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This case study documents an organizational change intervention concerning the implementation of a novel information technology at a university-owned research foundation (URF). It evidences the disparate expectations and reactions by key actors toward the change event, marking a mismatch between a new paradigm required by the new technology and existing information technology practices. Drawing upon change management and management information systems (MIS) literature, we discuss the perceived change management issues hindering the change process at URF. Our discussion is tempered by a theoretical lens that attempts to integrate the literature bases drawn upon in this research. In particular, resistance from in-house IT specialists was observed as the strongest force obstructing the novel IT implementation. This study offers a forum to stimulate both researchers and practitioners to rethink the necessary elements required to enact change, especially with respect to novel IT implementations.

The commercial potential for voice technology innovations currently being developed by the U.S. Navy is immense.

The U. S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Industrial Technologies Program (ITP), through Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is supporting plant wide energy efficiency assessments that will lead to substantial improvements in industrial efficiency, waste reduction, productivity, and global competitiveness in industries identified in ITP’s Industries of the Future. The stated goal of the assessments is to develop a comprehensive strategy at manufacturing locations that will significantly increase plant productivity, profitability, and energy efficiency, and reduce environmental emissions. ITP awarded a contract to Pilgrim’s Pride Corporation to conduct a plant wide energy efficiency assessment for their Mt Pleasant Facility in Mt Pleasant, Texas. Pilgrim’s Pride Corporation is the largest poultry company in the U.S. and Mexico producing nearly 9 billion pounds of poultry per year. Pilgrim's Pride products are sold to foodservice, retail and frozen entree customers. Pilgrim's Pride owns and operates 37 chicken processing plants (34 in the U.S. and three in Mexico), 12 prepared foods plants and one turkey processing plant. Thirty-five feed mills and 49 hatcheries support these plants. Pilgrim's Pride is ranked number 382 on 2006's FORTUNE 500 list and net sales were $7.4 billion. In Mt. Pleasant, Texas, Pilgrim's Pride operates one of the largest prepared foods plants in the United States, with the capability of producing 2,000 different products and the capacity to turn out more than 7 million pounds of finished goods per week. The facility is divided into distinct departments: East Kill, West Kill, Prepared Foods, Protein Conversion, Wastewater Treatment, and Truck Shop. Facility processes include killing, eviscerating, refrigeration, baking, frying, and protein conversion. Pilgrim’s Pride formed a team to complete the plant wide energy efficiency assessment. The scope of work for this project was to: provide the analysis of departmental energy use, identify areas for detailed analysis, perform a detailed analysis for several of the opportunities identified, and support the development of an energy strategy for the facility. The team consisted of Pace Global Energy Services, LLC; Hudson Technologies Company; Rocky Research, Inc.; and W.J. Turpish and Associates. The project used a systematic approach to complete a plant-wide energy efficiency assessment at the Mt Pleasant Facility. Major energy consuming equipment and processes were determined and opportunities for high annual savings potential were targeted for further evaluation. Exhibit 1 below summarizes the major savings opportunities at the site. The total energy savings represent 14% of the energy consumed on site on an MMBtu basis, with 12% of total energy savings achievable in projects with less than a two year payback. Pace Global Energy Services, LLC of Fairfax, Virginia provided the analysis of departmental energy use, identification of areas for detailed analysis, and support for the development of an energy strategy for the facility. Hudson Technologies Company analyzed the combustion and steam systems to identify opportunities for economic heat recovery and improvement in boiler operations. Rocky Research, Inc analyzed the refrigeration systems and W.J. Turpish and Associates reviewed the cooling towers and evaporative condensers.

Nichinan Mill of Oji Paper Co., Ltd. in Kyushu Island, which started its operation in 1938, has an integrated fine paper and a special coated paper mill. The paper mill manufactures wood-free printing and writing papers, converting stocks, business form papers and specialties. The special coated paper mill manufactures electrostatic, dipole, and heat-sensitive recording papers and heat sealable papers.The paper mill has a capacity of 200, 000 T/Y of fine paper with seven paper machines, supported by two KP lines, and the special coated paper mill has a capacity of 3, 600 T/Y with two functional coaters.The mill's waste water is treated by an activated sludge and coagulation-sedimentation process. Stack gas from oil-fired boiler is desulfurized. Odor gas from KP mill is burned by recovery boilors and kilns.

KISHU PAPER CO., LTD., established in 1950, is now composed of a head office (Osaka), and two mills (Kishu mill : presented already on Japan Tappi Vol. 32, No. 10, 1978, and Osaka mill).Osaka mill, which we are going to introduce here, is in Suita City where the world famous EXPO '70 was once held. This mill constructed in 1954 and started up in 1955 with two machines. This mill has now tour Fourdrinier machines, and the main products are as follows : Woodfree coloured printing & writing papers, Tabulating card stock, OCR Bonds and Banks, Perforating tape, Printing papers for decolative laminates, Flame reterdants allpapers : base stock, and other specialities.The anual producing capacity of paper is about 55, 000 tons. The mill area is about 160, 000 square meters and the number of empoloyees is nearly 400.

Hokuetsu Paper Mills, Ltd. was estlabished in 1907. It has four paper making factories, that is, Niigata Paper Mill, Nagaoka Paper Mill, Ichikawa Paper Mill, and Katsuta Paper Mill. The first two are in Niigata Prefecture, the third is in Chiba Pref. and the last is in Ibaraki Pref.Niigata Paper Mill, which we are going to introduce now, is the most important main plant of these four. It was established in 1915, in Niigata City. It is equipped with the most modernized facilities, which are enough to make raw materials and to convert them into paper.The area of this factory is 432, 837 square meters. About six hundred people are working for it. The producing capacity of pulp and paper are as follows.Pulp B K P 670 tB G P 60tPaper Wood free paper and mechanical paper 430.4 tIvory and Card board 74 tAs it was installed in town, we have taken measures not to disturb the happy life of the people living around there. As for Anti-pollution problems, we have invested a great amount of capital into various control systems for waste water treatment anti-air pollution, dust control, odor removal and noise abatement.

Tohoku Paper Co., Ltd. was estabrished in 1970.The mill started prodtction in 1971. Located at the western part of Akita City to exploit rich water, wood resouces and labor force etc. and has a pulp mills two continuous digesters capacity of 16, 500 T/M of unbleached kraft pulp from about 60% domestic wood chips and 40% imported wood chips.It has a one paper mill capacity of 16, 000 T/M of kraft riner board with inverformer machine.The mill area is around 660, 000 m2 and employees are around 330.

Tokyo Mill started its operation in 1966 is located on Soka City in the east of Tokyo. Tokyo Mill manufactures jute liner board and gypsum liner board with TCC Former (Takasaki Combination of Centri Former) witch are converging curved wire former.The mill site area is about 70, 000 m2 and the employees are 95.

Nagaoka Mill is located in Nagaoka city, the birthplace of Hokuetsu Paper Mills Co., Ltd. founded in 1907.This mill started its operation as a board mill, and today produces a wide variety of high quality papers and specialty boards. The mill continues to move toward more profitable and stable higher added value products.The mill site area is 170, 000 m2 and the number of employees is about 200.The main products are as followsTechnical paper … abrasive base paper impregnated paperFancy paper …embossed paper, various colored paper, etc.Others … thermal paper, reprographic paperSpecialty Board … vulcanized fiber, PASCO

The Jujo's Fushiki Mill is located in Takaoka-City, Toyama prefecture of Main-island in Japan. Pulp and paper production began in 1919. Our mill produces newsprint, rotogravure, printing and publishing papers, asbestos paper and other specialty paperboard.Our major plants are composed of six paper machines which use mainly furnishes from Sulfite, RGP and DIP mill. The mill has the capacity to produce 320 tons paper and board per day.

Nakagawa Mill is located in the northeastern part of Tokyo and was constructed in 1917.The mill has six machines, three coaters and other equipments for producing high quality papers and variety of specialty grades of papers. The main products are printing papers, art papers and other special kinds of paper including photographic basepapers. Another special product is non-woven fabric.Most of pulp is supplied from Mitsubishi's sister mills-Kitakami and Shirakawa, and others are imported.The mill site area is about 172, 000 m2 and the number of employees are about 690.

Edogawa Mill is located in the southeastern part of Metropolitan Tokyo along the Edogawa River which divides the border of Tokyo and Chiba Prefecture. Edogawa River is very significant for Edogawa Mill because its water is used not only as industrial water for Edogawa Mill, but is also used as a means of transportation of major materials such as pulp, oil and so on.The main equipment in Edogawa Mill are a 60 t/d CGP plant, 2 fourdrinier machines for manufacturing 120 tons per day of printing paper, and 1 high-speed ultraformer machine for manufacturing 270 tons of paperboard per day.The mill area has about 157, 000 m2 and a corrugating plant and a Central Research Laboratory are also located within its premises. There are a total of 471 employees working there.Since the mill is located in the urban area, it is advantageous for procurement of materials and for transportation of products, however, on the other hand, strict control for the protection of the environment is required. Therfore, for the purpose of keeping good harmony with the community, we have positively invested in facilities for pollution abatement during the past several years.

Hokuetsu Paper Mills, Ltd. was established in 1907. It has four mills in Niigata (introduced in Japan Tappi Vol 34, No. 2 1980), Nagaoka, Ichikawa and Katsuta.Katsuta mill is located in Katsuta city, Ibaraki Pref., 75 miles northeast of Tokyo. The mill started its operation in 1971 as a converting division of Hokuetsu Paper Mills and a large paper board machine was installed in 1975.The plant, which has a large scale tertiary water purification system using activated carbon as a perfect antipollution device, products 5-ply coated card boards from recycled materials.With the new products, Hokuetu has now a full line of products, that is, “MARI-kote” (Coated white board produced at Ichikawa mill), “PERFECT” (Ivory board produced at Niigata mill) and “CLEAN-K-kote” (coated card produced at Katsuta mill).The daily production capacity of paper board at Katsuta is about 216 tons. Katsuta mill has approximately 200, 000 m2 site and has about 120 employees.

Taiko Paper Mfg. Co., Ltd. was established in 1950, in Fuji City is located in south region of Mt. Fuji, the highest and the most elegant mountain in Japan. It is one of the integrated package paper mills products various papers from pulp. It has plants of kraft pulp, kraft paper and coated board paper.Production Capacity of Pulp 265 t/DProduction Capacity of Papers 335 t/D

Yatsushiro Mill of Jujo Paper Co., Ltd. in Kyushu Island, which started its operation in 1924, has an integrated pulp and paper mill.The paper mill manufactures fine paper, writings, post-card and newsprint with seven paper machines, two of which are twin-wire formers.The pulp mill is composed of KP, GP, SP, CGP, and DIP lines.The mill site area is about 432, 000m2 and the employees are 1, 050.

Oji Paper Co., Ltd. owns five mills all over Japan, namely, Tomakomai, Ebetsu, Kasugai, Yonago and Nichinan. Among them, Ebetsu Mill in Hokkaido Island started its operation in 1908. The Mill is about 20 kilometers far to the northwest of Sapporo City.The Mill has a capacity of 150, 000 tons per year with ten paper machines ; six Fourdrinier machines and four Yankee machines. The main products are Fine Paper, Kraft Paper and Speciality Paper.Pulp mill has one KP continuous digester, nine KP batch digesters and two bleaching systems. One of them is the C-E1-H-E2-D displacement bleaching with the medium consistency chlorination. The mill's waste water is treated by a activated sluge process and a coagulation sedimentation process. The odorous effluent gas is burned in recovery boilers.The mill area is about 1, 030, 000 m2 and the employees are 410.

Tonami Paper Co., Ltd. was established in August 1955.The company has one mill named Futatsuka which locates in southern Takaoka City, Toyama prefecture.This mill started up in February 1957, and has been producing newsprint and publication paper since then.It has a capacity of 120, 000 t/y of paper with two twin-wire Bel Baie Formar.It also produces pulp (such as GP, RGP and DIP) and supplies it to paper machines along with the purchased chemical pulp.The mill site area is 176, 000 m2 and number of employees is about 220.The mill's water is treated by an Activated Sludge and coagulation-sedimentation process. Stack gas from powerboiler is treated by scrubbers (OK-3 type) and electro-precipitator.

Tokushu Paper Mfg. Co., Ltd., founded in 1926, is presently numbered among the most unique paper makers in Japan. It has two mills, one in Mishima and the other in Gifu. Mishima Mill is located at the foot of Mt. Fuji in Shizuoka Prefecture and Gifu Mill introduced here is situated in Gifu Prefecture, which is one of the most famous forest arears in Japan.The mill, which has five paper making machines, produces more than one thousand variations of fine papers depending on customer's requirements. The current paper production is 1, 000 metric tons per month. These speciality papers have provided good appearance and satisfaction as artistic printing paper for users in Japan, as well as overseas'.The mill has about 25, 000m2 site and 250 skilled employees.

Mishima Paper Co., established in 1918, is now composed of a head office (Tokyo), two mills (Harada and Suita) and a research institute.Harada Mill, which we are going to introduce here, is on the outskirts of Fuji City well-known for its fine view of national adoring mountain, and the other is in Suita City where the world famous EXPO 70 was once held.In and around Harada district, people have been long blessed with an abundance of clean spring water, and that is why our predecessors first had a thought of founding there a mill for the purpose of manufacturing cigarette-paper more than 60 years ago …… unknown technology as it was in those days. Ever since Harada Mill has continued to produce various kinds of high grade paper, most of which are light-weight, to enrich daily life or expedite business, and now holds the paramount position in the field of making specialty paper.The mill area is about 100, 000m2 and the employees are nearly 450. The main products are as follows : For cigarette use …… cigarette-paper, tipping or wrapping paper, etc.For business use ………… copying, typing, bond, instruction or contract, pocket note-book, etc.For other special use …… India used to dictionary, water dissolving, various kinds of converted paper, etc.

The city of Kawanoe where the Oe Mill is located, has been historically developed as a key station of ocean trade, between Takamatsu and Matuyama in Shikoku.That location is very suited for traffic convenience having easy access to Osaka, Chugoku, and Kyushu area.The company was established in 1920, and we are now operating three paper mills of Kawanoe, Kinsei and Oe.We are introducing here the profile of our new Oe Mill which was started up on stream in December 1979 with most modernized equipments for producing newsprint, so that the future potentiality could hopefully be expected as our sea-front plant.The all manufacturing facilities are equipped on land of 300, 000 square meters and approximately one hundred and twenty employees are working for daily production.The producing capacity of pulp and paper are as follows.Pulp TMP 450 T/DPaper Newsprint 550 T/D

Fuji mill is located at the central part of Fuji city which is closely situated from two biggest marketting cities of Tokyo and Osaka, has started its first paper machine operation in 1951.The mill has nine (9) Fourdrinier machines, one twinwire machine and three (3) coater machines, and produces around 70 grades of paper including LWC, glassine paper, post card paper, color wood free paper, newsprint paper, and telephone number paper.At present, it also produces Kraft pulp, Ground wood, Refiner Ground wood and De-inking pulp.Its capacity of monthly paper production is around 33, 000 tons. The area of Fuji mill is around 40, 000m2 and employees are around 1, 050.

Kitakami Mill of Mitsubishi Paper Mills, Ltd. started production in 1965. The mill is situated in the rich woodland of Iwate Prefecture, and specializes in the manufacture of bleached hardwood kraft pulp (LBKP) from 100 % domestic woodchips. The mill's main product is high quality fully bleached hardwood kraft pulp for general market.About one-third of the product is for captive use at Nakagawa and Takasago Mills, another one-third is sold to domestic paper manufacturers, with the remainder being exported.To reduce energy cost, the mill has recently started a waste wood boiler to replace an oil-fired boiler. In fact, this has virtually eliminated oil consumption.

Sanko Paper Mfg. Co., Ltd. established in 1937, is now composed of two mills (Sobue, Fuji) and three offices (Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya). Sobue mill started its operation in 1939 is located on the left bank of Kiso river in the north west of Nagoya.Sobue mill has continued to produce paper boards, only and to use raw materials of twenty percent pulp (domestic products, imports), and eighty percent waste papers.The daily output of paper boards when the usualy operating four machines produce is 740 metric tons, of which 340 metric tons are coated white boards and 400 metric tons are jute liner.There are 430 employers in Sobue mill which has 330, 000 m2 areas of ground.

Iwabuchi Mill, Honshu Paper Co., Ltd., manufactures mainly specialty tissue paper ; cigarette paper, copying paper, letter paper, light-grade publishing paper, etc.This mill, which is located in Fujikawa-cho, Shizuoka Pref., central part of Japan, started up in 1918 to manufacture cigarette paper, and now has 4 paper machines and a converting plant. Its prodution is 90 tons per day of specialty tissue paper.The mill site area is 54, 000m2 and the number of employees is about 300.The waste water from the mill is treated by an activated sludge process, flotation equipment, and a sludge incinerator with a fluid bed dryer. Flue gas is treated by a wet scrubber.

Miyakojima mill of Jujo Paper Co., Ltd., which started its operation in 1913, is located at the northeast of Osaka City.The mill, since its origin, has continued to produce various kinds of high grade specialty paper, most of which are light-weight, for example, cigarette paper, India paper, back carboncopying paper and glassine paper.This mill has 5 paper machines and the monthly paper production is 2, 150 metric tons.The mill site area is about 65, 000 m2 and the employees are about 400.

Mitsubishi Paper Mills, Ltd. manufactures market pulps, wood-free printing and writing papers, coated papers and paperboards, specialty papers, and photographic papers at six mills consisting of three paper mills, two pulp mills, and one photographic paper mill.Hachinohe Mill, inaugurated in 1966, is the company's largest and most modernized consolidated pulp and paper mill. The mill site covering an area of about 1, 100, 000 m2 was selected there in the northern end of Honshu Island to exploit rich water and wood resources, port facilities, labor force, etc.The mill has a capacity of 288, 000 t/y of paper and paperboard with two off-machine coaters, four paper machines, supported by two sulfate pulp lines and one CGP line. Number of employees is about 800. No. 4 paper machine is a Bel Baie 71 twin wire unit producing wood-free fine papers of excellent quality.The mill's waste water is treated by a coagulation-sedimentation process. Stack gas from its oil-fired boilers is desulfurized.

Kanzaki Mill is about 15 kilometers to the south of Osaka International Airport or 1 kilometer to the east of Amagasaki Station, and is located at the mouth of Kanzaki River which divides Osaka and Amagasaki.This mill had been an integrated pulp and paper mill since 1948 when the mill was rebuilt on the ruins of war. In the first half of the 1960's, however, all the pulping facilities and most of the paper machines were scrapped one after another for environmental protection measures and the mill became a converted paper mill specializing in the manufacture of art paper and specialty papers such as carbonless copy paper.The mill site covers an area of about 215, 000 square meters and the mill's employees now count about 1, 000.

Nayoro Mill started up in 1960 as “Teshiogawa Paper mfg. Co., Ltd.” The company name was changed in 1979 as “Hokuyo Paper Co., Ltd.” by reason of join with “Kitami pulp mfg. Co., Ltd.” This mill has 3 paper machines and 2 pulping processes and its productions are 400 tons per day of corrugating medium and 150 tons per day of paper board.The mill site covers an area of about 225, 000 m2 and the mill employees count about 200.

Kumano Mill in Shingu City, located at the mouth of the Shingu river (Kumano river), was established in 1912. The mill has a capacity 6.8 tons per day with three paper machine. This mill manufactures capacitor tissue paper. The mill arear has about 36, 800 m2. There are total of 130 employees working here.

Mishima Paper Co., Ltd. was established in 1918 and since then it has been specialized in the manufacture of thin paper. Presently it owns a head office in Tokyo and two mills; one is Harada Mill in Fuji City (Please refer to the May, 1980 issue of this magazine.) and the other is Suita Mill in Suita City, Osaka which we are going to introduce here.Since 1970 when the world famous EXPO'70 was held there, Suita City has rapidly grown to be an important center of traffic and economy in the Kinki districts as well as a bedroom town of Osaka. Suita Mill is located just on the border between two big cities, Suita and Osaka, and may be called as a typical urban plant. The mill has highly developed its manufacturing facilities, taking every possible care to avoid environmental pollution.Suita Paper Mfg. Co., Ltd., original of the present Suita Mill, was founded in 1928 for the purpose of manufacturing cigarette-paper and incorporated with Mishima Paper Co., Ltd. in 1936. From that time on, the mill has been an important base of our company's marketing in west JapanSuita Mill has three Fourdrinier machines and its main products are cigarette-paper, Indiapaper, copying-paper, carbon base-paper, etc. The mill site covers an area of about 36, 000 m2 and the mill employees count about 200.

Matsumoto Mill of Honshu Paper Co., Ltd. manufactures solely corrugated containerboard ; kraft liner, jute liner, color liner and white linerThis mill, which is located in the western region of Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture, central part of Japan, started up in 1933 as “Matsumoto Shoshi Kogyosho” (Matsumoto Papermaking Factory) and changed its name to “Toshin Paper Co.” in 1943.Matsumoto Mill now has 2 paper machines and its production is 330 tons per day of corrugated containerboard.The mill site area is about 61, 000m2 and the number of employees is about 230.The wastewater from the mill is treated by a clarifier, flotation equipment, an aeration system for BOD treatment, and a sludge incinerator. Flue gas is treated by a water scrubber.

Hokuetsu Ichikawa Mill started in 1920 and is located at the center of Ichikawa City, Chiba prefecture.Now, the Mill has four machines (two printing paper machines ; capacity is 83 t/d, and two white coated board machines ; capacity is 320 t/d).Mill site area is 53, 000 m2 and buillding area is 25, 000 m2 and employees are about 230.

Marusumi Paper Mfg. Co., Ltd. is located in the city of Kawanoe, which is so famous in Japan as one of massive paper-production centers.The city is in the eastern end of Ehime Prefecture, and her northern shore is washed by calm waves of the Seto Island Sea.And the city increases her significant weight upon economical activities of western part of our country, as her location being close to each industrial centers such as Osaka, Hiroshima, Kyushu and their satellites.

Takasago City, located at the mouth of the Kako River-about 20 km west of Kobe, used to be a traditional port town, but has made a remarkable progress as an industrial city as well in the past decades.The mill's history dates back in 1901, only three years after the company's foundation (1898). Since its origin, Takasago Mill has undertaken development of several specialty papers and is still characterized now as a specialty paper mill among Mitsubishi's sister mills. with its one cylinder machine, seven fourdriniers, and five coaters, the mill manufactures 217 tpd of papers including 120 tpd carbonless copy paper, tracing paper, cast-coated paper, capacitor tissue, etc.The mill ground covers 13, 000 sq. m in eastern part of Takasago City and has about 600 employees.Waste water of the mill is discharged to the Inland Sea after sedimentation treatment. Stack gas is desulfurized by a Magnesium Process.