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Language testing and assessment have grown in popularity and gained significance in the last few decades, and there is a rising need for assessment literate stakeholders in the field of language education. As teachers play a major role in assessing students, there is a need to make sure they have the right level of assessment knowledge and skills to accomplish their duties as assessors. The present study sought to develop and validate an assessment literacy test. To this end, a thirty-five scenario-based Language Assessment Literacy Test (LALT) was developed based on the seven standards covered by the Standards for Teacher Competence in Educational Assessment of Students (1990). Construct validity of the test was investigated by collecting data from 168 Iranian EFL teachers. To investigate the validity of the measure, tests of reliability, item difficulty, and item discrimination were carried out. The test was then subjected to EFA (Exploratory Factor Analysis whose results showed a seven-factor solution for the test items. The implications of the study for EFL teachers, language testers, teacher trainers, and curriculum developers are discussed.

This study sought to develop and validate a classroom-based language assessment literacy scale to measure teachers' perceived classroom-based assessment knowledge and practice. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the scale items clustered around four factors: (a) purposes of assessment and grading, (b) assessment ethics, (c) student involvement in assessment, and (d) feedback and assessment interpretation. Moreover, the scale was administered to 348 Iranian English as a foreign language teachers. The findings showed that the majority reported to be literate in classroom-based language assessment and agreed to the allocation of more space to classroom-based language assessment in teacher education courses. The findings suggest that the newly-developed scale can serve as a valid and reliable tool to explore language teachers' classroom-based assessment literacy.

The Online Interaction Learning Model was founded on constructivist learning theory. It is an input-process-output model based on moderating variables, the inputs, which includes all of the characteristics of the courses, the instructors, EFL learners, and the technology. Due to the fact that the studies considering the pivotal role of the Online Interaction Learning Model are scarce in number, this study was conducted to validate a newly-designed questionnaire via exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Two hundred fifty-nine Iranian university and higher education institutes EFL learners were asked to participate. The newly-developed questionnaire consisted of 35 items measuring the five constructs of the Online Interaction Learning Model (Course materials, Instructor performance, Learning practices, Student-to-student interaction, and Access to technology). The results from EFA, CFA, and reliability analyses revealed that the new questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument measuring Online Interaction Learning Model. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between each component of the Online Interaction Learning Model and EFL learners' GPA as well as between the total Online Interaction Learning Model and student academic achievement. Male and female EFL learners' scores on the online interaction learning model were quite different from each other.

Individuals are controlled by tests in every advanced society when they want to be admitted in educational courses, to proceed from one stage to the next, or to be given a certificate (Shohamy, 2001b). Accordingly, the present study was carried out to construct and validate educational, social, and psychological consequences questionnaires of English Language Proficiency (EPT) as a high-stakes test in Iran. To achieve the goals, after initial piloting of the item pool, a total number of 252 non-English PhD students completed the final researcher-made questionnaires developed using a comprehensive review of the related literature, experts' opinions, documents, and interviews. A number of statistical procedures were taken to validate the current questionnaires including Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). EFA was utilized to determine the underlying factors of the scale that affect the variables in a data structure without setting any predefined structure to the outcome and to verify the number of factors; subsequently, these results were confirmed in the CFA phase. Ultimately, the results were discussed and implications of the questionnaires were presented as follows.

Although fairness in assessment practices has gained noticeable attention over the recent years, there has been a long-lasting study to design and validate a questionnaire to measure it from a psychometric perspective. Thus, this study aims to develop and validate a questionnaire with adequate psychometric properties to measure fairness in classroom assessment. Using a random sampling method, two samples of male and female university students for the first pilot (n = 128) and the second pilot (n = 360) were selected from Ayatollah Borujerdi University and Lorestan University. Drawing on the past literature, a pool of items (n = 118) were extracted and subjected to a 12-step systematic procedure, including content analysis and sampling; creating an item bank; running the first pilot; creating item pool one; expert judgment to evaluate the sub-scales; running an interview and think-aloud protocol; running Cronbach's alpha; running the second pilot; running exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and Cronbach's alpha; creating item pool two; expert review; and translation and translation quality check. Findings yielded a 110-item questionnaire with 10 sub-scales: learning materials and practices (18 items); test design (24 items); opportunities to demonstrate learning (8 items); test administration (21 items); grading (11 items); offering feedback (6 items); tests results interpretation (5 items); decisions based on tests results (3 items); test results consequences (4 items); and students' fairness-related beliefs and attitudes (10 items). The hope is that this questionnaire can serve research and educational purposes.

Test method is deemed to affect test scores along with examinee ability (Bachman, 1996). In this research the role of method facet in reading comprehension tests is studied. Bachman divided method facet into five categories, one category is the nature of input and the nature of expected response. This study examined the role of method effect in the Iranian University Entrance Exam (UEE). Research showed the current test method of assessing reading can highly impact test takers? performance and thereby examinees? test scores. Hence, different test formats may extract various traits and therefore, contaminate test scores and threaten validity. The researchers using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) extracted a second method factor in the reading comprehension section of the UEE which is composed of a multiple-choice cloze passage and multiple choice questions based on sustained texts. Results of the analysis showed that cloze test can create construct-irrelevant method variance, contaminating test scores, and led to violation of the unidimensionality assumption of the test.

The C-test as a measure of first and second language proficiency suffers from ceiling effect. That is, the C-test is very easy for native speakers and for advanced second language learners and many examinees obtain full scores. Therefore, the test cannot distinguish among advanced learners or native speakers. Speeded C-test is suggested as a remedy for this problem. Previous research has showed that if C-test is administrated under time constraint it can better differentiate among advanced learners and native speakers. In this study we aimed to compare the psychometric characteristics of speeded and standard C-tests and investigate their relationship with reading comprehension. One-hundred Iranian undergraduate English students were selected to take part in this research. A standard (power) C-test, a speeded C-test, and a reading comprehension test were given to the students. Findings revealed that both speeded C-test and standard C-test could measure reading comprehension ability but standard C-test is a better predictor of reading comprehension ability and enjoys a higher reliability. Exploratory factor analysis of the data resulted in a one-factor solution. All C-test passages (speeded and power) and reading comprehension passages loaded heavily on a single factor. Nevertheless, power C-test passages had higher loadings compared to speeded passages.

It is important to identify suitable parameters to measure and assess the quality of physical education. This paper aims to understand such measuring tool by focusing on professional perceptions and areas of concern of quality physical education (QPE). The research survey includes data gathered from 799 professionals in 11 cities in Asia. These professionals had experience working at primary schools (n = 155), secondary schools (n = 249), and universities (n = 395). To examine professional perceptions of quality physical education, at the preliminary stage of this study, 65 potential items were identified; of these, 48 items on 8 dimensions were retained, following an exploratory factor analysis. The 8 dimensions covered "skill development and bodily awareness" ([alpha] =0.935), "facilities and norms in PE" ([alpha] =0.932), "quality teaching of PE" ([alpha] =0.923), "plans for feasibility and accessibility of PE" ([alpha] =0.824), "social norms and cultural practice" ([alpha] =0.825), "governmental input for PE" ([alpha] =0.859), "cognitive skills development" ([alpha] =0.920), and "habituated behaviour in physical activities" ([alpha] =0.933). These factors indicated excellent internal consistency and model fit, enabling the construction of highly relevant statements to measure professional perceptions of QPE.

Emotional intelligence rating tools are not available for children, but mostly for children. So, the present study investigated the measurement and assessment of Emotional Intelligence in children with the age range of 4-8 years old by parents (mothers) through a preliminary research-made questionnaire. This study was based on an exploratory-survey design. The samples of the study were 330 mothers of children (4-8 years), selected from Behbahan city which were selected through a Cluster Random Sampling. After testing with exploratory factorial analysis method, 3 factors with 45 questions were extracted. The results of the confirmatory factorial analysis based on the scores on parental form stated three factors such as : perception and expression of the emotion, emotional understanding and evaluation, and emotional management and regulation; and stated 22.11 percentage of variance in children's emotional intelligence in total.

Teacher in the educational system and the teaching-learning process, as a main leading should need to knowledge and professional skills. Therefore, evaluation of professional development is important. This study aims to design and modify Construction and Validation of professional development questionnaire of teachers. This research based on methodology and data collection procedure was descriptive-surveyed. The population consists of 400 teachers from high in Birjand in the academic year 2013-2014. A sample of 246 was estimated by Krejcie and Morgan. The instrument used in this study is a researcher's questionnaire of teachers' professional development. In order to assess the reliability and validity was used the content and construct validity by using of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha. Results show that the questionnaire has good reliability and validity. According to the results of a factor analysis of the eight factors (components) were identified for professional development of teachers that explains a total of 54/69% of total variance. It can be concluded that the questionnaire would be a suitable tool for the professional development of teachers.

This study aims to develop and glocalize a set of quality indices that can enhance the English language teaching learning output at Iranian private institutions. CIPP (Context, Input, Process, and Product) Model with a progressive/humanist approach was opted by the researchers as the main pattern of thought. This study used concurrent-mix method design. The data collection was conducted through random interviews of 75 Iranian EFL teachers. Also, a questionnaire was distributed to 250 Iranian EFL teachers. Then, the data obtained out of the interviews and the questionnaire were utilized to construct an English language teaching quality indices survey. The content and construct validity of the survey were double checked by seven experts in the field of Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) as well as Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The reliability of the survey along with its subscales was estimated by Cronbach Alpha. The final English Language Teaching Quality Indices Survey consisted of 13 constructs and 99 items. By calculating the mean of each construct, the most effective and prominent components that impact the quality of English Language teaching as "must" to be indices in any educational setting were analyzed. Results revealed that "Teachers' Qualifications and Recruitment" and "Learners' Needs" were considered as the most prominent indices that affect the quality of English language teaching. Therefore, the results of the study added practical solutions for quality enhancement to the present status under which Iranian private institutions are launched and supervised. Also, the rubric provides a common ground of reference for all the members involved in the educational setting to know what they are expected to do in order to offer a more qualitative enhanced education.

The purpose of this study is providing a scale for measuring attitudes toward science among Persian secondary school students. A total of 300 (150 girls and 150 boys) of second grade students from all disciplines including science and mathematics in secondary education, participated in the study. Research instrument was, translated Persian version of Simpson-Troost Attitude Questionnaire (STAQ). After performing the scale among the sample, the data was analyzed by SPSS software. The reliability of questionnaire was found to be 0.84. Factor analysis indicated that more than 35.8% of the total variance was explained with the scale scores. After factor rotation, five factors of attractiveness of science, the class/teacher, self-directed efforts, anxiety toward science and the family pattern were identified. Thus it was shown that the scale is multidimensional and the dimensions have appropriate reliability and validity to measure attitudes toward science, so this instrument could be used in the next Persian research in measuring attitudes toward science. Multivariate Analysis (MANOVA) of data showed that there is no significant difference between sex and students' attitudes toward science. But in the third factor (self-directed efforts) was a significant difference between sex and students' attitudes toward science and the average of female students were higher than male students. Test results also showed that there is significant different between discipline of students and their attitudes to science and attitudes of empirical science students have the better attitudes than themselves, while science students in first factors (attractiveness of science) and in second factor (class/Teacher), had mean higher average than mathematical physics students.

The major purpose of this study was to examine the construct validity of English Language Teachers Competency Test (ELT-CT) designed by Pishghadam, Baghaei and Shahriari (2010). In this study, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to examine the construct validity of the test. The results have shown that the underlying factors of the test are what the test-designer claims to be. The results have revealed that ten factors represent the underlying structure of ELT-CT. Finally, statistical results were discussed, and implications were provided in the context of English language teaching.

Validity and reliability of Persian adaptation of MSLSS in the 12-18 years, middle and high school students (430 students in grades 6-12 in Bushehr port, Iran) using confirmatory factor analysis by means of LISREL statistical package were checked. Internal consistency reliability estimates (Cronbach's coefficient [alpha]) were all above the conventional criterion of 0.70 for all factors indicating adequate reliability of the factors. Cronbach's coefficient [alpha] of the total scale was 0.83. The pattern matrix appeared by and large to be consistent with previous investigations of the MSLSS using exploratory factor analytic methods. It seems this Persian adaptation of the MSLSS offers a reliable and valid means of assessing Iranian middle and high school students' life satisfaction. Using that as a screening tool in schools may help in discriminating between different domains responsible for child and youth problems.

Background: Management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) as a chronic disease requires treatment adherence such as controlling the blood glucose level and adopting a healthy lifestyle. The present study aimed to develop and psychometrically evaluate a questionnaire based on the Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM) to measure treatment adherence and the associated factors among T2D patients. Methods: The present study was conducted in qualitative and the quantitative phases between March 2022 and March 2023. The participants were T2D patients visiting Shahid Mohammadi hospital Diabetes Clinic in Bandar Abbas in the south of Iran. The first draft of items was extracted from the qualitative phase. The present study used interviews with T2D patients, item construction, validity and reliability evaluation of the instrument, and the relevant statistical analyses. It emphasized the significance of content, face, and construct validity, along with reliability testing using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, V16 and AMOS, V23. Results: A 97-item questionnaire was developed through the qualitative phase and, after content validity, it was reduced to 86 items. Five items were removed in face validation, and after the test-retest method, 79 items were retained. The confirmatory factors analysis confirmed a 65-item model with appropriate fitness of data. Cronbach's alpha coefficient showed an acceptable reliability of the diabetes treatment adherence questionnaire (α = 0.92). Conclusion: The questionnaire developed based on the HPM model provides a standard and comprehensive measurement of the degree of adherence to treatment and the associated factors among Iranian T2D patients. This is especially valuable in the Iranian healthcare context, where effective management of chronic diseases such as diabetes is of a top priority. Questionnaires can help identify barriers and facilitators of treatment adherence to inform systematic and goal-oriented interventions. The proposed questionnaire had good psychometric properties, and can be used as a valid and practical instrument to measure the factors related to treatment adherence behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. More than 1 million colorectal cancers (CRC) are diagnosed annually. This cancer is the cause of 600,000 deaths, and many of these deaths can be reduced by screening. Colonoscopy is the best screening method and tool to diagnose CRC, but it causes anxiety and worry in patients. In addition, no appropriate tool has so far been introduced for assessing anxiety in these patients. Accordingly, the present study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate a tool for assessing anxiety in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Methods. This methodological study used a descriptive-cross-sectional approach to design a psychometric questionnaire. To this end, 106 patients participated in this research, and the questionnaire was completed online. The validity of the list and the analysis of its main components were determined through exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the tool was also checked with Cronbach’s alpha. Results. Overall, 20 terms of the questionnaire were examined by exploratory analysis, and 5 factors explained 57.76% of the total variance. The internal consistency of the tool with Cronbach’s alpha was 0.91. Conclusion. The findings of the research revealed that the tool for assessing anxiety in patients undergoing colonoscopy with 20 items and 5 factors has adequate validity and reliability and can be used to assess the anxiety of colonoscopy patients. Practical Implications. The results of this research can change policies in the field of treatment to reduce the anxiety of colonoscopy patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pneumatic tourniquets are among the most essential equipment for controlling bleeding in orthopedic surgeries. However, incorrect application of pneumatic tourniquets is accompanied by many hazards and complications for patients. Evaluation of surgical teams' use of pneumatic tourniquets and establishment of protocols can play an important role in improving patient safety, minimizing risks, and increasing the lifetime of this equipment. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to develop and assess the psychometric properties of a pneumatic tourniquet work standards scale. Methods: The present study is a methodological work carried out in two stages. In the first stage, an initial version of the scale was developed based on existing research and panel reviews. In the second stage, the psychometric properties of the scale were tested in terms of face validity (measured qualitatively and quantitatively), content validity (measured qualitatively and quantitatively), item analysis, construct validity, and reliability (internal consistency and stability). Results: The initial version of the scale consisted of 91 items. After several meetings of the research team, the number of items decreased to 81. In the course of face and content validity testing, 40 items were eliminated, leaving 41 items on the scale when it entered the construct validity testing stage. For evaluation of construct validity, a sample of 300 operating room nurses was recruited. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) results showed a structure supported by seven factors and 41 items. The reliability of the scale was confirmed by internal consistency analysis, with a good Cronbach's alpha (0.85), and test–retest analysis, with good values of ICC (0.95). Conclusion: The present instrument is a reliable and valid scale which fills the gap in assessment of surgical team members' use of pneumatic tourniquets. The developed scale can be employed by researchers and managers of medical centers to identify hazards in applying pneumatic tourniquets and devise educational programs to eliminate or reduce the existing issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Assessing critical thinking disposition is crucial in nursing education to foster analytical skills essential for effective healthcare practice. This study aimed to evaluate the cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Persian version of the Critical Thinking Disposition Scale among Iranian nursing students. Method: A total of 390 nursing students (mean age = 21.74 (2.1) years; 64% female) participated in the study. Face and content validity were established through feedback from nursing students and expert specialists, respectively. Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA was used to explore the number of factors and the items that were loading on them. The CFA was used to confirmed the fidnings of the EFA on the same sample. Convergent and discriminant validity were examined, along with reliability through internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Results: EFA revealed a two-factor structure, comprising "Critical Openness" and "Reflective Skepticism," explaining 55% of the total variance. CFA confirmed the model's fit (χ² = 117.37, df = 43, χ²/df = 2.73, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.067; CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.93, SRMR = 0.041). Convergent and discriminant validity were supported, with significant factor loadings (p < 0.001) ranging from 0.61 to 0.77. The CTDS exhibited strong internal consistency (α = 0.87) and excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.96). Conclusion: The validation of the CTDS in Persian language settings provides a reliable tool for assessing critical thinking disposition among Iranian nursing students. The two-factor structure aligns with previous research, reflecting students' propensity towards critical openness and reflective skepticism. The study's findings underscore the importance of nurturing critical thinking skills in nursing education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Suicide is an important health issue nearly all over the world. The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSRS) is a well-known instrument for suicide risk assessment. Our purpose in this study is to provide a Persian version of the C-SSRS and evaluate its psychometric properties in the Iranian military population, particularly suicide risk leveling characteristic of the C-SSRS. Method: For linguistic adaptation, we gathered opinions of an expert panel consisting of 23 professionals in mental health sciences. Furthermore, this version was administered to two groups of soldiers, one representing a sample of normal population (N = 338), while the other group comprised a sample of clinical population from a referral psychiatric hospital (N = 348) in Tehran, capital of Iran, from July 2021 until one year later. Besides the C-SSRS, the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BSS), and General Health Questionnaire 28 (GHQ28) were obtained from the participants. Correlation coefficients, internal consistency, and factor analysis were evaluated using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 23) software. Results: All items of the Persian version of the C-SSRS had acceptable content validity and face validity. This tool demonstrated high correlation coefficients with the BSSI (r = 0.73, P < 0.001) and BHS (r = 0.64, P < 0.001), but a low correlation coefficient with the GHQ28 (r = 0.22, P < 0.001). Specifically, the suicide risk level based on the C-SSRS had a high correlation with both the BSSI and BHS. Also, its internal consistency was satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89). Furthermore, factor analysis revealed two factors that is consistent with suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior factors. Conclusion: Our results indicated acceptable validity and reliability for the Persian version of the C-SSRS, demonstrating its capability to classify suicide risk. It can be concluded that the ordinal suicide risk level (as red, orange, yellow and green) is a valid index for the application of the C-SSRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Patient-centered care is the cornerstone of the healthcare system’s priorities. Attaining this goal necessitates a comprehensive understanding of patients’ encounters within the healthcare system to identify areas for quality improvement. To achieve this, healthcare providers and regulators require dependable, cost-effective, and user-friendly tools to assess and report the quality of patients’ healthcare experiences as part of ongoing service quality audits. The Waterloo Wilfrid Laurier University rehabilitation patient experience instrument (WatLX) is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring patients’ experiences in outpatient rehabilitation services. Accordingly, this study explores the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the WatLX in Persian-speaking people receiving outpatient rehabilitation services. Materials & Methods In this descriptive methodological study, we enrolled 115 adults aged 18 and above, possessing a suitable cognitive level, who had undergone at least one program of musculoskeletal, neurological, stroke, speech, and language rehabilitation services on an outpatient basis. The research targeted 10 centers and clinics specializing in physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, strategically selected across five geographical areas of Tehran (North, South, East, West, and Center) in the year 2023, utilizing an available sampling method. The participants were asked to complete the following three questionnaires: WatLX, abbreviated mental test, and the Medrisk instrument for measuring patient satisfaction with physical therapy care. Additionally, participants’ background information was collected. The Persian-translated questionnaire was examined for face and content validity using the Lavashe method. The convergent validity was established through comparison with the Medrisk questionnaire. The Cronbach α value was computed to evaluate the internal consistency, while the test re-test reliability involved 39 subjects completing the questionnaire again 15 days after the initial test, with calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS software, version 23. Results The questionnaire underwent rigorous scrutiny for content validity by experts in physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, rehabilitation management, and statistics. The results revealed strong internal consistency (Cronbach α=0.802), high test re-test reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.974), and satisfactory convergent validity, demonstrated by the significant Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.503 with the Medrisk questionnaire. Conclusion The Persian version of the WatLX tool exhibits commendable psychometric properties, making it a reliable instrument for assessing the experiences of Persian-speaking Iranian patients in outpatient rehabilitation services. Its robustness suggests its applicability in both clinical settings and future research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ethical decision-making in end-of-life care is one of the most challenging aspects of healthcare: providing ethical care to the society is one of the most important responsibilities of healthcare professionals. In order to assess nurses' ethical decision-making in end-of-life care, researchers need a specialized and comprehensive instrument which is sufficiently valid and reliable. The present study was conducted to translate and test the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Nurses' Ethical Decision-Making in End-of-Life Care Scale (NEDM-EOLCS). Methods: This is a cross-sectional, multi-centric study with a methodological design The participants were selected via convenience sampling from five hospitals located in Iran. In total, 1320 nurses (660 for exploratory factor analysis and 660 for confirmatory factor analysis) participated in the study. The original NEDM-EOLCS was translated into Persian and subsequently the psychometric properties of the scale were assessed according to COSMIN criteria. Results: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed the factor loading of the 55 items to be between 0.62 and 0.88, all of which were significant. Also, exploratory factor analysis showed that 3 factors (perceived professional accountability, moral reasoning/moral agency and moral practice) explained 74.51% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results verified the good fit of the data (a chi-square of 21.74, df = 7, P = 0.001) RMSEA = 0.01, CFI = 0.96, NFI = 0.95, and TLI = 0.97). The reliability of the scale was measured in terms of its internal consistency and the Cronbach's alpha of the whole instrument was found to be 0.98. Conclusion: The Persian version of NEDM-EOLCS for nurses is sufficiently valid and reliable. Thus, this instrument can be used to measure nurses' ethical decision-making in end-of-life care and identify the most effective strategies, e.g. educational interventions, to improve ethical decision-making skills in end-of-life care in these healthcare professionals as necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most important population challenges during the last three decades has been the significant decrease in the fertility rate worldwide. Since the validity and reliability of the Male and Female Fertility Knowledge Inventories (MFKI and FFKI) have not been determined in Iran, we conducted this study to assess psychometric characteristics of the MFKI and FFKI in couples in Tabriz and Urmia, Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, as the first part (quantitative phase) of a sequential explanatory mixed-method study. The current study was done on 1200 participants (600 women with their husbands) living in the northwestern region of Iran, between January 2023 and September 2023. The psychometric properties of the Persian version of the tool (MFKI and FFKI) were performed in 5 stages, including translation process, content validity, face validity, construct validity and reliability assesment. Results: In this study, the CVI, CVR, and impact scores of the MFKI tool were equal to 0.90, 0.88, 3.26 and CVI, CVR, and Impact scores of the FFKI tool were respectively equal to 0.95, 0.91 and 3.59, that it indicated a satisfactory level of content and face validity. Then, to check the construct validity, the results of the exploratory factor analysis of the MFKI tool on 13 items led to the identification of 3 factors, including Environment and reproductive health (ERH), Lifestyle factors (LSF) and Sperm quality (SQ), which explained 66% of the cumulative variance. The results of the exploratory factor analysis of the FFKI tool on 15 items led to the identification of 4 factors, including Reproductive health (RH), Lifestyle factors (LSF), Chance of conception (CHC) and Ovarian reserve and preservation (ORP), which explained 68% of the cumulative variance. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that the Persian version of MFKI and FFKI has acceptable psychometric properties to measure the awareness of Iranian couples regarding fertility, which can be used as a screening tool for fertility knowledge by health care professionals and also as a reliable tool in research. Plain English summary: The right to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is considered one of the basic rights of couples all over the world. Increasing childbearing age is a global social issue. In spite of the policies of having children in the previous decade, fertility reduction and involuntary childlessness are still the foremost global health problems. The fertility rate in Iran has reduced significantly in the last thirty years. This reduction can be attributed not only to economic difficulties but also to the postponement of marriage and having children, as well as infertility issues, which, by increasing the awareness of couples about fertility, seems to be able to overcome this problem to some extent. Consequently, we decided to conduct this study with the aim of determining the psychometric properties of the Male and Female Fertility Knowledge Inventories (MFKI and FFKI) in Iranian couples. The results of the current study revealed that this questionnaire, having acceptable psychometric properties to evaluate the state of awareness of Iranian couples regarding fertility, can be used as a valid and reliable tool in Iranian couples. It appears that it is essential for health care providers to play an active role in advising couples about the appropriate age of fertility, the problems of delay in having children, overcoming the value of having few children in society. Accordingly, health policymakers should recommend the use of valid screening tools to identify the knowledge of women and men about fertility in health centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the "resilience assessment questionnaire" in patients with multiple sclerosis. Materials & Methods The statistical population of the present study included all multiple sclerosis patients living in Tehran City in 2022. Of them, 250 people were selected through available sampling. The participants completed the questionnaires of Gromis et al. resilience and the hospital anxiety and depression scales. The validity of the questionnaire was investigated using the formal, content, construct, and predictor methods. Also, the reliability of the test was checked through the Cronbach α method and retesting. Data analysis was done using SPSS software, version 26. Results The face validity was confirmed by checking the content and solving the appearance problems. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed after correcting the questions. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the resilience questionnaire includes 5 components: Emotional and cognitive strategies, physical activity and diet, family and friends support, peer support, and spirituality. Also, the Cronbach α values of these components were 0.88, 0.79, 0.62, 0.76, 0.50, and 0.89, respectively. The eigenvalues of these components explained 47.49% of the variance. There was a significant relationship between the resilience and anxiety/depression questionnaire components. The correlation value between the first and second stages confirmed the retest validity of the resilience questionnaire. Conclusion The Persian version of the "multiple sclerosis resilience" scale is a valid and reliable tool for assessing resilience features in Iranian MS patients, which can be used in policymaking and research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric indicators of the Persian version of the Sense of Belonging in Nursing School scale (SBNS). Methods: The study conducted in Shahroud and Semnan schools of nursing and midwifery in Iran examined nursing students using a cross-sectional approach by convenience sampling method from 3/6/2023 to 24/8/2023. To assess the SBNS scale, the forward–backward procedure was used to translate it into Persian. Face and content validity were evaluated, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted with sample sizes of 200 and 182, respectively. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, MacDonald's omega, and intra-class correlation coefficient. Results: The exploratory factor analysis resulted in the exclusion of four items, leaving a final selection of 15 items. These items were categorized into three factors: classmates, clinical staff, and inclusive educational environment, which accounted for 49.16% of the overall variance. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model was a good fit for the observed data, and the subscales had high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.752 to 0.880) and stability (intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.889 to 0.968). Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that the Persian version of the SBNS scale demonstrates sufficient validity and reliability in assessing students' sense of belonging to the nursing school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good resilience skills support effective and timely adjustment to demanding situations in the workplace. Existing tools are insufficient to develop and evaluate workplace interventions to improve employee's resilience skills. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a Resilience Skills Questionnaire (RSQ) using the key constructs of social cognitive theory—self-efficacy, self-regulation, and social support—as a theoretical framework. Following DeVellis' guidelines for scale development, first an expert panel of thirteen professors was recruited to support the item development stages and determine content validity. At this stage, the initial pool of 38 items was reduced to 25 items and CVR and CVI were calculated as 0.92 and 0.93, respectively, indicating good content validity. A second panel of ten health professionals confirmed face validity. An online survey comprised of the 25 developed items was then completed by 336 health professionals working in urban healthcare centers in Shiraz, Iran, in November 2021. The data were used to assess the psychometrics of the questionnaire according to its hypothesized three-dimensional structure. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded a final model of seventeen items in three dimensions, self-efficacy (six items), social support (six items), and self-regulation (five items), with good psychometric properties ( χ 2 / df = 2.44 (p < 0.001), RMSEA = 0.06 , GFI = 0.92 , AGFI = 0.90 , IFI = 0.93 , CFI = 0.93). All standardized factor loadings were significant (p < 0.001). Internal consistency, as measured by Cronbach's alpha, was very good: RSQ (0.90), self-efficacy (0.86), social support (0.83), and self-regulation (0.86). Based on these results, the RSQ can be used as a standard and valid measure to develop and evaluate the effect of educational intervention programs to improve resilience skills and reduce job stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The high prevalence and associated costs of chronic diseases have challenged global community health. The use of information and communication technology offers patients and healthcare providers the ability to respond to healthcare needs. This study develops an information and communication technology use scale for patients with chronic diseases and evaluates its psychometric properties. Methods: This exploratory sequential mixed-method study was conducted in Kashan City, Iran from September 2020 to July 2021. In the qualitative phase, 18 patients with chronic conditions were recruited via the purposeful sampling method. The initial pool of 33 items was extracted in this phase. Psychometric evaluation of the scale was examined through face, content, and construct validity. The internal consistency of the scale was assessed with the Cronbach a and its stability was examined by the test re-test. To evaluate the scale's construct validity, a crosssectional study was performed with 300 patients referring to hospital wards and private centers that provide services to patients with chronic diseases. A sequential sampling method was used to select the subjects. The exploratory factor analysis was performed using principal component analysis and the varimax rotation method in the SPSS software, version 16. Results: The initial version of the scale consisted of 33 items. A total of 6 items were removed in the face and content validity evaluation phase. Factor analysis with the removal of 4 items resulted in the extraction of 4 factors that explained 67.45% of the variance in the total scale score. The Cronbach a coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient were estimated at 0.93 and 0.88, respectively. Conclusion: The scale developed in this study is a valid and reliable tool for measuring formation and communication technology use (including its dimensions) in patients with chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The patient's fear of social reactions, the disease stigma, and being a transmission agent is a psychological and social consequence of contracting some diseases, especially infectious ones, in any society. The present study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate a COVID-19 social stigma questionnaire in nurses. Methods: This mixed-method study was conducted using a sequential exploratory approach according to the Creswell method in Mazandaran Province (Iran) during 2021-22. The study was performed in three phases: (1) a qualitative phase to explain the key concept, (2) designing the scale items, and (3) an experimental phase with the scale psychometric evaluation. In the first phase, nurses' experiences regarding the concept of COVID-19 social stigma were evaluated using a qualitative method with an inductive qualitative content analysis approach. In this phase, the lived experiences of 12 nurses working at hospitals of Babol University of Medical Sciences were extracted through in-depth interviews with semi-structured questions and analyzed by conventional content analysis. The main classes are contradictory feelings, rejection, and adaptation strategies. In the second phase, the designed items were validated by determining face validity, content validity, and construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). In addition, the scale's reliability was determined through internal consistency and stability. Results: Following the study's first phase, a pool of questions with 64 initial items was formed. After evaluating face and content validity, the number of items was reduced to 24 cases. An excellent total content validity (S-CVI/Ave) of 0.93 was calculated for the scale. According to EFA outputs, three factors accounted for the most variance (52.82%), and four items were excluded in this phase. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) statistic and Bartlett's test of sphericity were calculated at 0.776 and P < 0.001, respectively. The results of Cronbach's alpha (0.796) and intraclass correlation (0.793) indicated the correlation and internal consistency of the scale. Conclusion: This scale can help healthcare managers and policymakers apply necessary protective measures by evaluating the social stigma of COVID-19 in nurses and emerging infectious diseases that may occur in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Knowledge advancement exposes the pharmacists to new ethical and professional challenges in providing pharmaceutical care. The pharmacist's attitude towards the ethical challenges of pharmacy practice could be of great help in assessing pharmacist's ethical sensitivity. This study aimed to design a valid and reliable questionnaire for measuring pharmacists' attitudes. Methods The present study is the second phase of a sequential exploratory mixed-method study for designing and psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire. In the first phase the questionnaire was developed using semi-structured interviews followed by content analysis. The psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire was performed examining the validity (face, content, and construct), and reliability (internal consistency and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and Standard Error of Measurement) in a sample of pharmacists practicing in community pharmacies in Tehran and Tabriz, Iran (n = 504). The construct validity of the questionnaire was determined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results The Scale-Content Validity Index/Average (S-CVI/AVE) was calculated at 0.84. The results of exploratory factor analysis supported 22 items in four factors including regulations and rules, professional communications, providing and supplying medicine, and consultation and providing pharmaceutical care that are explained by a total of 49.50% of the variance. Also, confirmatory factor analysis confirmed goodness of fit indices and model fit. Cronbach's alpha Coefficient was 0.919 and ICC was 0.914. Conclusions The psychometric evaluation of the present questionnaire shows a native, valid and reliable instrument to assess pharmacists' attitudes toward ethical challenges which could be a mirror of pharmacists ethical sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Because of the importance of the cross-cultural study of hyperbolic temperament in increasing knowledge related to borderline personality disorder (BPD), the present study was conducted to test the reliability, construct, criterion, and discriminant validity of the Hyperbolic Temperament Questionnaire (HTQ) in three Iranian samples. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, the HTQ 11-item version translated into Farsi was provided to three selected samples (total N = 558, 72% female, 18 to 77 years old with an average of 30.2 and a standard deviation of 10.3). The samples included non-personality disorder samples (n = 194), samples with BPD symptoms (n = 104), and samples with other personality disorder symptoms (n = 260). Data were collected using multiple validating measurements. Factor analysis was used to verify that the HTQ is unidimensional and correlations and regression models were used to examine its associations with other constructs. Results: Factor analysis confirmed the single-factor structure of the HTQ in two non-personality disorder and BPD samples. The internal consistency of all items and the total scale were acceptable across the samples (α = 0.87 to 0.91). Positive correlations with maladaptive constructs such as negative affectivity and interpersonal sensitivity and negative correlations with adaptive constructs supported the criterion validity of HTQ. The HTQ was specifically related to borderline symptoms, even after controlling for similar constructs such as depression. Conclusion: The 11-item version of HTQ has acceptable reliability and validity in Iranian samples. Using this short tool for rapid screening of cases with BPD before common procedures such as clinical interviews helps to save diagnostic time and costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Evidence-based practice improves the quality of clinical performance. Attitude affects the implementation of research findings into practice. The Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS-36) evaluates the attitude of therapists toward evidence-based practice. The present study aimed to provide a validated Persian translation of the EBPAS-36 for audiologists. Methods: The original EBPAS-36 was translated by using the international quality of life assessment protocol. The validity of translated version was surveyed by an expert panel and the Persian version with 35 questions was yielded. A demographic questionnaire and EBPAS P-35 were given to 182 audiologists to evaluate the psychometric properties. The reliability was evaluated by completing the EBPAS P-35 after 2 weeks by 30 of the participants and Cronbach's alpha and Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) were calculated. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) were also conducted. Results: The content validity ratio was above 0.33 for all except item 10 which was removed from the Persian version. The mean(SD) total score was 2.38(0.46). A significant relationship was observed between the total score and all subscales (p<0.05). The original factor structure showed an acceptable model fit (CMIN/DF=1.39, GFI=0.84, CFI=0.94, IFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.04) confirming the 12-factor structure of the EBPAS-36. The internal consistency was very good for the total score (α=0.88) and adequate to very good for the subscales (0.65--0.84), indicating high reliability. The ICC showed good agreement in the score of test-retest (total ICC=0.65). Conclusion: This study confirms good psychometric properties and validity of the EBPAS P-35 in a sample of audiologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Students are a significant source of data for the evaluation of clinical instructors' performance. This study was undertaken with the aim of adaptation and validation of the Persian version of the Maastricht Clinical Teaching Questionnaire (MCTQ). The main objective of the researchers in this study was to evaluation the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Maastricht Clinical Training Questionnaire (P MCTQ) in Iran, considering cultural and social differences. Materials and Methods: This methodological study was conducted from 2019 to 2021 at four teaching hospitals affiliated with Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Qualitative and quantitative face and content validity, and construct validity methods were used for the validity evaluation. Stability and internal consistency methods were used, respectively, for the reliability evaluation of the questionnaire. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) stage, 264 students studying in the fields of nursing, midwifery, anesthesiology, operating room, emergency medicine, and laboratory sciences completed the P MCTQ. Results: The value of scale content validity index (0.92) is indicative of the overall content validity of the questionnaire. EFA extracted a single factor structure that could explain the overall variance of the clinical education structure at about 76.61%. The alfa and intraclass correlation values were equal to 0.98 and 0.82, respectively, indicating the excellent internal consistency and high overall stability of the questionnaire. Conclusions: The P MCTQ is a valid and reliable tool for the evaluation of the teaching performance of clinical instructors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the 20-item Fear of Self Questionnaire (FSQ) in Iranian samples. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive survey design was used. Students in universities of Tehran were invited to participate. Participants were asked to complete the Persian versions of the FSQ, Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Ego Strength Scale (ESS), and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RES). Face, content, and construct validity, internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), and test-retest reliability of the FSQ were assessed. Results: Face and content validity of the FSQ were confirmed. Analysis of the principal components using the inclined rotation method showed that there were two factors with an eigenvalue >1, which explained 80.5% of the total variance. The first factor had 12 items and the second factor had 8 items. The internal consistency was 0.975, 0.981, and 0.941 for the total score and the first and second factor, respectively, whereas the test-retest reliability was 0.732, 0.729, and 0.714, respectively (all p ≤ 0.01). For convergent validity of the FSQ, correlations of the total score and the two factors of the FSQ with the scores of VOCI, RES, ESS, and DASS-21 were all significant (p ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: The FSQ can be used in Iranian samples for clinical practice and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Cambodian Nursing Care Quality Scale. Design: Methodological design. Methods: This study was carried out in several steps: a forward‐backward translation was done, face and construct validity was measured using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and the reliability was evaluated. A convenience sampling method was employed to recruit 350 nurses from May 2021 to March 2022. Results: The exploratory factor analysis extracted six factors that explained 60.76% of the total variance. The six‐factor model is supported by confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach's alpha and the intra‐class correlation coefficient were 0.94 and 0.85, respectively. Patient or Public Contribution: Evaluation of the quality of care can lead to the enhancement of the quality of nursing services and patient safety. This will subsequently increase the patients' and community satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to develop and examine psychometric properties of the safety feeling scale (SFS) in adult patients to assess their sense of safety during a hospital stay. Design: Mixed methods design. A SQUIRE checklist was used. Methods: This is a study with two phases of scale development and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the scale. In the first phase, the concept of 'safety feeling' was analysed using a hybrid model. Thus, a systematic review and then a qualitative study with hospitalized patients (n = 31) were conducted by conventional content analysis. In the psychometric phase, factorial validity, reliability, feasibility, and responsiveness of the scale were evaluated by different tests in various samples. Results: After integrating the results of the systematic review and qualitative study, a scale item pool with 84 items was developed. In the psychometric phase, 12 items with four factors were specified; 'effective care,' 'confidence in the healthcare team,' 'emotional enrichment' and 'hygienic facilities,' explaining 51% of the total variance of the scale. They were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency and stability of the scale were satisfactory. Feasibility and responsiveness were also acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To conduct, translate, and psychometric evaluation of the MISSCARE‐Persian Survey. Design: A cross‐sectional study was conducted in Iran in February–June 2021. Methods: The translation of the MISSCARE Survey was accomplished according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Construct validity was performed by (N = 300) exploratory factor analysis and confirmation. To assess the reliability, internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and relative stability was assessed using the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The study adhered to COSMIN guidelines. Results: The exploratory factor analysis, which resulted in the identification of three factors in the second part of the tool, explained 79.6% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the model's good fit of information. The reliability of the first and second parts of the tool was 0.912 and 0.901, respectively. Additionally, the ICC was found to be 0.687 for the first and 0.706 for the second part of the tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The instruments used to measure presenteeism are all flawed and only incompletely measure the concept of presenteeism in employees of the general population. As a result, the concept of presenteeism is not measured, and in most of these instruments, the population for which the instrument has been developed differs from the nursing population. The present research was conducted to design and validate the instrument for evaluating presenteeism in nursing. Methods: The present study was part of an exploratory sequential mixed study. In this study, the instrument for measuring the level of presenteeism among nurses was developed and validated based on the results of the qualitative stage. To this end, the instrument's psychometric properties were investigated using face, content, and construct validity, as well as reliability through internal consistency and stability. Results: In this study, an instrument containing 17 items and three dimensions (imperfect cognitive presence, imperfect emotional presence, and imperfect movement presence) with favorable validation characteristics was developed. Therefore, the instrument was able to explain 56.375% of the total variance. Furthermore, Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients were 0.881 and 0.815, respectively. The intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) was also reported as 0.972 for the entire instrument, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.941 to 0.987. Conclusion: Based this study, it was possible to measure the level of nurses' presenteeism through an instrument with favorable psychometric properties. This study helps health managers lay the groundwork for designing a system for measuring presenteeism among Iranian nurses using the developed instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A valid and reliable tool compatible with the culture is needed to evaluate the safety culture as one of the vital and promotional components in improving the quality of safety and health care. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the "Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC)" in physicians and nurses working in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Methods: In this methodological research, the qualitative face, content validity, and construct validity were performed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis to the psychometric evaluation of the HSOPSC questionnaire. Based on convenience sampling and the inclusion criteria, 360 individuals completed the questionnaire. Internal consistency and stability were measured. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 21 and LISREL. Results: In examining the construct validity, fit indices were not appropriate for the 12-dimension model of the Persian version. According to T-value, six heterogeneous items and a dimension were omitted. The 11-dimension model with 36 items showed an appropriate fit with the data. Cronbach's alpha was evaluated at 0.79, and the stability was 0.82 (p˂0.001). Conclusion: The Persian version of HSOPSC with 11 dimensions and 36 items has favorable validity and reliability and can be used in NICUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To improve cancer patients' quality of life, palliative care is necessary. The growth of palliative care, along with the assistance of the government and the collaboration of specialists, also relies on the knowledge and attitude of people. In Iran, there is no tool available to gauge patient attitudes about palliative treatment. The Persian version of the Palliative Care Attitude Scale (PCAS-9) was translated and psychometrically validated in this research among cancer patients. Methods: This methodological study was conducted in two stages: translation stage and psychometric validation stage. The method of translation was based on that proposed by Polit and Yang. Utilizing a qualitative approach, the scale's face and content validity were investigated. 162 cancer patients who required palliative care based on expert diagnosis participated in the confirmatory factor analysis to establish construct validity. Stability and internal consistency provided evidence of reliability. The data was examined using SPSS18 and AMOS. Results: The "Palliative Care Attitudes Scale" translated well across cultures. Validity on both the face and the content was acceptable. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed a good fit for the original three-factor structure. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was equal to 0.89, while the internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) reliability of the whole scale was equal to 0.77. Conclusions: Persian version of the "Palliative Care Attitudes Scale" was acceptable and adequate in cancer patients. Using this tool makes it easier to assess how patients feel about receiving palliative care and how well training sessions are working to change patients' views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: For a long time, it was held that narcissism had two aspects: narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic fragility. The extraversion, neuroticism, and antagonism elements of the three-factor narcissism paradigm, on the other hand, have gained popularity in recent years. Based on the three-factor framework of narcissism, the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory-short form (FFNI-SF) is a relatively recent invention. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the FFNI-SF in Persian among Iranians. Method: Ten specialists (with Ph.D.s in psychology) were enlisted in this research to translate and evaluate the reliability of the Persian version of the FFNI-SF. The Content Validity Index (CVI) and the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were then used to assess face and content validity. It was given to 430 students at Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, once the Persian form was completed. The available sampling technique was used to choose the participants. Cronbach's alpha and the test-retest correlation coefficient were used to assess the reliability of the FFNI-SF. In addition, concept validity was obtained using exploratory factor analysis. In addition, correlations with NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEOFFI) and Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) were employed to establish the convergent validity of the FFNI-SF. Results: According to professional opinions, the face and content validity indices met expectations. With Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability, the questionnaire's reliability was also established. Cronbach's alphas varied between 0.7 and 0.83 for the FFNI-SF components. According to test-retest reliability coefficients, the components' values varied from 0.7 to 0.86. Additionally, three factors (extraversion, neuroticism, and antagonism) were recovered using the principal components approach and a straight oblimin rotation. According to an analysis of the eigenvalues, the three-factor solution accounted for 49.01 of the variation in the FFNI-SF. The eigenvalues for the three variables were 2.95 (M = 1.39), 2.51 (M = 1.3), and 1.88 (M = 1.24) respectively. The FFNI-SF Persian form's convergent validity was further verified by the association between its results and those from the NEO-FFI and PNI tests and the FFNI-SF. There was a substantial positive association between FFNI-SF Extraversion and NEO Extraversion (r = 0.51, P ≤ 0.001), as well as a strong negative correlation between FFNI-SF antagonism and NEO agreeableness (r = -0.59, P ≤ 0.001). As well as this, PNI grandiose narcissism (r = 0.37, P ≤ 0.001) was shown to be significantly associated with FFNI-SF grandiose narcissism (r = 0.48, P ≤ 0.001), as it was with PNI vulnerable narcissism (r = 0.48, P < 0.001). Conclusion: with its solid psychometric qualities, we may utilize the Persian FFNI-SF to test the three-factor model of narcissism as an effective tool for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Iranian-Islamic spiritual well-being questionnaire (SWBQ), which involves 22 items adapted to the Iranian cultural context. Methods: The current study was descriptive-analytical. After designing the questions according to the Iranian-Islamic culture based on the literature review, the content validity was examined by experts (five people with a PhD in psychology), and the content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) indices were used to check the quantitative content validity. To check the face validity, ten people aged 18 to 60 were used as a sample. Also, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to check construct validity, and Cronbach’s α, test retest, and Spearman-Brown and Guttman split-half coefficients were used to check reliability. In examining the construct validity and reliability of the questionnaire, 400 adults aged 18 to 60 years were selected and assessed as a sample from Mashhad City in 2021 by available sampling. Results: The CVR for five experts was obtained to be >0.99, and the CVI for 22 terms of the questionnaire was obtained ≥0.79, which is in the desired range. The exploratory factor analysis identified six factors, which together explained 77.25% of the total variance. The results obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis supported the proposed model. The Cronbach’s α coefficient of the Iranian-Islamic SWBQ and its factors was obtained from 0.77 to 0.91. In the split-half method, Spearman-Brown and Guttman correlation coefficients were 0.88 and 0.87, respectively. The test re-test reliability coefficients of the total score of the questionnaire and subscales were between 0.78 and 0.83. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the Iranian-Islamic SWBQ has favorable psychometric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self-efficacy demonstrates the general competence of nurses in providing nursing care. Evaluation of nurses' self-efficacy is of particular importance to improve nursing care. The existing self-efficacy scales in Iran are insufficient due to lack of focus on the specific issues of the nursing profession. This study was conducted with the aim of translating and psychometrically evaluating the Persian version of "Nursing Profession Self-Efficacy Scale" (NPSES). Materials and method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in two parts: translation and psychometric evaluation. After getting permission from the original developer of the scale, the process of translating the questionnaire into Persian was done based on the Polit and Yang model. Then, the face validity was explored using a qualitative method with the participation of 10 nurses. The content validity was investigated using a qualitative and quantitative method (content validity index) with the participation of 15 experts. Construct validity was surveyed with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis via completing the questionnaire by 550 nurses worked in different wards of hospitals affiliated to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd/Iran, who were selected using convenience sampling. The reliability of the tool was also established with internal consistency and stability methods, with the participation of 30 nurses. SPSS20 and AMOS were used for data analysis. Results: "Nursing Profession Self-Efficacy Scale" includes 19 items for which the translation and cultural compatibility of the Persian version were confirmed. Face validity and content validity (SCVI/Ave = 0.9) were acceptable. By conducting exploratory factor analysis, three factors (professional situation, care situation, and support situation) were identified, which accounted for 62.38% of the variance of the scores. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the values of the fit indices confirmed the appropriate fit of the model. The reliability was established using Cronbach's α method (α = 0.86) and an ICC of 0.83, indicating that the scale was reliable. Conclusion: The translation, validity, and reliability of the Persian version of "Nursing Profession Self-Efficacy Scale" suggested that this tool has a clear and legitimate translation. Also, this tool has good validity and reliability and can be used as one of the tools to measure the self-efficacy of Iranian nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In order to increase HPV vaccination, it is necessary to identify the factors influencing vaccination behavior among different cultures and the young adult populations. To evaluate the factors influencing HPV vaccine uptake behaviors, valid, reliable, and culture-compatible scales are required. This study was conducted with the aim of designing and psychometric assessment of the scale of factors influencing HPV vaccine uptake behaviors in Young Adults (FI(HPV)VUBYA) in Iran. Methods: The present study was carried out in a mixed-method in two steps: (a) Generating items using a qualitative study and literature review and (b) Reducing items by psychometric assessment of the designed scale. The initial set of items (N = 80) was prepared based on a qualitative study and literature review. A total of 400 young adults participated in online data collection from November 2019 to February 2020. The validity (face, content, and construct) and reliability (internal consistency and stability) of the scale were evaluated. Results: The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed that the scale has 7 factors, explaining 57.84% of the total extracted variance. There was also a knowledge factor that EFA did not analyze, but its validity and reliability were evaluated with 7 other factors. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit. Convergent and divergent validity of the scale was accepted for all factors. Good reliability was also reported for the scale. Conclusion: FI(HPV)VUBYA 8-factor scale has good validity and reliability among young Iranian adults. Due to its appropriate psychometric properties, this scale can be used on this population in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Road traffic injuries are among the main causes of mortality in adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of an adjusted adolescent pedestrian behavior questionnaire (APBQ). Materials and Methods: Using the 29-item self-report pedestrian behavior questionnaire designed by Sadeghi-Bazargani et al. for all age groups as the framework, some of the items were removed depending on the type of behaviors among adolescents and some new questions were added. Eventually, the primary questionnaire was developed with 26 items, including 19 questions from Sadeghi-Bazargani et al.'s questionnaire and seven new questions. The tool was adjusted for adolescents and the psychometric properties were determined among a randomly selected group of 300 Junior high school students in Rasht City, Iran. After determining face validity, content validity and construct validity of the tool by experts, the reliability of the tool was examined based on explorative factor analysis (EFA) with Promax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis in AMOS. Eventually, a self-report questionnaire with 14 items was developed to assess the self-report behavior of adolescent pedestrians. Results: The mean age of the participants was 13.59 (±0.92) years. The Kasier-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.828, which confirmed the EFA. The analysis by the maximum likelihood method with Promax rotation identified four factors with eigenvalues >1 and factor loading =0.5. Therefore, pedestrian behaviors were categorized into four groups (unsafe road crossing behavior, distraction, positive behavior, and playing on the road). Conclusion: The APBQ can be a proper tool for self-reporting adolescent pedestrians' behaviors. It can also be used for studies on safe behaviors in adolescent pedestrians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We developed and psychometrically tested the Nursing Presence Scale. Background: Nursing presence is a foundation for professional nursing practice; therefore, it is critical to measure this concept. Introduction: This instrument development study was designed to generate an itemized scale and psychometric testing using a sample of Iranian patients. Methods: Based on both a concept development and literature review, and finally face and content validity 44-item draft scale was generated. During November 2018–2019, 774 patients were surveyed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to evaluate the scale's construct validity; concurrent and predictive reliability of the nursing presence scale were also evaluated. We also examine the weighting to scale items. Results: The analyses yielded a 36-item, 4-factor scale that adequately fit the data. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole instrument was 0.94. The intra class correlation coefficient was 0.91. Nursing Presence Scale scores were positively correlated with Revised Humane Caring Scale and predicted 25% of missed nursing care. Conclusion: This 36-item has good reliability and validity, making it useful for measuring the current condition of nursing presence. Implications for Nursing and Health Policy: Measuring the frequency of nursing presence allows for data-driven planning and upgrading the inpatient care services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choosing the suitable weeding machines for paddy fields is of great interest to rice farmers. This choice requires exact evaluation and identifying its criteria can be very crucial. A Fuzzy decision-making system can be designed for a weeder machine by developing fuzzy sets of criteria for selecting suitable weeder machine and providing a good basis for comparison of different types of machines considering each rice farmer and paddy field. The objective of this study was to explain the evaluation criteria for rice weeding machine in paddy fields of Iran and present fuzzy sets of identified criteria. The methodology can be divided into three main parts: the examination of construct validity of instruments, their prioritization, and the relationships of variables. The present study, thus, used survey and analytical of hierarchy process methods. The tools included a researcher-made questionnaire using 5-point paired comparison statement. For the survey, the statistical population included all experts in education and research working in Ministry of Agriculture from which 310 people were selected. For AHP, 20 experts were selected by purposive sampling. The results of factor analysis showed that all criteria were strongly related. The results of analytical of hierarchy process prioritized the criteria as agronomic, technical, economic and environmental. Considering the "agronomic" and "technical" criteria, the experts preferred engine two-and three-row weeder machines, while regarding "agronomic" and "environmental" criteria, hand weeder machines are preferred. It is obvious that income amount and rising costs make the user give priority to hand machines, whereas under normal conditions, "agronomic" and "technical" criteria are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a research paper which measures the relative validity and reliability of a modified Food and Nutrition Literacy (M-FNLIT) questionnaire in primary school children in the city of Mashhad, Iran.

Background: Adult eating behavior questionnaire (AEBQ) is an age upward extension tool that measures appetite traits in individuals. This instrument was developed by Hunot in 2016. The present study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of AEBQ in adults with epilepsy. Methods: The current research is a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 in Iran. 700 adults with epilepsy completed the 35-item AEBQ. Qualitative face validity, qualitative content and structure validity (exploratory factor analysis [EFA], N=400, and confirmatory factor analysis [CFA], N=300) appetitive traits were evaluated. Reliability was also measured using Cronbach's alpha, Construct reliability (CR), and Intra-Class Correlation (ICC). The SPSS 26-AMOS24 software was employed to analyze the data with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The EFA and CFA results comprised eight factors, namely enjoyment of food, emotional over-eating, food responsiveness, hunger, satiety responsiveness, emotional undereating, food fussiness, and eating slowly. Indices of root mean square error of approximation=0.068, parsimonious normed fit index=0.644, parsimonious comparative fit index=0.671, adjusted goodness of fit index=0.618, goodness of fit index=0.911, and Chi square degree-of-freedom ratio (normalized Chi square CMIN/ DF=2.842) confirmed the fitness of the final model. Convergent and divergent validity was acceptable for all the factors. The results revealed that the internal stability>0.8 and CR>0.7 of the eight extracted AEBQ structures are confirmed. The ICC was 0.899 (95% CI: 0.878-0.917; P<0.001). The results also showed that AEBQ has acceptable convergent and divergent validity. Conclusion: The eight-factor structure of AEBQ can measure eating behavior traits and is of good validity and reliability for assessing the eating behavior of Iranian adults with epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Use of mobile phones in health care centres can distract care providers and consequently disrupt the care procedure and risk patient safety. This study aims to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a questionnaire for measuring distraction caused by mobile phone use in operating rooms. Sample and setting: 208 operating room nurses and doctors from five hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences participated in the study. Method: This methodological study was conducted in two stages. In stage one, through a review of relevant texts, articles and books, the different dimensions of distraction as caused by mobile phone use were determined, and the items of the questionnaire were developed after several meetings with experts. In stage two the researchers used the two tests of content and face validity to determine the validity and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and stability (test-retest) to evaluate the reliability. Also, the construct validity of the instrument was determined using exploratory factor analysis. Results: In the first stage of the study, distraction due to mobile phone use was defined and 29 items on a five-point Likert scale were developed. In the second stage, after face and content validity assessments, 17 items remained. Evaluations of the reliability of the questionnaire using internal consistency and test-retest reliability yielded a Cronbach's alpha of 0.743. The Spearman-- Brown correlation coefficient of the instrument was found to be 0.994. The construct validity of the instrument was examined through factor analysis. Conclusion: The findings show that the developed instrument has enough validity and reliability to measure distraction due to mobile phone use in operating rooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the present study was to validate the Lifestyle Behavior Checklist (LBC) questionnaire, to measure Iranian parents' perceptions of their children's weight-related behaviors and their self-efficacy in dealing with those behaviors.Methods: The LBC was translated into Farsi. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by an expert panel. A total of 213 mothers of 3-12-year-old children responded to the questionnaire. Criterion validity of the questionnaire was evaluated through comparing its result with a parenting style questionnaire. Principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were used to evaluate construct validity of the questionnaire. Reproducibility was measured by twice administration of LBC, one month apart and using Spearman's rho correlation test. The questionnaire's internal consistency was assessed by calculating Cronbach's α.Results: LBC Problem scale was significantly correlated with authoritarian parenting style score, while the Confidence scale was significantly correlated with authoritative and negatively with permissive and authoritarian parenting styles. PCA suggested a six-factor construct, including, fussy eating, food-related problem behaviors, overeating behaviors, low interest in physical activity, poor self-image and sedentary behaviors. The results of CFA indicated acceptable fit indices for the proposed models. Both, Problem scale (Cronbach's α = 0.8) and Confidence scale (Cronbach's α = 0.95) had high internal consistency. Spearman correlation coefficients indicated acceptable reproducibility for both the Problem scale (r = 0.74) and the Confidence scale (r = 0.70).Conclusions: The Farsi version of LBC questionnaire is reliable and reasonably valid to measure Iranian mothers' perception of their children's weight-related problem behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Stuttering is not just a speech disorder. It can cause negative feelings and emotions in a person especially in children. Therefore, we need a standard tool to identify, study and measure these negative effects and then try to eliminate or reduce them. Considering the increased clinical and research needs for a valid and reliable tool to assess the negative effect of stuttering in Iran, this study aims to design and validate a questionnaire (parents form) for assessment of social/emotional/behavioral disorders in preschool children with stuttering. Materials & Methods This is a methodological study that was conducted in three steps in spring and summer of 2018 in Isfahan, Iran. Participants included 60 parents of preschool children with stuttering aged 3 to 5 years and 11 months (36 boys and 24 girls), who had referred to speech therapy clinics in Isfahan. In the first stage, 10 parents received in-depth and open-ended interviews to collect information about social, emotional and behavioral disorders in children with stuttering. Afterwards, based on these information and the opinions of experts in psychology and speech therapy, the main constructs of the questionnaire were identified: "uncompromising/hyperactive behavior", "social skills", "communication skills", "aggression", "fear", and "separation anxiety". In the second stage, in order to determine the face validity, 10 experts were interviewed face to face. In order to determine the content validity, 15 other experts were asked to examine each item according. Content validity was determined by calculating the content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and total content validity (Lawshe method). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the construct validity. In the last step, the internal consistency was determined by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and the relaibility was determined by test-retest method and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results The initial version consisted of 61 items and 6 subscales. According to the experts, by merging items with overlapping concepts, the number of items were reduced to 40. In the face validity assessment stage, items were examined based on difficulty, relevance, and ambiguity. The phrases were read several times, and the opinions of experts were applied. Then, it was reviewed by two experts in Persian literature and finally was approved. The CVR and CVI vaues were obtained 0.76 and 0.90, respectively. For its internal consistency, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained 0.89 and ICC was more than 0.7 and significant (P<0.001). For the construct validity assessed in AMOS software, the calculated X2 was 631.25. The low number of X2 indicated a good fit of the model (P<0.000). Conclusion The designed questionnaire has acceptable validity and reliability and can be used as a reliable and valid tool for assessing social/emotional/behavioral disorders in Iranian preschool children with stuttering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]