-wave velocity, as well as the degree of rock attenuation and dispersion, are consistent with the measured data. Water or ice in the joint has a great attenuation of shock wave. However, water filled joints are more obvious. Due to filling different materials, they show different properties. Therefore, pores and joints can be filled with different attenuation protective materials to meet the needs of different situations.

Both Dali MS6.4 earthquake in Yunnan Province and the L'Aquila MW6.3 earthquake in Italy caused heavy losses of life and properties because they failed to make accurate hazard predictions. What might be done to inform the government and the public about the possible occurrence of an earthquake and its maximum magnitude? What is the trend of earthquake in the future? In this paper，based on the idea of weather forecast，the seismicity is divided into several regions according to the clustering. The characteristics of seismicity before the two main earthquakes are analyzed from the aspects of M-t sequence in each area，seismicity of 3-magnitude earthquakes，the trend of energy release and escalation in the past two years. The G-R relationship，and the similarities between the two earthquakes are compared and analyzed. The similarities are as follows：① Both hypocenters are shallow. The source depth of Dali MS6.4 earthquake was 8 km，and that of the L'Aquila MW6.3 earthquake in Italy was 8.8 km；② b values are similar. They are 0.59 and 0.61，respectively. The G-R relation extrapolation magnitudes are close to each other，and they are all about magnitude 6；③ The seismic energy release in M-t sequence shows an ascending trend，and the seismic activities are similar. After the calm was broken，earthquakes of magnitude 3 or above were active，and earthquake swarms appeared. The release of earthquake energy was accelerated；④ They all belong to foreshock-main shock-aftershock type sequence. The largest foreshock before the MW6.3 earthquake in Laquila，Italy，and the largest foreshock before the main-shock in Dali，Yunnan Province，are 5.2 and 5.6，respectively. And the characteristics of foreshock swarm are obvious. At the same time，the paper discusses the rationality of dividing the region according to the clustering of earthquakes，and it is considered that it is easier to grasp the characteristics of regional seismicity using this method. Although Dali MS6.4 earthquake in Yunnan and L'Aquila MW6.3 earthquake in Italy occurred in different areas with great structural differences and belong to different types of dislocation，the good results were obtained using the partition G-R relation and M-t sequence analysis. The results show that the G-R relation and M-t sequence analysis can be used to judge the seismic risk，which provides a basis for the next generation of “seismic risk cloud map”.

Based on the earthquake disaster data collected worldwide，this paper sorts out the global seismic activity and disasters in 2020. Plotting the global earthquake disaster curves in recent 20 years and distribution map of hazard earthquakes in 2020，and summarizing the main characteristics of seismic disasters which contain earthquake disaster information and detailed analysis in 2020. Compared with the previous global earthquakes，it is found that the seismicity in 2020 is weak，and the frequency of strong earthquakes with magnitude 6 or above will decrease greatly. In 2020，the earthquake casualties are the lowest in this century，and characterized by low frequency，minor casualties and linear distribution of major disasters. According to the situation of low earthquake frequency and concentrated casualties，this paper puts forward corresponding measures and suggestions for earthquake disaster prevention，which emphasizes that the earthquake monitoring，prediction and prevention work are crucial to the future.

Since the mantle plume hypothesis was proposed，it has been controversial in academia，and there is no unified answer to its existence. In this paper，the origin of the mantle plume is elaborated in detail. The views of the doubters and the existing problems of the mantle plume hypothesis are listed，and the evidence of the existence of the mantle plume is summarized. The distribution of continental overflow basalts and oceanic island basalts is studied from the aspects of geochemistry and petrology to understand the morphology of mantle plume on the surface. From the perspective of geotectonics，this paper analyzes how the mantle plume makes the supercontinent merge and split continuously. From the aspect of geophysics，the latest achievements of mantle plume research and the evidence of the existence of mantle plume are described in terms of typical regions such as Hawaiian mantle plume，African super mantle plume and Hainan mantle plume. Finally，the development trend of mantle plumes is discussed.

The P/S-style spectral ratio method is used to process and analyze the records of several stations with high SNR in Xiangshui explosion. An earthquake that occurred about 7 kilometers away from it on January 19，2013 was selected as the comparison event. In the frequency range of 2—15 Hz，for more than 90% stations，the P/S amplitude spectrum ratio of explosion is greater than 1，and the value of natural earthquake is less than 1，while it reaches 100% in the range of 4—15 Hz. In order to further verify the feasibility of this method in judging explosions and earthquakes，this paper calculated the Tianjin Port explosion on August 12，2015，and obtained the same results. This study provides a case study for using P/S-style spectral ratio method to verify low magnitude explosion. At the same time，this paper analyzes the waveform characteristics and spectrum characteristics of the Xiangshui explosion. We concluded that the seismic phase of this event is relatively single，which is similar to an ordinary blasting record，and there is no low-speed air-pressure and ground coupled Rayleigh wave as in the Tianjin Port explosion. And the event has two main frequencies，which are between 0.2—1 Hz and 4—10 Hz respectively.

In this paper，a total of 162 focal mechanism solutions are collected from several focal mechanism solution sequences in Yingjiang area，and the tectonic stress field inversion is carried out from Sudian fault to Dayingjiang fault. The results show that the axial direction of the total principal compressive stress in this area is NNE—SSW. The six earthquake swarm activities from March 21，2008 to May 30，2014 were analyzed from the perspective of internal dynamic evolution，and it was found that there were obvious interrelationships among them. It is also found that the deflection of stress field occurs locally. The deflection angle of principal compressive stress axis at the southern end of Sudian fault becomes larger，which may be related to the triangular depression formed in this area. In addition，1003 earthquake catalogues occurred in Yingjiang area from 2016 to 2020 were collected in this paper. Through analysis，it is found that there is stress locking in the area between Xima-Panlongshan fault and Dayingjiang fault，so it is very important to strengthen the risk prevention in this area.

This paper investigates the social impacts of the magnitude-6.2 earthquake near the Taiwan strait in 2018. The project team interviewed ordinary residents living in the Dongshan County of Fujian Province in south China on a range of topics，including people’s feelings of earthquake，emergency response and escape from danger，social psychology，and popularization of disaster mitigation and earthquake early warning. The purpose of this paper is to understand how the Dongshan residents avoid danger at the time of emergency and how well anti-seismic and disaster-mitigating knowledge is popularized among them，so as to provide references for conducting targeted publicity in that aspect in the future and enable the public to better fend off the damages of earthquake.

ABSTRACT: The Beishan rift zone in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was formed due to strong activities of faults on the basement of the Tarim continental crust. Despite the fact that many geological research results of the rift zone have been achieved, only a few studies have been conducted on its regional geophysical characteristics. In this paper, the gravity and magnetic anomalies of the rift zone were highlighted through specific data processing of 1:50000 high-precision aeromagnetic data and gravity data with a grid spacing of 2 km × 2 km. Based on this, the geophysical evidence for the scope and internal structures of the Beishan rift zone was obtained for the first time. The distinct characteristics of magnetic and gravity fields in the areas to the north and south of the Beishan rift zone reveal that deep faults exist between the Beishan rift zone and the geological units on the southern and northern sides. Furthermore, the faults on the two areas contain the bidirectional thrusts and have flower-shaped structures according to the characteristics of the magnetic and gravity fields. The Beishan rift zone can be divided into two tectonomagmatic zones, namely the Zhongposhan-Bijiashan-Cihai-Baishanliang zone (the northern zone) and the Bayiquan-Qixin-Baishan zone (the southern zone). The northern zone can be further subdivided into three comet-shaped anomaly groups (tectonomagmatic areas), while the southern zone can be further subdivided into two tectonomagmatic areas. According to the characteristics of aeromagnetic anomalies and gravity field, 19 mafic-ultramafic complexes were delineated. The known Pobei, Hongshishan, and Qixin complexes are all located within the inferred complexes, with estimates of total explored resources of Ni, Cu, and Au of 3×106 t, 10×103 t and 10 t, respectively. The prospecting of high-grade copper-nickel deposits should focus on the periphery and deep parts of the known and inferred mafic-ultramafic complexes. Among them, the peripheral strata of the complexes specifically have great prospecting potential of large-scale high-grade copper-nickel deposits of magma injection type. Finally, this paper analyzed the application effects of the rapid airborne-ground-drilling synergetic exploration method in the prospecting of copper-nickel deposits in Qixin, Beishan, Xinjiang, which will provide references for further exploration of copper-nickel deposits in Beishan area, Xinjiang.©2021 China Geology Editorial Office.

ABSTRACT: The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (also referred to as the Plateau) has long received much attention from the community of geoscience due to its unique geographical location and rich mineral resources. This paper reviews the aeromagnetic surveys in the Plateau in the past 60 years and summarizes relevant research achievements, which mainly include the followings. (1) The boundaries between the Plateau and its surrounding regions have been clarified. In detail, its western boundary is restricted by West Kunlun-Altyn Tagh arc-shaped magnetic anomaly zone forming due to the arc-shaped connection of the Altyn Tagh and Kangxiwa faults and its eastern boundary consists of the boundaries among different magnetic fields along the Longnan (Wudu)-Kangding Fault. Meanwhile, the fault on the northern margin of the Northern Qilian Mountains serves as its northern boundary. (2) The Plateau is mainly composed of four orogens that were stitched together, namely East Kunlun-Qilian, Hoh-Xil-Songpan, Chamdo-Southwestern Sanjiang (Nujiang, Lancang, and Jinsha rivers in southeastern China), and Gangdese-Himalaya orogens. (3) The basement of the Plateau is dominated by weakly magnetic Proterozoic metamorphic rocks and lacks strongly magnetic Archean crystalline basement of stable continents such as the Tarim and Sichuan blocks. Therefore, it exhibits the characteristics of unstable orogenic basement. (4) The Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone forming due to continent-continent collisions since the Cenozoic shows double aeromagnetic anomaly zones. Therefore, it can be inferred that the Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone formed from the Indian Plate subducting towards and colliding with the Eurasian Plate twice. (5) A huge negative aeromagnetic anomaly in nearly SN trending has been discovered in the middle part of the Plateau, indicating a giant deep thermal-tectonic zone. (6) A dual-layer magnetic structure has been revealed in the Plateau. It consists of shallow magnetic anomaly zones in nearly EW and NW trending and deep magnetic anomaly zones in nearly SN trending. They overlap vertically and cross horizontally, showing the flyover-type geological structure of the Plateau. (7) A group of NW-trending faults occur in eastern Tibet, which is intersected rather than connected by the nearly EW trending that develop in middle-west Tibet. (8) As for the central uplift zone that occurs through the Qiangtang Basin, its metamorphic basement tends to gradually descend from west to east, showing the form of steps. The Qiangtang Basin is divided into the northern and southern part by the central uplift zone in it. The basement in the Qiangtang Basin is deep in the north and west and shallow in the south and west. The basement in the northern Qiangtang Basin is deep and relatively stable and thus is more favorable for the generation and preservation of oil and gas. Up to now, 19 favorable tectonic regions of oil and gas have been determined in the Qiangtang Basin. (9) A total of 21 prospecting areas of mineral resources have been delineated and thousands of ore-bearing (or mineralization) anomalies have been discovered. Additionally, the formation and uplift mechanism of the Plateau are briefly discussed in this paper.©2021 China Geology Editorial Office.

Stability problems in rock stress fields were highlighted. It is a direct source of force for crustal deformation, rock destruction, and earthquake occurrence. Through large-scale international cooperation, the global GPS velocity field and world stress map were updated. Plates with the soul of a power source are no longer a bunch of rigid tectonics, and for the first time the dynamism of their movements and internal stresses are revealed. This paper describes the methods of in-situ measurement of stress, the principles of division of stress tensor regimes, and the basic features of stress maps. In response to the earthquake focal mechanism, the author has drawn a variety of 3D perspective drawings, so that readers can easily grasp the geologic meaning of the earthquake focal mechanism in a way that is easy to read and understand by looking at the drawings. Finally, the background of the local dynamics is analyzed with two examples comparing the similarities and differences between the measured stress maps and the earthquake focal mechanism.

Schools are important places to carry out earthquake disaster education. Earthquake prevention and disaster reduction publicity and education in colleges and universities can help improve the results of earthquake safety education in primary and secondary schools. It is important to strengthen the awareness and skills of college students in earthquake prevention and disaster reduction, so that they can change their role to provide services to the society, and take the initiative to undertake the publicity and popularization of earthquake disasters, which is conducive to improving the ability of earthquake prevention and disaster preparedness of the whole people. In view of the problems found in the practice of popular science popularization, this paper compares the differences between universities and other academic sections of earthquake popular science popularization through questionnaire survey, analyzes the reasons and summarizes the experience, and puts forward the ways to strengthen the publicity and education of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction in universities. The analysis points out that the publicity and education of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction for college students is a continuous and dynamic project, and colleges and universities need to vigorously carry out earthquake safety education in many aspects such as concept, knowledge, skills and responsibilities, and at the same time need to rely on the strength and resources of relevant departments to improve the publicity and education effect.

Based on the development history of earthquake macroscopic anomalies, this paper briefly describes the characteristics of pre- and post-earthquake macroscopic anomalies around the epicenter of the Pishan MS5.1 earthquake in Hotan, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Abnormal behavior of different animals, such as sheep, cattle, ducks, pigeons, pheasants and dogs, raised by rural farmers was described and analyzed. It is believed that the macroscopic anomalies of the earthquake have certain characteristics of short-term and imminent anomalies in time, are uneven in distribution, and are relatively close to the epicenter in general.

Talking about China’s seismicity research inevitably involves an outstanding female scientist, Mei Shirong. She does not have the title of academician, but is recognized and irreplaceable as an academic leader in the field of earthquake prediction in China. In this paper, three topics are selected to be presented as representative of Mei Shirong’s research on seismicity. The proposal of North-South Seismic Belt promotes the study of deep and shallow tectonics, and the discovery of Longriba fracture zone has important geotectonic significance. The phenomena of seismic gap and epicenter migration are analyzed, examples of seismic echoes between the North-South and South Asian seismic belts are given, and the mechanical mechanisms are described. The correct judgment of direct foreshocks and precursor seismic swarms is very important in earthquake prediction. The characteristics of direct foreshocks are introduced, and the distribution of seismic swarms in the mainland of China is given.

A magnitude 7.3 earthquake occurred at 7:58 a.m. (Beijing time) on April 3, 2024, in the sea area of Hualien County, Taiwan Province, China (23.81°N，121.74°E), which had a large seismic hazard impact and attracted widespread attention at home and abroad. This paper introduces the geological and tectonic background of the earthquake and its disaster influence, as well as the volcanic activity on Kueishantao volcano that partially collapsed as a result of the seismic effect, and focuses on a comprehensive analysis of the possibility of whether the earthquake will trigger the volcanic activity. Through the analysis of seismic and hyperspectral gas data, it can be seen that the Kueishantao volcano has not yet shown obvious anomalous responses. Then the probability of triggering is quantitatively judged by introducing the non-dimensional index of earthquake triggering potential volcanoes，and the TRIGI value is 19.8 (> 10), which indicates that the probability of earthquake-triggered eruption of Kueishantao volcano is relatively low in the short term. At present, the volcano is still in the state of dormancy from the analysis of qualitative and quantitative aspects. In the future, we will continue to collect and improve macro and micro precursor anomaly data before volcanic eruption, track and judge the state of volcanic activity, and draw more accurate and reliable conclusions about the triggering possibility.

ABSTRACT: The Sichuan Basin is one of the vital basins in China, boasting abundant hydrocarbon reservoirs. To clarify the intensity of the tectonic stress field of different tectonic episodes since the Mesozoic and to identify the regional dynamic background of different tectonic movements in the Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas, the characteristics of the acoustic emission in rocks in different strata of these areas were researched in this paper. Meanwhile, the tectonic stress magnitude in these areas since the Mesozoic was restored. The laws state that the tectonic stress varied with depth was revealed, followed by the discussion of the influence of structural stress intensity on structural patterns in different tectonic episodes. These were conducted based on the paleostress measurement by acoustic emission method and the inversion principle of the stress fields in ancient periods and the present, as well as previous research achievements. The results of this paper demonstrate that the third episode of Yanshanian Movement (Yanshanian III) had the maximum activity intensity and tremendously influenced the structural pattern in the study area. The maximum horizontal principal stress of Yanshanian III varied with depth as follows: 0.0168 x + 37.001 (MPa), R2 = 0.8891. The regional structural fractures were mainly formed in Yanshanian III in Xujiahe Formation, west Sichuan Basin, of which the maximum paleoprincipal stress ranging from 85.1 MPa to 120.1 MPa. In addition, the law stating the present maximum horizontal principal stress varies with depth was determined to be 0.0159 x+10.221 (MPa), R2=0.7868 in Wuling Mountain area. Meanwhile, it was determined to be 0.0221 x+9.4733 (MPa), R2=0.9121 in the western part of Xuefeng Mountain area and 0.0174 x+10.247 (MPa), R2=0.8064 in the whole study area. These research results will not only provide data for the simulation of stress field, the evaluation of deformation degree, and the prediction of structural fractures, but also offer absolute geological scientific bases for the elevation of favorable shale gas preservation.

Based on previous research, this paper selected four seismic stations to analyze seismic capability. Through statistics of the coseismic effect of 60 earthquakes with MS≥7 occurred in the world from 2015 to 2018 and the record of impending anomalies before large earthquakes. The results show that the body strain is good for the coseismic records of MS≥7 earthquakes with epicenter distance of 8000 km. About 22% of the anomalies were recorded before the earthquake. At the same time, the abnormal phenomena are described and classified. This paper makes a statistical analysis of various types. In this paper, the statistical analysis of various types is carried out and the mechanical properties are preliminarily discussed.

Near-fault ground motion can cause serious earthquake disaster in the near-field area，especially when there is sedimentary topography in the area. At present，there are no reports on the ground motion response of sedimentary basins under the action of thrust faults which release more energy and have more destructive force. In this paper，spectral element method is used to establish the overall physical model of the dynamic source containing the reverse fault and the three-dimensional sedimentary basin. The dynamic response of the three-dimensional sedimentary basin under the dynamic reverse fault seismic action is studied. Taking an ellipsoid sedimentary basin as an example，this paper analyzes the characteristics of the ground motion response of its reverse faults，and discusses the time-history and peak variation of the ground motion at the observation points in the sedimentary basin under different wave velocity ratios and thickness of the sedimentary medium. The results show that：① The wave velocity ratio of medium inside and outside the sedimentary basin has a significant influence on ground motion in the sedimentary basin. When the wave velocity ratio of medium inside the sedimentary basin decreases，the peak response on the surface inside the basin increases，and the duration of ground motion significantly extends. In particular，the peak acceleration in the center of the basin magnifies by 2.08 times，and the duration extends by 1.97 times; ② The thickness of a sedimentary basin also has an impact on its ground motion response. When the sedimentary thickness increases，the ground motion response at the center of the basin decreases by 0.64 times，while the ground motion response at the edge of the basin increases significantly，by about 1.35 times.

This paper briefly introduces the history of Zhangdaokou seismological station and analyzes the present situation. The paper also suggests that the station needs to be replanned and renovated. The specific development objectives，rationale and implementation plan will be demonstrated. A comprehensive station with national competitiveness can be achieved by restoring hydration observations and establishing a hydrochemistry laboratory. It is of great significance to provide ideas for the construction of hydrochemistry laboratories in China.

Daily variation ratio of geomagnetic vertical component （Z） is important in the study of earthquake precursor analysis. The ariation magnetic field makes an induced magnetic field because of the earth conductivity, and the induced magnetic field includes information from outer magnetic field and underground electrical conductivity, so the geomagnetic field Z component reflects more changes of underground activity than other components. The paper processes the geomagnetic vertical component data of partial geomagnetism of south China stations located in the study area by using the ratio of daily variation amplitude method. The results show here existed high value anomaly of load on December 22, 2014, and the earthquake occurred 99 days after the anomaly date. The double low point is the phase and amplitude change of the geomagnetic Z component, from the normal V-shape to the W-type. To change the normal diurnal pattern, 57 days before the earthquake, most regions such as Guizhou, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan a double low anomalies. Near the epicenter is located in the low anomaly dividing line, the emergence of geomagnetic low-value displacement associated with earthquake gestation and occurrence. This paper combines daily ratio and double low point to predict earthquake, which can improve its credibility.

Based on the classical model of natural disaster risk assessment and Ningbo’s reality, this paper explores the establishment of an index system for earthquake disaster risk assessment. Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process are used to study and determine the index weight. Through the risk index, the risk level and weak links of earthquake disaster losses in different regions are relatively quantitative reflected. This paper provides reference for the formulation of countermeasures for urban earthquake prevention, disaster reduction and emergency management.

The popularization of seismic science is closely related to the media environment. In recent years, under the environment of media convergence characterized by the depth of network embedding, there has been a new trend in seismic science popularization. Based on personal practical work, this paper summarizes the current work of seismic science popularization under the environment of media convergence, and analyses objectively the strengths and shortages, opportunities and challenges about the seismic science popularization at present. Furthermore, on the basis of conforming to the development trend of the times, this paper thinks deeply about seismic science popularization under the environment of financial media, and provides new methods for the staffs engaged in seismic science popularization works.

ABSTRACT: As the important component of the eastern Tethys tectonic region, the Jinsha River-Ailao Mountain suture zone is often considered to be an ophiolitic mélange belt. However, the P-T-t path and chronological framework of the metamorphic evolution in the collisional orogenetic process of this zone are still poorly understood owing to the lack of metamorphism research of symbolic high-pressure rocks. During a regional geological survey on a scale of 1 : 50000 in Gonjo County, Tibet Autonomous Region involved in this paper, (retrograde) eclogites lenses of different scales were found in Jinsha River suture zone, eastern Tibet for the first time. The (retrograde) eclogites can be divided into garnet-albite-chlorite-actinolite schists and eclogites according to retrograde degrees. The mainly mineral components of eclogites include garnet (45%–50%), clinopyroxene (about 25%), and hornblende (5%–10%) primarily, and biotite, quartz, rutile, and muscovite secondarily. According to the data of electron probe micro analysis (EPMA), clinopyroxenes feature high content of Na2O (5.6%–6%) and corresponding jadeite (Jd) molecules of 37%–44%, and they fall within the omphacite region in Quad-Jd-Ae diagram. The temperature and pressure of the metamorphism at peak are P≈2.2–2.34 GPa and T≈622–688 °C respectively as measured with geobarometry Grt-Omp-Phe and geothermometer Grt-Omp. This will provide a new reference for the understanding of Paleo-Tethyan evolution. In this paper, two samples of eclogites were chosen for LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and their 206Pb/238U ages obtained are 240 ± 3 Ma and 244 ± 1 Ma respectively. Furthermore, the zircons feature extremely low Th/U ratio (

With the changes in theory of the earthquake emergency discipline, the renewal of business operation mode and the transformation of information technology, this paper puts forward the principle of “comprehensive response, coordinated linkage, centralized release, integrated earthquake integration, and integrated design” based on actual demand. The core goal is to serve the earthquake relief headquarters, earthquake emergency service. This paper analyzes the role of key points such as video coordination, information linkage and application modeling, and builds a comprehensive dispatch platform with rapid post-earthquake response, coherent and information sharing.

In this paper, the actual earthquake cases of Shanxi seismic network from September 2021 to March 2023 are selected. Based on the official cataloging results of China Earthquake Network, the earthquake onset time, epicenter location and magnitude deviation of the cataloging results of early warning stations are compared with the official cataloging results, and the deviation range of basic earthquake parameters is sorted out to discuss the earthquake positioning accuracy of the early warning stations. In general, the data results of earthquake basic parameters located by the early warning stations are reliable and the deviation is small.

In this paper, the regional full waveform inversion using the broadband waveforms recorded by China Seismic Network were conducted, and the focal mechanism solutions of the 62 earthquakes with M≥4.0 occurred in the mainland of China during November 2023 to February 2024 were obtained. The types of these focal mechanism solutions show 45 reverse faulting, 13 strike-slip faulting, 3 normal faulting and 1 odd earthquakes.

Obtaining disaster response feedback from the epicenter and surrounding areas in the shortest possible time is an important part of post-earthquake emergency work and the most important aspect of emergency decision-making. Work practice has shown that, compared to passively waiting for personnel to report, actively calling the affected areas is more conducive to quickly obtaining disaster information, thereby improving the efficiency of post-earthquake emergency response. Based on the advantage that government duty telephones have dedicated personnel on duty, this paper collects the data of government duty telephones and police station duty telephones in towns and streets of 13 cities in Jiangsu Province. Combined with the characteristics of light weight and easy operation of WeChat mini program, we designed and implemented a Jiangsu earthquake emergency contact directory. This program realizes real-time interactive inquiry of address book information, completes the function of quickly, accurately, and conveniently dialing calls, and also ensures the connection rate of the phone to a certain extent. At the same time, through the daily maintenance of the database, the instant availability of data is guaranteed. Compared with the traditional manual query method, it is more intuitive and efficient, and effectively reduces the time cost and process error in the post-earthquake emergency response process.

Haining Xiashi seismic station is located in the civil air defense cave in Xishan Park, Xiashi Street, Haining City, Zhejiang Province. During the construction of the station, the first problem is the poor quality of rock mass. When the tunnel is excavated to a depth of more than 2 m below the ground, the rock is still porous and broken; The second is the problem of high chamber humidity (>95% Rh). Finally, in the case that it is impossible to use rock pier to build the platform, the large area concrete instrument pier is poured and the cavern environment is transformed to reduce the humidity of the cavern, achieve thermal insulation and constant humidity, and improve the observation environment. So far, the station has been in operation for more than ten years. From the current situation, the observation data of the station is stable and continuous, and the solid tide is clear, which has achieved the expected effect of the station transformation. This paper summarizes the experience gained in the reconstruction process of Haining Xiashi Seismic Station, and provides reference for the construction of topographic deformation observation stations in some civil air defense and civil caves without rock piers.

The 780 BC earthquake in Qishan was the first earthquake clear chronology in Chinese history, and the society paid high attention to it. Ancient thinkers did not stop at the superficial phenomenon of earthquake damage, but took the first primitive step in exploring the laws of earthquakes. Bo Yangfu proposed the concept of Yin and Yang, which was the first time that the objective world was understood in terms of the mutual struggle between two contradictory parties. Yanzi paid attention to the relationship between the stars and the earthquakes, and Chuang Tzu pointed out the characteristics of seismic recurrence. This paper presents the modern scientific understanding and development of earthquake examples in these three respects, and finally, the basic concept of commensurability method is introduced briefly.