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Altres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UAB An up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor targeting sulfate reduction was operated under a constant TOC/S-SO 4 2− ratio of 1.5 ± 0.3 g C/g S for 639 days using crude glycerol as carbon source. A filamentous and fluffy flocculant material, namely slime-like substances (SLS), was gradually accumulated in the bioreactor after the cease of methanogenic activity. The accumulation of SLS was followed by a decrease in the removal efficiencies and a deterioration in the performance. Selected characteristics of SLS were investigated to explore the causes of its formation and the effect of SLS on the UASB performance. Results showed that glycerol fermentation and sulfate reduction processes taking place in the reactor were mainly accomplished in the bottom part of the UASB reactor, as the sludge concentration in the bottom was higher. The accumulation of SLS in the UASB reactor caused sludge flotation that further led to biomass washout, which decreased the sulfate and glycerol removal efficiencies. Batch activity tests performed with granular sludge (GS), slime-covered granular sludge (SCGS) and SLS showed that there was no difference between GS and SLS in the mechanism of glycerol fermentation and sulfate reduction. However, the specific sulfate reduction rate of GS was higher than that of SLS, while SLS showed a higher glycerol fermentation rate than that of GS. The different rates in GS and SLS were attributed to the higher relative abundances of fermentative microorganisms found in SLS and higher relative abundances of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) found in GS.

Despite the importance of marine megafauna on ecosystem functioning, their contribution to the oceanic carbon cycle is still poorly known. Here, we explored the role of baleen whales in the biological carbon pump across the southern hemisphere based on the historical and forecasted abundance of five baleen whale species. We modelled whale-mediated carbon sequestration through the sinking of their carcasses after natural death. We provide the first temporal dynamics of this carbon pump from 1890 to 2100, considering both the effects of exploitation and climate change on whale populations. We reveal that at their pre-exploitation abundance, the five species of southern whales could sequester 4.0 × 10 5 tonnes of carbon per year (tC yr −1 ). This estimate dropped to 0.6 × 10 5 tC yr −1 by 1972 following commercial whaling. However, with the projected restoration of whale populations under a RCP8.5 climate scenario, the sequestration would reach 1.7 × 10 5 tC yr −1 by 2100, while without climate change, recovered whale populations could sequester nearly twice as much (3.2 × 10 5 tC yr −1 ) by 2100. This highlights the persistence of whaling damages on whale populations and associated services as well as the predicted harmful impacts of climate change on whale ecosystem services.

The neural bases of itchy eye transmission remain unclear compared with those involved in body itch. Here, we show in rodents that the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) of the trigeminal sensory system is involved in the transmission of itchy eyes. Interestingly, we further demonstrate a difference in scratching behaviour between the left and right hindfeet in rodents; histamine instillation into the conjunctival sac of both eyes revealed right-foot biased laterality in the scratching movements. Unilateral histamine instillation specifically induced neural activation in the ipsilateral sensory pathway, with no significant difference between the activations following left- and right-eye instillations. Thus, the behavioural laterality is presumably due to right-foot preference in rodents. Genetically modified rats with specific depletion of Grpr- expressing neurons in the trigeminal sensory nucleus caudalis of the medulla oblongata exhibited fewer and shorter histamine-induced scratching movements than controls and eliminated the footedness. These results taken together indicate that the Grpr -expressing neurons are required for the transmission of itch sensation from the eyes, but that foot preference is generated centrally. These findings could open up a new field of research on the mechanisms of the laterality in vertebrates and also offer new potential therapeutic approaches to refractory pruritic eye disorders.

Colour patterns in fish are often used as an important medium for communication. Anemonefish, characterized by specific patterns of white bars, inhabit host anemones and defend the area around an anemone as their territory. The host anemone is used not only by the anemonefish, but also by other fish species that use anemones as temporary shelters. Anemonefish may be able to identify potential competitors by their colour patterns. We first examined the colour patterns of fish using host anemones inhabited by Amphiprion ocellaris as shelter and compared them with the patterns of fish using surrounding scleractinian corals. There were no fish with bars sheltering in host anemones, although many fish with bars were found in surrounding corals. Next, two fish models, one with white bars and the other with white stripes on a black background, were presented to an A. ocellaris colony. The duration of aggressive behaviour towards the bar model was significantly longer than that towards the stripe model. We conclude that differences in aggressive behaviour by the anemonefish possibly select the colour patterns of cohabiting fish. This study indicates that colour patterns may influence not only intraspecific interactions but also interspecific interactions in coral reef ecosystems.

In the recent past, fish farming has gained great prominence in Kenya as the country straggles to meet food security. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) farming has attracted the most demand, with the use of manure to enhance primary productivity in fish ponds being encouraged as a form of increasing productivity and returns on investment. The objective of this study was to understand the role of Nile tilapia farming in greenhouse emissions (GHGEs) in the region. Generally, there is paucity of such information originating from sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we report the levels of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Nile tilapia fish ponds fertilized with organic and inorganic fertilizers. We also try to establish if there exists any relationship between GHGEs and physicochemical parameters (PCPs). The methane fluxes ranged from 0.001 to 0.043°mg·m−2h−1 in UF ponds, 0.005 to 0.068°mg·m−2h−1 in IF ponds, and 0.001 to 0.375°mg·m−2h−1 in OF ponds. The findings show that the fluxes were significantly different ( P < 0.05 ). Mean fluxes of CO2 did not show significant difference among the treatments ( P > 0.05 ), ranging from −0.180 to 1.40°mg·m−2h−1 in UF ponds, −0.020 to 1.101°mg·m−2h−1 in IF ponds, and −0.049 to 1.746°mg m−2h−1 in OF ponds. N2O mean fluxes were not significantly different ( P > 0.05 ), ranging from −0.628 to 0.326°µgm−2h−1 in UF ponds, −0.049 to 0.187°µgm−2h−1 in IF ponds, and −0.022 to 1.384°µgm−2h−1 in OF ponds. UF had a mean flux of −0.003 ± 0.175°µgm−2h−1, IF had a mean flux of 0.032 ± 0.056°µgm−2h−1 and OF had a mean flux of 0.093 ± 0.324°µgm−2h−1. There was significant difference in the carbon to nitrogen (CN) ratio among the fertilization treatments ( P < 0.05 ), whereas temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity showed no significant difference among the fertilization treatments ( P > 0.05 ). The study observed that fertilization of Nile tilapia ponds significantly increases the release of CH4 emission and the CN ratio. Temperature, conductivity, and CN positively correlated with CH4, CO2, and N2O emissions. Dissolved oxygen showed a negative correlation with CH4 and CO2 emissions while negatively correlated with N2O emissions. The study identified the use of OF as a potential form of fish farming that promotes the emission of GHGEs and calls for adoption of sustainable technologies for the management of organic and inorganic fertilizers before their use in pond fertilization.

Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriön toteuttama kaksivuotisen esiopetuksen kokeilu käynnistyi elokuussa 2021. Tämä raportti on osa kokeilun seurantaa ja arviointia. Sen tulokset perustuvat kahteen keväällä 2022 toteutettuun kyselytutkimukseen: kuntakyselyyn ja opettajakyselyyn. Kyselyissä tarkasteltiin valtakunnallisten kaksivuotisen esiopetuksen kokeilun opetussuunnitelman perusteiden toimeenpanoa sekä kuntien paikallisten kokeiluopetussuunnitelmien laadintaa ja toimeenpanoa toimintakaudella 2021–2022. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin, miten varhaiskasvatusjohtajat ja opettajat arvioivat kyseisten kokeiluasiakirjojen toimivuutta ja tarkoituksenmukaisuutta sekä kuinka työnantaja oli tukenut henkilökunnan perehtymistä kokeiluasiakirjoihin. Kuntakyselyyn vastasi 120 kuntien varhaiskasvatuksesta vastaavaa viranhaltijaa ja opettajakyselyyn 872 viisivuotiaiden esiopetus- ja varhaiskasvatusryhmien vastaavaa varhaiskasvatuksen opettajaa. Enemmistö varhaiskasvatusjohtajista ja opettajista koki, että kaksivuotisen esiopetuksen kokeilun käynnistämiseen oli ollut liian vähän aikaa. Tämä heijastui paikallisen kokeiluopetussuunnitelman käyttöönottoon. Enemmistö kokeiluryhmien opettajista arvioi kokeiluopetussuunnitelman käyttöönoton sujuneen ryhmässään vain kohtalaisesti tai huonosti. Huonosti sujunutta käyttöönottoa perusteltiin kokemuksella kiireestä, ajanpuutteesta sekä henkilökunnan vaihtuvuudesta ja joissakin tapauksissa puutteellisella muutosjohtamisella. Varhaiskasvatusjohtajat arvioivat, että kokeiluopetussuunnitelman perusteiden käyttöönottoa oli edistänyt viisivuotiaiden esiopetusryhmien yhteistyö kuusivuotiaiden esiopetuksen kanssa ja kokeiluun osallistuvien päiväkotien henkilöstön pedagoginen osaaminen. Sen sijaan useimmin kokeiluopetussuunnitelman perusteiden käyttöönottoa oli haastanut varhaiskasvatuksen opettajien saatavuus. Käynnistymisen ja käyttöönoton haasteista huolimatta sekä varhaiskasvatusjohtajat että opettajat arvioivat kansallisia kokeiluopetussuunnitelman perusteita varsin myönteisesti. Enemmistö opettajista arvioi perehtyneensä hyvin kokeilun perusteisiin sekä paikalliseen kokeilusuunnitelmaan. Yli puolessa kunnista kokeiluryhmissä työskentelevälle henkilökunnalle oli tarjottu koulutusta tai kohdennettu henkilökohtaista työaikaa asiakirjoihin perehtymiseen. Kuntien kokeiluopetussuunnitelmia oli laadittu kunnissa monilla eri tavoilla, joita ohjasivat kuntien erityispiirteet ja erilaiset toimintatavat. Toimipaikkamäärältään ja väkiluvultaan suurissa kunnissa laadinnassa korostuivat hallinnon ja erilaisten asiantuntijoiden rooli, kun taas pienissä kunnissa suunnitelmia laadittiin kunnan varhaiskasvatushenkilöstön yhteistyönä. Lähes puolessa kokeilukunnista oli kuultu lapsia kunnan kokeiluopetussuunnitelman laatimisen yhteydessä eri tavoin. The two-year pre-primary education trial conducted by the Ministry of Education and Culture started in August 2021. This report is part of the trial’s follow-up study. The results are based on two surveys conducted in the spring of 2022: a municipal survey and a teacher survey. The surveys provided data on the implementation of the national two-year pre-primary education pilot curriculum as well as the preparations and implementation of the municipalities’ local pilot curriculum in the operating period of 2021–2022. In addition, it supplied information and insights on how the officials responsible for the municipalities’ early childhood education and care (ECEC) and pre-primary education and the ECEC teachers themselves evaluated the functionality and appropriateness of the pilot curriculum in question, and how the staff was supported in familiarizing themselves with the national pilot curriculum and local curriculum. The municipal survey was completed by 120 officials responsible for ECEC in the municipalities, and the teacher survey was completed by 872 ECEC teachers-in-charge of the trial and control groups. Most of the municipalities’ ECEC officials and ECEC teachers felt that there had been too little time allotted for preparation before starting the two-year pre-primary education trial. This was reflected in the implementation of the local pilot curriculum. The majority of the teachers in the trial groups estimated that the implementation of the local pilot curriculum proceeded only moderately or poorly in their group. The poor implementation was explained by the experience of having to hurry, lack of time, staff turnover, and, in some cases, insufficient change management. The municipalities’ ECEC officials estimated that the implementation of the national pilot curriculum had been fostered by the cooperation of the five-year-old pre-primary education groups with the six-year-old pre-primary education groups and the pedagogical expertise of the staff of the ECEC centers participating in the trial. However, we found that the implementation of the national pilot curriculum was most often seriously hampered by the limited availability of ECEC teachers. Nevertheless, despite the challenges encountered during the implementation, both the municipalities’ ECEC officials and teachers evaluated the national pilot curriculum positively. The majority of ECEC teachers felt that they were well acquainted with the national pilot curriculum and the local pilot curriculum. In more than half of the municipalities, the staff working in the trial groups had been offered training or allocated personal working time to familiarize themselves with the pilot curricula. The local pilot curriculum was prepared differently across the various municipalities, guided by and in keeping with each municipality’s special characteristics and established operating methods. In the large municipalities, the role of the administration and various experts was emphasized in the preparation, while in the small municipalities, the curriculum was prepared in collaboration with the municipality’s ECEC staff. In nearly half of the trial municipalities, children were consulted in various ways in connection with the preparations of the local pilot curriculum.

The aim of the study is to investigate the interactions between the phenomena of awqāf and digital data through exploratory research that is conducted in this occasion on an unaddressed topic. The study sheds light on the structural phenomena that digital transformation imposes on life in all its aspects beyond the prevailing approach that deals with technique in terms of advantages and disadvantages. The study is inspired by the modeling of natural systems, an analytical framework to provide a basis for the interaction between awqāf and digital data in terms of the balance between efficiency and resilience, in addition to a prospective model based on the distinction between open and closed systems: reliance on knowledge generates open systems through a multitude of bifurcations, while reliance on technique alone creates closed systems that lead to self-destruction. Despite the huge media hype in social networks, digital data should not replace interactions in the natural ecosystems that awqāf have sustained over the centuries by fulfilling the rights of God and those of living creatures. Keywords: Awqāf, Data, Digital Transformation, Efficiency and Resilience, Open and Closed Systems

The corticosteroids have been used for preemptive management of surgical sequelae after mandibular third molar extraction. The aim of this article was to review the efficacy of methylprednisolone versus dexamethasone in the management of postsurgical pain, swelling, and trismus after mandibular third molar surgery. Randomized, double-blinded studies from PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, DOSS, Cochrane central, and Web of Science were identified by using a search strategy. Randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of use of dexamethasone versus methylprednisolone for mandibular third molar extraction were only considered. The studies involving the use of any other corticosteroid agent were excluded. Outcomes assessed were postoperative pain, the number of rescue analgesics required, swelling, trismus, and adverse events. The search strategy yielded 1046 articles for title and abstract screening, out of which only seven studies were included in the systematic review after full text screening. There was considerable heterogeneity between the studies with regards to the method as well as the parameters assessed. Risk of bias was low in three studies and unclear in other four studies. On pooled analyses, there was no significant difference with respect to pain, rescue analgesics, and swelling in the test and the control group. Forest plot analysis showed that dexamethasone had lesser trismus in early postoperative period (postoperative day 2) as compared to methylprednisolone. None of the included studies reported any adverse effects. Both the corticosteroids have similar efficacy in reducing the postoperative pain and swelling; however, dexamethasone showed statistically significant difference from methylprednisolone in reducing trismus (estimated standardized mean difference of −0.69 mm; 95% CI: −1.01 to −0.38; p < 0.0001 ) in the early postoperative period. However, due to statistical heterogeneity, quality of the evidence for the review was low to moderate. Hence, more studies with larger study sample and low risk of bias are needed to confirm these results.

يهدف هذا البحث إلى التعرف على مدى أهمية المعايير المحاسبية للوقف، وتطورها، وميزات معيار محاسبة الوقف للأيوفي وأوجه تطويره؛ ولتحقيق هذا الهدف اعتمد الباحث على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي. وقد أظهر البحث سبق معيار محاسبة الوقف للأيوفي كأول معيار مستقل لمحاسبة الوقف الإسلامي، وتميزه بمراعاته للمبادئ والأحكام الشرعية الخاصَّة بالوقف، ومن أهمها مبدأ تأبيد الوقف، وعنايته بتقييم أداء المؤسسة الوقفية ومدى وفائها بشروط الواقف، وتعزيز مستوى العرض والإفصاح، واهتمامه بالإفصاح عن مخاطر استدامة حقوق الوقف. وقد أوصت الدراسة بالعمل على تطوير معيار محاسبة الوقف للأيوفي من خلال: إصدار إطارٍ مفاهيميٍ مستقلٍ خاصٍ بالمؤسَّسات الوقفية، وعمل دليلٍ استرشاديٍ للمعيار لتسهيل تطبيقه، وتحديد نطاق تطبيق المعيار بين الأوقاف الصغيرة والكبيرة، وإصدار قوائم مالية استرشادية مع نماذج لحالات تطبيقية وإرفاقها بالمعيار، وإلزام المؤسَّسات الوقفية بالإفصاح عن مكافآت (أجرة) أعضاء مجلس النظارة وكبار التنفيذيين ضمن الإيضاحات المالية. وإلزامها بالإفصاح عن أي تعديلات على صك الوقفية ضمن الإفصاحات العامة في قائمة المركز المالي. والاستفادة من الجوانب التي غطاها معيار محاسبة المنشآت غير الهادفة للربح ل (السوكبا) كتلك المتعلقة بتفصيل معالجة التبرعات. مع الاهتمام بالتواصل المستمر مع ذوي الاختصاص من التنفيذيين والأكاديميين لاستقبال ملاحظاتهم حول تطبيق المعيار ومقترحات تطويره. الكلمات المفتاحية: المعايير المحاسبية، الوقف، محاسبة الوقف، معيار محاسبة الوقف الأيوفي، معيار المحاسبة المالية (37) التقرير المالي للمؤسَّسات الوقفية، معايير محاسبة المنشآت غير الهادفة للربح، الأيوفي، السوكبا.

يحتاج تحديد وجه العلاقة بين الوقف والاستدامة إلى كثير من البحث والنقاش، فالوقف- كسّنة نبوية- لابدّ أنْ يتمتَّع بصفات ومزايا ينفرد بها. ويسعى البحث إلى بيان تميُّز الوقف على الاستدامة من خلال مناقشة العلاقة بينهما، وهذا ما يمثل مشكلة البحث. أما أهمية البحث فتنبع من خلال الدور الذي باتت تتمتع به الاستدامة في عصرنا الحالي، فالمؤسَّسات الدولية تطالب بها وتضع المعايير والأهداف لتحقيقها، والدول تضع الرؤى والخطط الإستراتيجية للنهوض بها، وبالتزامن مع ذلك فإنَ الوقف الإسلامي منذ عقودٍ قليلة بات يشهد صحوة تؤهله لممارسة دوره الفاعل في المجتمع، فكلٌّ من الوقف والاستدامة يمارسان دورًا إيجابيًّا يحرص على ديمومة المجتمع والنهوض به. وقد توصّل البحث إلى أنَّه على الرُّغم من عدم تناول تسمية الاستدامة من قبل فقهاء المسلمين، إلّا أن حقيقة الفعل كانت حاضرة في الوقف وفي أركانه وفي مقاصده، مما أهّله أن يمارس دوره الاقتصادي والاجتماعي ويؤدى وظيفته. كما تبين أن الوقف يسهم من خلال حقيقته في توفير الاستدامة البيئية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية. الكلمات المفتاحية: الوقف، الاستدامة، التنمية المستدامة، معايير الاستدامة.

Sand flies are the exclusive vectors of leishmaniasis. This group of parasitic diseases is a serious public health problem in Morocco. The aim of this study was to investigate the sand fly fauna, mainly the species composition, biodiversity, and seasonal activity of sand flies in El Hajeb in central Morocco. A total of six stations (Aït Naaman, Aït Rbaa, Aït Brahim, Ain Taoujdate, Sidi Mbarek, and Aït Oufella) were studied, five of which had recently recorded cases of leishmaniasis. Sand fly bimonthly captures were carried out using a sticky paper trap in different biotopes from March to December 2019. A total of 14590 adult sand flies were collected. The activity of the sand fly started in April and declined in November. The periods of high abundance were July, September, and November. Morphological identification of sand flies shows the presence of twelve species: Phlebotomus papatasi, P. longicuspis, P. perniciosus, P. sergenti, P. bergeroti, P. alexandri, P. dreyfussi, P. ariasi, Sergentomyia fallax, S. minuta, S. schwetzi, and S. antennata. The analysis showed that species belonging to the genus Phlebotomus were the most dominant (93.3%) and the risk periods were spread during the summer and autumn seasons. The present study provides for the first time information on the species of sand flies in El Hajeb. It, therefore, provides decision makers with an important tool to conduct vector control actions during peak periods in order to limit the transmission of leishmaniasis. A preprint was made available by the research square in the following link: “https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1409330/v1/dfef7013-0327-4a54-897f-214924a2d950.pdf?c=1646838874.”

Ocimum tenuiflorum L. is found throughout semitropical and tropical parts of Southeast Asia. In Nepal, O. tenuiflorum L. is popular with two variants: Krishna Tulsi consisting of purple-colored leaves and Sri Tulsi consisting of green-colored leaves. O. tenuiflorum L. is considered the queen of herbs and is a traditionally and clinically proven medicinal herb for its application and efficacy. However, no commercial pharmaceutical preparations of O. tenuiflorum L. are available using effervescent vehicles. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the antioxidant activity of leaves from the two varieties of O. tenuiflorum L. and formulate and evaluate the quality parameters of effervescent granules of the potent extract. The antioxidant activity of O. tenuiflorum L. ethanolic extracts was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay at 1, 10, and 100 µg/mL concentrations, where ascorbic acid was used as the positive control. The antioxidant activity of purple-leafed O. tenuiflorum L. was found to be higher than that of green-leafed O. tenuiflorum L. Therefore, effervescent granules of the ethanolic extract of purple-leafed O. tenuiflorum L. were formulated using the pharmaceutical excipients tartaric acid, citric acid, and sodium bicarbonate and the quality parameters of the granules were evaluated. The formulated granules met the quality parameters assessed from the angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s Index, Hausner’s ratio, effervescent cessation time, and stability studies. Thus, the formulated effervescent granules of O. tenuiflorum L. can be used for therapeutic purposes or as a functional food.

Background. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality during Hajj. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of classical cardiovascular disease risk factors on mortality and hospitalization among Hajj pilgrims from East Java, Indonesia, during 2017, 2018, and 2019. Methods. This study was a retrospective cohort of Hajj pilgrims from East Java, Indonesia, from 2017 to 2019. The data on risk factors were obtained from the pre-embarkation Hajj screening records. The diagnosis of hospitalization and cause of death during the Hajj period were obtained from the medical report and hospital/flight doctor death certificate. Results. A total of 72078 eligible subjects were included in this study. 33807 (46.9%) were men, and 38271 (53.1%) were women, and the majority (35%) were aged between 50 and 59 years. A total of 42446 pilgrims (58.9%) were classified as high risk due to underlying health conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, or if they were aged 60 years or older. The overall hospitalization rate is 971 per 100,000 pilgrims and the overall death rate is 240 deaths per 100,000 pilgrims. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed that male gender, age > 50 years, hypertension grade II-III, diabetes, overweight, and obesity were associated with a higher risk of hospitalization. Moreover, male gender, diabetes, and overweight were associated with a higher risk of mortality. Of all hospitalized patients, 92 patients (13.1%) had an initial diagnosis of CVD, and CVD is the main cause of mortality (38.2%) of pilgrims. Conclusion. Pilgrims with classical cardiovascular risk factors were associated with increased hospitalization and mortality.

El vermifiltro con la especie Eisenia Foetida para tratar aguas residuales de uso doméstico tuvo un caudal de 217 L/d, una Carga Hidráulica (CH) de 150 ml/m2.min y Tiempo de Retención Hidráulico (TRH) de 5.7 días. Se analizaron muestras de agua residual sin tratamiento y con tratamiento, en tres fechas, cada 7 días y se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: Sólidos Suspendidos Totales (SST) de 1708 mg/L a 32 mg/L en la primera fecha, 321 mg/L a 34 mg/L en la segunda y 154 mg/L a 2.5 mg/L en la tercera fecha. Nitrógeno Total (NT) de 13.05 mg/L a 0.32 mg/L, de 3.04 mg/L a 0.19 mg/L y 2.75 mg/L a 0.09 mg/L. Fósforo Total (PT) de 1 mg/L a 0.568 mg/L, de 1 mg/L a 0.23 mg/L y 0.302 mg/L a 0.092 mg/L. Aceites y Grasas (AyG) de 72.5 mg/L a 2 mg/L, de 4.3 mg/L a 2 mg/L y 19.8 mg/L a 2 mg/L. Demanda Química de Oxígeno (DQO) de 3210 mg/L a 201 mg/L, de 1110 mg/L a 101 mg/L y 434 mg/L a 84 mg/L. Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno (DBO) de 1690 mg/L a 112 mg/L, de 572 mg/L a 48 mg/L y 230 mg/L a 40 mg/L respectivamente. Coliformes Totales (CT) de 7.0E+07 NMP/100mL a 2.6E+06 NMP/100mL, 1.1E+08 NMP/100 mL a 5.4E+05 NMP/100 mL y 4.7E+07 NMP/100 mL a 3.5E+04 NMP/100 mL. Se concluye que el vermifiltro con la especie Eisenia Foetida es eficiente para tratar aguas residuales de uso doméstico

In this work, the capacity of the Fenton oxidation process for the degradation of color and organic matter contained in the wastewater generated in the leather dyeing stage (WWDS) of an industrial tannery was evaluated. The wastewater characteristics included, among others, high toxicity (lethal concentration for Artemia salina, 24 h test, 50% of population = 93.71 ppm), high dye concentration (36 mg/L, yellow color), high chromium concentration (3.34 mg/L), and low biodegradability index (BOD5/COD ratio = 0.083). From an experimental design, the response surface methodology, and the multiobjective optimization analysis, the following optimal operating conditions were established: initial pH = 3.15, [Fe2+] = 0.981 mM, and [H2O2] = 5.38 mM. After 10 min of oxidation (determined from kinetic studies), it reached approximately 97% decolorization, COD reduction of approximately 82%, and TOC mineralization of approximately 92%. A synergistic effect of Fenton’s reagents for TOC removal (STOC = 0.8) and decolorization (SCN = 0.28) of the WWDS under study was confirmed experimentally. An increase in the biodegradability index, to a value of approximately 0.3, was confirmed. The cost of the treatment was estimated at 0.0112 USD/m3. Thus, the Fenton oxidation process allowed compliance with current Colombian environmental regulations and considerably improved the biodegradability and toxicity characteristics of the studied industrial effluent. It can be considered as an efficient alternative, easy to carry out on an industrial batch scale, and economically viable for the treatment of wastewater from the leather dyeing stage of an industrial tannery.

Vykstantys neramumai, didėjanti migracija bei globalizacija padidino daugelio tautų kultūrinę įvairovę. Įvairių tautybių žmonės susiformavę skirtingą požiūrį į sveikatą, ligą, skirtingus sveikatos poreikius ar lūkesčius. Slaugytojai turi prisitaikyti prie kultūrinės įvairovės augimo, tobulinti tarpkultūrinės kompetencijos įgūdžius, gilinti kultūrines žinias ir įgūdžius, ugdyti kultūrinį jautrumą, kad galėtų parengti ir taikyti į pacientą orientuotą ir kultūriškai pritaikytą slaugos planą pacientams, nepaisant jų kultūrinių, etninių, religinių ar kitokių skirtumų. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti kultūrinę kompetenciją teikiant slaugos paslaugas pacientams. Metodai. Mokslinės literatūros paieška atlikta PubMed, Google Scholar duomenų bazėse. Pagal atrankos kriterijus buvo atrinktos 25 viso teksto publikacijos, atitinkan- čios tyrimo temą. Atlikta tiriamoji mokslinės literatūros apžvalga ir analizė. Rezultatai. Kultūrinės kompetencijos žinių srityje daž- niausiai naudojamos tokios sąvokos kaip kultūrinis są- moningumas, kultūros žinios, kultūrinis jautrumas, kultūriniai įgūdžiai, kurios yra svarbios teikiant slaugos paslaugas kitų kultūrų pacientams. Daugelio pacientų įsitikinimus, elgseną, susijusią su sveikata ir liga, nulemia jų kultūrinės vertybės. Pacientai, nepriklausomai nuo rasės, religijos, įsitikinimų, vertybių ar tikėjimo, turi gauti kokybiškas slaugos paslaugas. Slaugytojas privalo būti kultūriškai išprusęs, suvokti skirtingų kultūrinių pagrindų pacientų įsitikinimus apie sveikatą ir ligą, gebėti nustatyti slaugos poreikius, nes tai turi įtakos ne tik teikiamų sveikatos priežiūros paslaugų kokybei, bet ir paslaugų gavėjo – paciento sveikatai. Raktažodžiai: slaugytojų kultūrinė kompetencija, kultūrinis pagrindas, kultūrinis sąmoningumas, kultūros žinios, kultūrinis jautrumas, kultūriniai įgūdžiai. In recent years we have seen an increase in the cultural diversity in society due to reasons such as political conflicts, growing migration and globalisation, just to name a few. People of different nationalities have different attitudes towards health and illness, and different health needs or expectations. Nurses need to adapt to the increase in cultural diversity, develop intercultural competence skills, enhance cultural knowledge and skills, and develop cultural sensitivity in order to be able to develop and apply a patient-centered and culturally adapted care plan for patients regardless of their cultural, ethnic, religious or other differences. The aim of the study is to analyze cultural competence in nursing care. Methods. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO databases. According to the selection criteria, a total of 25 full-text publications relevant to the topic of the study were selected. An exploratory review and analysis of the scientific literature was conducted. Results. Cultural competence in the field of knowledge is commonly used concepts such as cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural sensitivity, and cultural skills, which are important for the provision of nursing care to patients from other cultures. Many patients‘ beliefs and behaviors related to health and illness are determined by their cultural values. Patients, regardless of race, religion, beliefs, values, or faith, must receive quality nursing care. Therefore, the nurse must be culturally educated, understand the health and illness beliefs of patients from different cultural backgrounds, and be able to identify nursing needs, as this not only affects the quality of care provided, but also the health of the recipient, the patient. Keywords: nurses‘ cultural competence, cultural background, cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural sensitivity, cultural skills.

Mokymosi sunkumų patiria vis daugiau vaikų. Norint sėkmingai mokytis, svarbu ne tik kokybiška informacija iš aplinkos, bet ir aukšti kognityviniai įgūdžiai. Lavinti nusilpusius įgūdžius buvo sukurta kognityvinių įgūdžių lavinimo metodika BrainRx. JAV atlikti moksliniai tyrimai parodė puikius šios metodikos rezultatus. Lietuvoje tokių tyrimų dar nebuvo atlikta. Šio tyrimo tikslas − įvertinti kognityvinių įgūdžių lavinimo metodikos BrainRx efektyvumą 6-15 metų vaikams Lietuvoje. Tiriamieji, atlikę Gibson testą, pasirinko kognityvinių įgūdžių lavinimo metodą UAB „Golita“ ir UAB „Talentų era“ BrainGym Lietuvos centruose. Vėliau pakartotinai atliko Gibson kognityvinių įgūdžių testą, po kurio buvo surinkti antriniai duomenys. Tiriamųjų duomenys buvo renkami ir apdorojami Excel programoje. Remiantis rezultatais, vidutiniškai bendras kognityvinių įgūdžių pokytis sudarė 11,83 proc., 6-10 metų tiriamųjų grupėje šis pokytis sudarė 11,15 proc., o 11-15 metų tiriamųjų grupėje − 14,27 procento. Sudėtinis IQ pakitimas 6-10 metų tiriamųjų grupėje buvo 10,17 proc., 11-15 metų grupėje 11,25 proc., kai bendras grupių pokytis buvo 8,5 procento. Išvada. BrainRx kognityvinių įgūdžių lavinimo metodikos taikymo vaikams bandomojo tyrimo rezultatai parodė teigiamų kognityvinių įgūdžių pokyčių, todėl ateityje galima daryti daugiau tyrimų, susijusių su BrainRx kognityvinių įgūdžių lavinimo metodika. Raktažodžiai: kognityviniai įgūdžiai, BrainRx metodika, vaikai, dėmesio koncentracija, mokymosi sunkumai. Learning difficulties are affecting more and more children everyday. In order to experience success in learning, it is important not only to receive quality information from the environment, but also to have high cognitive skills. BrainRx, a methodology for training cognitive skills, was created to develop weakenes cognitive skills. Research shows that this methodology has shown excellent results in studies in the United States. However, such studies have not yet been conducted in Lithuania. This scientific study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the BrainRx cognitive skills training methodology for 6-15 year old children in Lithuania. After completing the Gibson test, the subjects chose the cognitive skills training method at UAB "Golita" and UAB "Talentų era" BrainGym Lithuanian centers. Subsequently, the Gibson Cognitive Skills Test was re-administered, after which secondary data were collected. Subject data were collected and processed in Excel. According to the results, the average overall change in cognitive skills is 11,83 %, while in the group of 6-10-year-old subjects, the change is 11,15 %, and in the group of 11-15-year-old subjects, the change is 14,27 %. The composite IQ change in the group of 6-10-yearold subjects is 10,17 %, in the group of 11-15-year-old subjects it is 11,25%, when the total change of the groups is 8,5 %. In conclusion, it can be said that the results of the pilot study after the BrainRx cognitive skills training methodology showed more positive changes in children‘s cognitive skills, so in the future more research related to the BrainRx cognitive skills training methodology can be done. Keywords: cognitive skills, BrainRx methodology, children, attention span, learning difficulties.

Informacijos šaltiniai (internetas, radijas, televizija ir kiti) gali būti naudojami gyventojų mitybos raštingumo didinimui, tačiau jie bus efektyvūs tik tada, kai žurnaluose, straipsniuose, televizijos laidose ir kitose visuomenės informavimo priemonėse patikimi mitybos ekspertai pateiks moksliniais tyrimais pagrįstą informaciją. Norint, kad žmonės kritiškai įvertintų juos žiniasklaidos priemonėmis pasiekiančią informaciją bei ją teikiančius asmenis, svarbu išsiaiškinti, ar gyventojams svarbus informaciją apie mitybą teikiančio asmens išsilavinimas ir kokiais asmenimis žmonės pasitiki labiausiai. Pasitikėjimas įvairiais informacijos apie mitybą šaltiniais neretai priklauso nuo įvairių sociodemografinių veiksnių. Žinant, kuriais informaciją apie mitybą teikiančiais specialistais labiausiai pasitiki skirtingų sociodemografininių grupių asmenys, galima planuoti kryptingas mitybos raštingumo didinimo priemones (gyventojams svarbios informacijos apie mitybą teikimui turėtų būti pasitelkiami tie specialistai, kuriais sociodemografinės grupės asmenys pasitiki labiausiai). Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti Lietuvos gyventojų pasitikėjimą informaciją apie mitybą teikiančiais asmenimis bei veiksnius, susijusius su šių asmenų pasitikėjimu. Tyrimo metu apklausti 1007 18-75 metų amžiaus Lietuvos gyventojai. Paplitimo įverčiams apskaičiuoti 95 proc. pasikliautinieji intervalai (PI). Siekiant išsiaiškinti, kokie sociodemografiniai veiksniai turi reikšmingos įtakos Lietuvos gyventojų pasitikėjimui informaciją apie mitybą teikiančiais asmenimis, duomenų analizei buvo panaudoti Mann Whitney ir Kruskal Wallis testai. Nustatyta, kad 54,3 proc. Lietuvos gyventojų teigė, kad jiems svarbus arba labai svarbus mitybos klausimais kalbančio asmens išsilavinimas. Aukštąjį išsilavinimą turintiems žmonėms mitybos klausimais kalbančio žmogaus išsilavinimas buvo statistiškai reikšmingai labiau svarbus, nei kitą išsilavinimą įgijusiems žmonėms. Daugiau nei 70 proc. respondentų pasitikėjo informaciją apie mitybą teikiančiu šeimos gydytojų, gydytoju dietologu, kitos srities gydytoju, mitybos specialistu. Visuomenės sveikatos specialistu pasitikėjo 51 proc. Lietuvos gyventojų, Šeimos gydytojais ir kitos srities gydytojais buvo labiau linkę pasitikėti kaimo gyventojai, dietologais – moterys, 45 metų ir jaunesni, kaime gyvenantys, išsiskyrę ir vieniši respondentai, o visuomenės sveikatos specialistais – moterys bei 45 metų ir jaunesni apklaustieji. Raktažodžiai: mityba, pasitikėjimas informacija, informacija apie mitybą. Information sources (internet, radio, television and other) can be used to increase the nutritional literacy of the population, but they will be effective only if in magazines, articles, television shows and other mass media reliable nutrition experts present scientific research-based information. In order for people to critically assess the information that reaches them through the media and the people who provide it, it is important to find out whether the education of the person providing information about nutrition is important to the population and in who people trust the most. Confidence in various sources of information about nutrition often depends on various sociodemographic factors. By knowing which specialists who provide information about nutrition are most trusted by people of different sociodemographic groups, it is possible to plan targeted measures to increase nutrition literacy (those specialists whom people of the sociodemographic group trust the most should be used to provide information about nutrition that is important to that sociodemographic group). The aim of the study – to assess the trust in people that provides information about nutrition and its factors among Lithuanian population. 1007 respondents, Lithuanian residents aged 18-75, were surveyed. Prevalence estimates were calculated at 95% confidence intervals (CI). In order to find out which sociodemographic factors have a significant influence on the trust of the Lithuanian population in people who provides information about nutrition, Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests were used for data analysis. It was determined that 54,3 percent Lithuanian residents said that it is important or very important the education of a person speaking on nutrition issues. For people with higher education, the education of person who provides information about nutrition, was statistically significantly more important than for people with other education. More than 70 percent respondents trusted general practitioners, dietitian doctors, doctors from other fields, and specialist called specialist of nutrition providing information about nutrition. Public health specialists were trusted by 51 percent of Lithuanian residents, rural residents were more likely to trust general practitioners and doctors of other fields, dieticians were more likely to be trusted by women aged 45 and younger, rural, divorced and single respondents, public health specialists were more likely to be trusted by women and 45 years old and younger respondents. Keywords: nutrition, trust in information, information about nutrition.

Per pastaruosius tris dešimtmečius slaugytojo profesija labai pasikeitė. Sudėtingesnių gydymo metodų taikymas ir nuolat tobulėjančios technologijos reikalauja didesnės slaugytojų kompetencijos. Sveikatos apsaugos reformos kelia vis daugiau iššūkių, o slaugytojų kompetencijų plėtrą diktuoja augantys visuomenės lūkesčiai bei poreikiai. Lietuvos sveikatos apsaugos sistemai išgyvenant pokyčius, į sveikatos priežiūros specialistų gretas pradeda įsilieti išplėstinės praktikos slaugytojai. Šie specialistai pradėti ruošti Lietuvoje 2015 metais.Norėdamas atitikti keliamus sveikatos apsaugos reikalavimus ir pratęsti licencijos galiojimą, slaugytojas privalo tobulinti profesines kompetencijas, nepriklausomai nuo to, kokias studijas yra baigęs. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti išplėstinės praktikos slaugytojų lūkesčius profesinių kompetencijų tobulinimo kontekste. Tikslui pasiekti buvo atliktas kokybinis tyrimas – tikslinės grupės (angl. Focus group). Tyrime dalyvavo 6 išplėstinės praktikos slaugytojai: 3 pirminės sveikatos priežiūros ir 3 anestezijos ir intensyviosios terapijos. Tyrimo metu buvo užduoti 4 diskusiniai klausimai apie profesinių kompetencijų tobulinimą ir slaugytojų lūkesčius profesinių kompetencijų tobulinimo kontekste. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad daugiau nei pusė tyrime dalyvavusių išplėstinės praktikos slaugytojų, siekdami tobulinti ir gilinti profesines kompetencijas, dalyvauja įvairiose konferencijose, kurios yra skirtos gydytojams. Atskleista, kad 4 iš 6 informantų teigė, kad išplėstinės praktikos slaugytojai turi ne tik platesnes kompetencijas, bet ir didesnę atsakomybę, todėl ir kursai turėtų skirtis. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad dauguma informantų norėtų tobulinti lyderystės, vadybos ir psichologijos profesines kompetencijas, o atsižvelgiant į įgytą specializaciją, ir klinikinio darbo praplėstas kompetencijas. Išplėstinės praktikos slaugytojų lūkesčiai profesinių kompetencijų tobulinimo kontekste yra didesni, nei profesinių kompetencijų tobulinimo galimybės. Raktažodžiai: išplėstinės praktikos slaugytojai, profesinis tobulėjimas, kompetencija, lūkesčiai. The nursing profession has changed dramatically over the last three decades. More sophisticated treatments and constantly evolving technology require greater expertise from nurses. Reforms are increasingly challenging and the expansion of nurses’ competences is dictated by society’s rising expectations and needs. As the Lithuanian healthcare system undergoes change, advanced practice nurses are beginning to join the ranks of healthcare professionals. In order to meet the health care requirements and to renew the licence, nurses must improve their professional competences, regardless of the studies they have completed, so it was chosen to analyse the expectations of advanced practice nurses in the context of improving professional competences. The aim of the study was to analyse the expectations of advanced practice nurses in the context of professional competence development. To achieve this, a qualitative study was carried out in the form of focus groups. Six (6) advanced practice nurses participated in the study: three (3) in primary care and three (3) in anaesthesia and intensive care. Four discussion questions were asked during the study about professional competence development and nurses’ expectations in the context of professional competence development. The study found that more than half of the advanced practice nurses in the study participate in various conferences aimed at physicians in order to develop and enhance their professional competences. It was revealed that four out of six informants stated that advanced practice nurses have not only broader competences but also additional responsibilities, and that therefore the courses should be different. The study found that most informants would like to improve their professional competences in the areas of leadership, management and psychology, as well as in the context of their specialisation and the expanded competences of clinical work. In summary, the expectations of advanced practice nurses in the context of professional competence development are higher than the opportunities for professional competence development. Keywords: advanced practice nurses, professional development, competence, expectations.

laikinės akušerijos temų. Nuolat didėjant nėščiųjų mokymo vietoms ir galimybėms, ryškėja aktuali moterų sveikatos raštingumo problema. Moterys mokomos ir informuojamos apie pasiruošimą gimdymui, žindymui, naujagimio priežiūrai, tačiau mokymų, susijusių su moterų bendruoju sveikatos raštingumu, atsižvelgiant į jų fizinio aktyvumo, sveikos gyvensenos, mitybos ypatybes, Lietuvoje nėra. Moterų sveikatos raštingumas ir jo sąsajos su mityba Lietuvoje nėra aiškiai suprantamos moterims, o sveikatos priežiūros specialistai, pas kuriuos lankosi nėščiosios, dėl vizito laiko stokos negali jų išsamiai informuoti apie sveikatą ir sveiką gyvenseną nėštumo metu. Tikslas – išanalizuoti nėščiųjų sveikatos raštingumą ir jo sąsajas su mityba. Tyrimo medžiaga ir metodai. Atliktas kiekybinis tyrimas anoniminės anketinės apklausos būdu. Tyrimo imtį sudarė 500 moterų. Apklausai naudotas Europos sveikatos raštingumo tyrimo klausimynas (HLS-EU-Q47). Tyrimo duomenys analizuoti remiantis statistine duomenų analize. Tyrime naudojami statistiniai metodai: vidurkis, standartinis nuokrypis, Student t, One-way ANOVA, Repeated measures ANOVA, Chi-square testas, Pearson arba Spearman koreliacinė analizė. Rezultatai ir aptarimas. Tyrimas parodė, kad sveikatos raštingumo sritys – ligų prevencija, sveikatos stiprinimas, išskyrus sveikatos priežiūros bei informacijos apdorojimo indeksus (gauti, suprasti, įvertinti, pritaikyti), pateko į pakankamo (puikaus) sveikatos raštingumo kategoriją, apytiksliai 1,5 karto rečiau pateko į per daug svorio nėštumo metu priaugusių kategoriją (skirtumai statistiškai reikšmingi, p

Studentai dažnai jaučia nuovargį, kuris gali įvairuoti priklausomai nuo lyties, amžiaus, darbo veiklos, poilsio ypatumų ir kitų veiksnių. Lietuvos studentų nuovargio tyrimų, kuriuose būtų atsižvelgiama į įvairias nuovargio priežastis, trūksta. Tyrimo tikslas − įvertinti Vilniaus universiteto studentų nuovargį bei poilsio ypatumus, atsižvelgiant į juos galinčius lemti veiksnius. Anoniminės anketinės apklausos būdu 2022 metų vasario mėnesį apklaustas 341 Vilniaus universiteto studentas. Išskirtos didelio ir mažo nuovargio respondentų grupės. Įvertintas respondentų pasiskirstymas pagal nuovargį bei socialinius ir demografinius veiksnius, studijų proceso, profesinės veiklos ir poilsio ypatumus. Tyrimo rezultatai. Dauguma (87,5%) respondentų jautė didelį nuovargį. Didesnis bendro nuovargio paplitimas buvo stebimas tarp vyrų (76,5 %), 19-20 metų respondentų (69,2%), medicinos fakulteto studentų (64,2%) taip pat tarp tų, kurie gyveno pas giminaičius ar pas draugą(- ę) (72,1%) bei kurie gavo didesnes nei 500 eurų mėnesines pajamas (69,1%) (p

Sveikatos mokymas užima svarbią vietą šiandieninės sveikatos priežiūros sistemoje. Pagrindinis vaidmuo organizuojant sveikatos mokymą dažniausiai tenka slaugytojui. Slaugytojo sveikatos mokymo užduotis – padėti pacientui tapti nepriklausomu ir pasirūpinti savimi sveikimo metu. Pastaruoju metu priėmimo – skubiosios pagalbos skyrius tampa pirmąja pacientų kreipimosi vieta, jų skai- čius nuolat didėja, tad priėmimo – skubiosios pagalbos skyrius yra tinkama pacientų sveikatos mokymo vieta. Darbo tikslas – išnagrinėti pacientų sveikatos mokymą priėmimo – skubiosios pagalbos skyriuje, atsižvelgiant į naujausius mokslinės literatūros šaltinius. Mokslinės literatūros paieška buvo vykdoma tarptautinėje duomenų bazėje PubMed, naudotasi mokslinių publikacijų paieškos sistema Google Scholar. Pagal atrankos kriterijus rastos 7 viso teksto mokslinės publikacijos, paskelbtos nuo 2017 m. Duomenų apdorojimui taikytas aprašomosios kokybinės turinio analizės metodas. Analizuojant mokslines publikacijas išsiaiškinta, kad sveikatos mokymas yra svarbus ir būtinas priėmimo – skubiosios pagalbos skyriaus pacientams, tačiau dėl daugybės kliūčių jis šiame skyriuje nevyksta arba vyksta tik iš dalies. Atliktos literatūros apžvalga parodė pacientų sveikatos mokymų algoritmų naudojimo svarbą. Efektyviam pacientų mokymo užtikrinimui, priėmimo – skubiosios pagalbos skyriaus slaugytojai turi reguliariai atnaujinti profesines žinias ir įgūdžius. Raktažodžiai: pacientų mokymas, sveikatos mokymas, slaugytojai, priėmimo – skubiosios pagalbos skyrius. Health education occupies an important place in today’s health care system. The main role in organizing health education usually falls to the nurse. The nurse’s task in health education is to help the patient become independent and take care of himself during recovery. As the emergency department has recently become the first point of contact for patients and the number of patients continues to grow, the emergency department is an appropriate place to conduct patient health education. The aim of the work is to examine the health education of patients in the emergency department, taking into account the latest sources of scientific literature. The search for scientific literature was carried out in the international database PubMed, and the search system for scientific publications Google Scholar was also used. According to the selection criteria, 7 full-text scientific publications published since 2017 were found. The method of descriptive qualitative content analysis was used for data processing. An analysis of scientific publications revealed that health education is important and necessary for patients in the emergency department, but it does not take place in the emergency department, or it does not take place in part due to many barriers. A literature review revealed the importance of using algorithms in patient health education. It has been observed that for the effective provision of patient education, the nurses of the emergency department must have and regularly update their professional knowledge and skills. Keywords: patient education, health education, nurses, emergency department.

Demografinio senėjimo pokyčiai Europoje didina pagyvenusių ir vyresnio amžiaus žmonių slaugos paslaugų namuose poreikį. Lietuvoje atliktų tyrimų, kuriuose analizuojami pagyvenusių ir vyresnio amžiaus žmonių, gaunančių paslaugas namuose, slaugos poreikiai, yra labai mažai. Tyrimo tikslas − apžvelgti pagyvenusių ir vyresnio amžiaus žmonių, gaunančių paslaugas namuose, problemas, susijusias su slaugos poreikiais. Metodai. Pasirinktas tyrimo tipas – tiriamoji literatūros apžvalga. Mokslinių publikacijų ieškota PubMed duomenų bazėje. Pritaikius visus atrankos kriterijus, rasti 765 straipsniai. Literatūros analizei atrinkti 8 moksliniai straipsniai. Rezultatai: bendravimas – vienas iš svarbiausių pagyvenusių ir vyresnio amžiaus žmonių poreikių. Sergantiems lėtinėmis ligomis svarbu, kad personalas, teikiantis slaugos paslaugas namuose, nepažeistų jų privatumo, orumo ir savarankiškumo – tai lemia pacientų pasitenkinimą gaunamomis slaugos paslaugomis namuose. Šias paslaugas teikiantys slaugytojai turi skatinti pagyvenusių ir vyresnio amžiaus asmenų savarankiškumą bei profesionaliai atlikti paslaugas. Analizuojant mokslines publikacijas, pastebėtas didelis tokių tyrimų poreikis, siekiant tobulinti sveikatos priežiūros paslaugų teikimą namuose pagyvenusiems ir vyresnio amžiaus žmonėms. Raktažodžiai: pagyvenusio ir vyresnio amžiaus žmonės, paslaugos namuose, slaugos poreikiai. Demographic ageing in Europe is leading to an increase in the need for home care services for the elderly and older people. In Lithuania, there are very few studies analysing the care needs of elderly and older people receiving home care services. The aim of the study is to provide an overview of the problems related to the care needs of elderly and older people receiving services at home. Methods: the type of study chosen was an exploratory literature review. The scientific publications were searched in the PubMed database. After applying all selection criteria, 765 articles were found. 8 scientific articles were selected for literature analysis. Results: Communication is one of the most important needs of the elderly and older people. For chronically ill patients, it is important that home care staff do not violate their privacy, dignity and autonomy, which determines patients‘ satisfaction with their home care services. In addition, the caregivers providing these services should promote the independence of older and elderly people and provide a professional service. The analysis of scientific publications shows that there is a strong need for further research to improve the provision of home healthcare services for older people. Keywords: elderly and older people, home services, care needs. Keywords: elderly and older people, home services, care needs.

Ammonia, a common toxic gas, is not only one of the main causes of haze, but also can enter respiratory tract and directly affect the health of humans and animals. Pig was used as an animal model for exploring the molecular mechanism and dose effect of ammonia toxicity to lung. In this study, the apoptosis of type II alveolar epithelial cells was observed in high ammonia exposure group using transmission electron microscopy. Gene and protein expression analysis using transcriptome sequencing and western blot showed that low ammonia exposure induced T-cell-involved proinflammatory response, but high ammonia exposure repressed the expression of DNA repair-related genes and affected ion transport. Moreover, high ammonia exposure significantly increased 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level, meaning DNA oxidative damage occurred. In addition, both low and high ammonia exposure caused oxidative stress in pig lungs. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome revealed that the up-regulation of LDHB and ND2 took part in high ammonia exposure-affected pyruvate metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation progress, respectively. Inclusion, oxidative stress mediated ammonia-induced proinflammatory response and apoptosis of porcine lungs. These findings may provide new insights for understanding the ammonia toxicity to workers in livestock farms and chemical fertilizer plants.

Nepageidaujamų įvykių ir neatitikčių pranešimas ir registravimas yra sveikatos priežiūros saugos kultūros ir kokybės pagrindas. Tyrimo tikslas - remiantis naujausiomis mokslinėmis publikacijomis, apžvelgti priežastis, galinčias trukdyti pranešti ir registruoti nepageidaujamus įvykius ir neatitiktis sveikatos priežiūroje. Tyrimo metodas. Tyrimui atlikti buvo taikyta sisteminė mokslinės literatūros apžvalga, remiantis PRISMA metodu. Mokslinės literatūros paieška buvo vykdoma naudojant PubMed, Google Scholar duomenų bazes. Pagal pasirinktus įtraukimo kriterijus ir paieškos žodžius išanalizuotos 5 mokslinės publikacijos. Rezultatai. Išanalizuotoje literatūroje pateikiamos galimos kliūtys: emocinės ir psichologinės priežastys; žinių trūkumas, techninės kliūtys. Išvados. 1. Atlikus naujausių mokslinių publikacijų analizę, išsiaiškinta, kad sveikatos priežiūros specialistai, susidūrę su nepageidaujamais įvykiais ir neatitiktimis, gali delsti apie juos pranešti ar registruoti. Pagrindinės priežastys: emocinės, psichologinės kliūtys, kai patiriamos neigiamos emocijos, baiminamasi drausminių priemonių, žinių trūkumas, techninės kliūtys, kai trūksta informacijos apie nepageidaujamų įvykių ir neatitikčių registravimą. 2. Norint sumažinti psichologinę ir emocinę baimę pranešti ir registruoti nepageidaujamus įvykius ir neatitiktis, svarbu užtikrinti registruojančių asmenų anonimiškumą, suteikti pakankamai informacijos apie registraciją, užtikrinti atgalinį ryšį ir tinkamai apibrėžti su pacientų sauga susijusias sąvokas: nepageidaujamas įvykis, neatitiktis, žala, medicininė klaida. Raktažodžiai: nepageidaujamas įvykis, neatitiktis, pranešimas, registravimas, sveikatos priežiūra. The reporting and recording of adverse events and non-conformities is at the heart of safety culture and quality in healthcare. The aim of this study is to review, on the basis of recent scientific publications, possible reasons that may hinder the reporting and recording of adverse events and non-conformities in healthcare. The method of the study was a systematic review of the scientific literature based on the PRISMA method. The literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google scholar databases. 5 scientific publications were analysed according to the selected inclusion criteria and search terms. Results. The analysed literature presents possible barriers: emotional and psychological reasons; lack of knowledge; technical barriers. Conclusions. 1.The analysis of recent scientific publications has shown that healthcare professionals may delay reporting or recording adverse events and non-compliances. The main reasons for this are: emotional and psychological barriers, where negative emotions are experienced, fear of disciplinary measures and lack of knowledge, and technical barriers, where there is a lack of information about recording adverse events and discrepancies. 2. To reduce the psychological and emotional fear of reporting and recording adverse events and non-conformities, it is important to ensure the anonymity of the recording persons. It is also important to provide sufficient information about the registration, to ensure feedback and to properly define the patient safety related terms: adverse event, non-compliance, harm, medical error. Keywords: adverse event, discrepancy, reporting, registration, health care.

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) degrades and obstructs the integrity of freshwater ecosystems. However, little attention has been paid to monitoring water hyacinth’s spatial extent, its determinants, and its effects on water quality in Lake Victoria, Uganda. The specific objectives of this paper are to (i) assess the spatial extent and distribution of water hyacinth; (ii) examine the determinants of water hyacinth distribution, and (iii) assess its impact on water quality. High-resolution satellite images (2016–2019) were obtained and used to monitor the spatial extent of the water hyacinth, a household survey was conducted to examine the determinants of the water hyacinth’s extent and patterns while water samples were drawn and analysed for physicochemical properties. Results show that the coverage and distribution of water hyacinth varied over space and time. Water hyacinth coverage primarily increased with a decrease in water surface area. The perceived factors that triggered the water hyacinth spread included the morphology of the Bay, effluent discharge, strong winds, speed of water current, water-level changes, ferry navigation, and construction activities at the shore. Water parameters significantly impacted by hyacinth were pH, TP, BOD, COD, DO, turbidity, and transparency. This study recommends the strict development and implementation of integrated weed control measures, catchment management plans, and point and nonpoint pollution source control.

The rise of useful multimedia applications has sparked a rush to perfect video compression methods. Over the last decade, there has been a lot of interest in using motion-compensated frame interpolation (MCFI) methods to boost video frame rate during playback in both the academic and consumer electronics sectors. Interpolation refers to the process of defining the values of a function at places that are not represented by any of the examples. It accomplishes this process by fitting a constant function across the discrete input samples. We based our methodology on the fact that color cameras function similarly to the human eye. We have been used to black and white photographs, yet the real world is full of color. Grayscale images were the sole option until the advent of color monitors and cameras. Energy assessment calls for photo capture using a camera. Light's electromagnetic waves provide the observable energy in this scheme. For motion-compensated video vector frame interpolation or frame rate up-conversion and Phase frame interpolation Method, the authors present a novel approach with low vector dispensation method in the conclusion. Using optical flow or other conventional methods, it is necessary to have precise pixel correspondences between pictures in order to compute interpolated frames in a video series. We provide a practical replacement by capitalizing on advances in phase-based approaches, which use the phase shift of individual pixels to express motion. In challenging interpolation conditions, such as major appearance changes, flow-based algorithms frequently create severe visual distortions, yet our solution fails gently. Our approach is particularly useful for retiming and interpolating frames in high-resolution video shot at a high frame rate. Estimating motion for the purpose of improving the quality of the decompressed video requires more research on the nature of the compression problem. a novel way to estimating motion that is analogous to full-search 3ss,4ss, block-matching, and parametric techniques. The primary focus will be research into both error-free compression and the development of novel motion estimation algorithms. The results of the research indicate that the suggested system has the potential to increase visual superiority and is also robust, especially when applied to video sequences with quick movements and challenging portions. By combining phase based and conventional Lagrangian, which is utilized to get better quality results and deal with variations in light more gracefully.

Medicinal plants are a rich source of antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and alkaloids among others and are currently used as alternative and complementary drugs in the management of stress-related disorders. Strychnos henningsii and Ficus sycomorus have been traditionally used by the people of Mbeere, Embu county, Kenya, as medicine for the treatment of various oxidative stress-related disorders such as diabetes and rheumatism; however, no empirical data are available to authenticate the said claim. The aim of this study was to evaluate preliminary phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of dichloromethane (DCM) leaf extract of S. henningsii and stem bark extract of F. sycomorus using DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, and ferric reducing power assays; total flavonoids and phenolic compounds were also determined by colorimetric assay and Folin–Ciocalteu reaction, respectively. Phytochemical screening showed that both extracts possessed saponins, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, alkaloids, and cardiac glycosides; however, terpenoids were found to be absent in S. henningsii. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the DCM stem bark extract of F. sycomorus was lower than that of the leaf extract of S. henningsii. These extracts significantly exhibited strong antioxidant activities at different concentrations tested. The IC50 values of S. henningsii and F. sycomorus were 0.325 mg/ml and 0.330 mg/ml for hydrogen peroxide and 0.068 mg/ml and 0.062 mg/ml for DPPH, respectively. Both DCM leaf and stem bark extracts of S. henningsii and F. sycomorus were found to have strong ferric reducing power. Therefore, both extracts showed significant nonenzyme-based antioxidant activities. The two plants possess phytochemicals that have significant antioxidant properties.

Technological advancements fueled by the internet revolution have transformed the financial services industry's image, resulting in modifications to electronic financial services. These service changes can be seen in almost all forms of financial services, such as banking, insurance, and stock trading, which are carried out using electronic media, such as E-wallets services. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the behavior of the Millennial class for digital wallet applications in terms of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, trust, social influence. This study utilized a quantitative method using exploratory surveys and online questionnaires, as well as a literature and field research design. For data analysis, this research uses the Smart PLS application with the PLS-SEM approach oriented. Data was collected using non-probability sampling using a purposive sampling approach, yielding a sample size of 146 respondents for this research. This research provides information about the behavior of using digital wallet applications, which are significantly influenced by perceived ease of use, trust, and social influence. Furthermore, the Perceived Usefulness factor does not significantly impact the behavior of using digital wallet applications. These findings highlight the importance of trust as a motivator for customers when utilizing an E-Wallet application. It is preferable to expand the number of study samples in order to appropriately generalize findings, as well as to include research factors that are believed to influence behavioral intention to use. This research will look at the effects of perceived ease of use, perceived utility, trust, and social influence on Generation Millennial behavior when it comes to using digital wallets.

Background. Hemodialysis is life-saving and life-altering, affecting patients’ quality of life. The management of dialysis patients often focuses on renal replacement therapy to improve clinical outcomes and remove excess fluid; however, the patient’s quality of life is often not factored in. Objective. This study aimed to explore the factors affecting the quality of life of patients on dialysis in Palestine using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL-SFTM) questionnaire. Methods. A multicenter cross-sectional observational study was conducted at multiple dialysis centers in Palestine, including 271 participants receiving renal replacement therapy. Demographics, socioeconomic, and disease status data were collected. The Arabic version of KDQOL-SFTM was used to assess dialysis patient quality of life. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS to find correlations among patient factors and the questionnaire’s three main domains, the kidney disease component summaries (KDCS), mental component summaries (MCS), and physical component summaries (PCS). Results. Mean KDCS, MCS, and PCS scores were 59.86, 47.10, and 41.15, respectively. KDC scores were lower among participants aged 40 years or older, with lower incomes, and with diabetes. PCS and MCS scores were lower among patients aged >40, less educated, and lower-income participants. There was a positive correlation between MCS and KDCS (r = 0.634, P -value P -value P -value

One of the earliest demands of Indian women’s organisations in the pre-Independence period was the right to be elected to legislative bodies. Yet, almost a century later, a vast gender gap persists in terms of women’s presence at all levels of governance. Why is it important to include women in political and policy decision-making bodies, beyond the issue of equality? Do women representatives necessarily represent women’s interests? Indeed, how do we define women’s interests and how can they be represented best? And how much presence makes for effective representation? This paper addresses these questions, both conceptually and based on empirical evidence.

Sustainable use of natural resources would entail ensuring that derived economic benefits today do not undermine the welfare of generations to come. On this basis, this study examines the nexus between natural resource rents and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions disaggregated into production and consumption-based (i.e., trade-adjusted) CO2 emissions for a selected panel of 45 developing and transition economies over the period 1995-2017. The empirical model also incorporates the impacts of population, affluence, and energy intensity. The results show that affluence increases production-based CO2 emissions by 1.407%, with the EKC's predicted inverted U-shaped curve only explaining consumption-based CO2 emissions. Economic reliance on natural resource rents and energy intensification contribute 0.022% and 0.766%, respectively, to CO2 emissions embedded in territorial production inventories and 0.035% and 0.583%, respectively, to CO2 emissions embedded in consumption inventories. The bootstrap non-causality test shows that historical data on each variable has significant predictive power for future CO2 emissions from both sources. The historical information about natural resource rents has significant predictive power over the future levels of affluence and energy intensity. Clearly, the results show that the environmental impact of natural resource rents is stronger when CO2 emissions are adjusted for trade and varies among the countries, with Bangladesh, Guinea, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe among the most affected countries. Overall, this study provides motivation for policies to keep the use of natural resources within sustainable limits.

Background. Currently, conventional radiography is still widely used to diagnose knee osteoarthritis and assess the grade according to Kallgren and Lawrence’s criteria. Ultrasound is a simple, inexpensive, noninvasive, and dynamic modality for evaluating femoral cartilage (FC) thickness. This study aims to measure the FC thickness in knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients and compare it to healthy adults using ultrasound assessment. Methods. An observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted at the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of Hajj General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, from May to July 2022. Participants radiologically diagnosed with OA were included in the study and assigned to the OA group. Meanwhile, healthy adults without knee symptoms were included in the control group. FC thickness was measured using ultrasound scans at three sites: medial condyle (MC), intercondylar (IC), and lateral condyle (LC) on both sides of the knee. Results. The mean age in the OA and control groups was 61.03 ± 8.6 and 33.93 ± 14.7 years, respectively. Most participants in both groups were female. The OA group exhibited a thinner FC (1.49–1.63 mm) than the control group (1.68–1.87 mm). There was a significant difference in the mean of the right and left MC in both groups ( p < 0.05 ) but no significant difference in the IC and LC. Conclusion. OA patients exhibited a thinner FC than healthy adults in the control group. There was a significant difference in the mean thickness of the MC between groups.

In situ and simultaneous remediation of a variety of pollutants in sediments remains a challenge. In this study, we report that the combination of electrocoagulation (EC) and electrooxidation (EO) is efficient in the immobilization of phosphorus and heavy metals and in the oxidation of ammonium and toxic organic matter. The integrated mixed metal oxide (MMO)/Fe anode system allowed the facile removal of ammonium and phosphorus in the overlying water (99% of 10 mg/L NH

Microbial activity and regrowth in drinking water distribution systems is a major concern for water service companies. However, previous studies have focused on the microbial composition and diversity of the drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), with little discussion on microbial molecular ecological networks (MENs) in different water supply networks. MEN analysis explores the potential microbial interaction and the impact of environmental stress, to explain the characteristics of microbial community structures. In this study, the random matrix theory-based network analysis was employed to investigate the impact of seasonal variation including water source switching on the networks of three DWDSs that used different disinfection methods. The results showed that microbial interaction varied slightly with the seasons but was significantly influenced by different DWDSs. Proteobacteria, identified as key species, play an important role in the network. Combined UV-chlorine disinfection can effectively reduce the size and complexity of the network compared to chlorine disinfection alone, ignoring seasonal variations, which may affect microbial activity or control microbial regrowth in DWDSs. This study provides new insights for analyzing the dynamics of microbial interactions in DWDSs.

Stormwater reuse is one of the most important ways to mitigate water resource shortage. However, urban stormwater contains many bacteria species, which threaten the reuse safety. Therefore, stormwater disinfection is highly needed. Although disinfection has been widely conducted in the drinking water and reclaimed water, it is rarely carried out for stormwater. This study collected the roof stormwater and undertook chlorination disinfection. Two typical bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) were selected in this study to investigate the disinfection efficiency. It is found that bacteria species present in the stormwater had an important influence on disinfection efficiency while the original stormwater quality did not show an obvious affect. However, when the disinfected stormwater was stored, the stormwater quality was highly variable during its storage process and the variability was affected by bacteria species. The S.aureus containing stormwater showed a high variability of quality and S.aureus significantly regrew. However, the E.coli containing stormwater quality had a relatively low variability and E.coli did not significantly regrew. Additionally, it is noted that after storage, the dissolved form of stormwater was more positive to the freshwater algae's growth while the particulate form (including bacteria and other particulate matters) was less. This implies that a further treatment such as filtration is needed before the stored stormwater is recharged into receiving waters in order to remove particulate forms. These research outcomes can provide useful insight to effective stormwater disinfection and ensure reuse safety.

This study’s primary goal was to explain how Ethiopia’s economic growth affected government spending. The time series data utilized in the study were gathered between 1980 and 2018. The time series data were subjected to the Johansen cointegration test and the vector error correction model (VECM) in order to evaluate the short- and long-term correlations between public spending and economic growth in Ethiopia. According to the study, both long- and short-term economic growths are positively and significantly impacted by government spending on education. Long-term economic growth is negatively impacted by government expenditure on agriculture, while short-term effects are negatively impacted and considerable. In the long run, investment spending has a positive but negligible impact on economic growth; however, in the short run, it has a negative but large effect. Defense spending by the government has a positive and negligible effect on economic growth over the short and long terms. Both in the short and long terms, spending on health has a favorable and considerable impact on economic growth. According to the study, government spending on the education sector would help to foster the conditions that could result in higher labor force participation rates and, consequently, higher rates of economic growth. Aiming to establish a healthy and productive society that promotes economic progress, policy should focus on complementary measures to scale-up initiatives in the health sector.

With the continuous development of nanomaterials in recent years, the application of nanocatalysts in catalytic ozone oxidation has attracted more and more researchers' attention due to their excellent catalytic properties. In this review, we systematically summarized the current research status of nanocatalysts mainly involving material categories, mechanisms and catalytic efficiency. Based on summary and analysis, we found most of the reported nanocatalysts were in the stage of laboratory research, which was caused by the nanocatalysts defects such as easy aggregation, difficult separation, and easy leakage. These defects might result in severe resource waste, economic loss and potentially adverse effects imposed on the ecosystem and human health. Aiming at solving these defects, we further analyzed the reasons and the existing reports, and revealed that coupling nano-catalyst and membrane, supported nanocatalysts and magnetic nanocatalysts had promising potential in solving these problems and promoting the actual application of nanocatalysts in wastewater treatment. Furthermore, the advantages, shortages and our perspectives of these methods are summarized and discussed.

A solid phase extraction procedure (SPE) is described for the quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric particulate matter (PM), as ubiquitous environmental pollutants routinely measured in air quality monitoring. A SPE cartridge was used based on a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP-SPE) properly tailored for selective retention of PAHs with 4 and more benzene fused rings. The performance of the clean-up procedure was evaluated with the specific concern of selective purification towards saturated hydrocarbons, which are the PM components mostly interfering GC analysis of target PAHs. Under optimized operative conditions, the MIP-SPE provided analyte recovery close to 95% for heavier PAHs, from benzo(α)pyrene to benzo(ghi)perylene, and close to 90% for four benzene rings PAHs, with good reproducibility (RSDs: 2.5%-5.9%). Otherwise, C

Semiconductor photocatalytic technology has shown great prospects in converting solar energy into chemical energy to mitigate energy crisis and solve environmental pollution problems. The key issue is the development of high-efficiency photocatalysts. Various strategies in the state-of-the-art advancements, such as heterostructure construction, heteroatom doping, metal/single atom loading, and defect engineering, have been presented for the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C

Over the past decade, the emission standards and fuel standards in Beijing have been upgraded twice, and the vehicle structure has been improved by accelerating the elimination of 2.95 million old vehicles. Through the formulation and implementation of these policies, the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO

Experiments were performed to explore the impact of sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) on growth, Cu accumulation, and physiological and biochemical responses of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) inoculated with 5 mg/L Cu-amended MS medium supplemented with or without 300 mg/L SNPs exposure. Cu exerted severe phytotoxicity and inhibited plant growth. SNPs application enhanced the shoot height, root length, and dry weight of shoot and root by 34.6%, 282%, 41.7% and 37.1%, respectively, over Cu treatment alone, while the shoot and root Cu contents and Cu-induced lipid perodixation as the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in shoots and roots were decreased by 37.6%, 35%, 28.4% and 26.8%. Further, the increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activities caused by Cu stress were mitigated in shoots (10.9%-37.1%) and roots (14.6%-35.3%) with SNPs addition. SNPs also positively counteracted the negative effects on shoot K, Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Zn and Fe contents and root K, Ca, Mg and Mn contents from Cu exposure alone, and significantly promoted the nutrients accumulation in plant. Additionally, in comparison with common bulk sulfur particles (BSPs) and sulfate, SNPs showed more positive effects on promoting growth in shoots (6.7% and 19.5%) and roots (10.9% and 15.1%), as well as lowering the shoot Cu content (40.1% and 43.3%) under Cu stress. Thus, SNPs application has potential to be a green and sustainable technology for increasing plant productivity and reducing accumulation of toxic metals in heavy metal polluted soils.

This review focuses on the occurrence and interactions of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in water systems and the generation of highly complex compounds in the environment. The release of ENPs and BFRs (e.g. PBDEs) to aquatic environments during their usage and disposal are summarised together with their key interaction mechanisms. The major interaction mechanisms including electrostatic, van der Waals, hydrophobic, molecular bridging and steric, hydrogen and π-bonding, cation bridging and ligand exchange were identified. The presence of ENPs could influence the fate and behaviour of PBDEs through the interactions as well as induced reactions under certain conditions which increases the formation of complex compounds. The interaction leads to alteration of behaviour for PBDEs and their toxic effects to ecological receptors. The intermingled compound (ENPs-BFRs) would show different behaviour from the parental ENPs or BFRs, which are currently lack of investigation. This review provided insights on the interactions of ENPs and BFRs in artificial, environmental water systems and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which are important for a comprehensive risk assessment.