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Background: Management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) as a chronic disease requires treatment adherence such as controlling the blood glucose level and adopting a healthy lifestyle. The present study aimed to develop and psychometrically evaluate a questionnaire based on the Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM) to measure treatment adherence and the associated factors among T2D patients. Methods: The present study was conducted in qualitative and the quantitative phases between March 2022 and March 2023. The participants were T2D patients visiting Shahid Mohammadi hospital Diabetes Clinic in Bandar Abbas in the south of Iran. The first draft of items was extracted from the qualitative phase. The present study used interviews with T2D patients, item construction, validity and reliability evaluation of the instrument, and the relevant statistical analyses. It emphasized the significance of content, face, and construct validity, along with reliability testing using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, V16 and AMOS, V23. Results: A 97-item questionnaire was developed through the qualitative phase and, after content validity, it was reduced to 86 items. Five items were removed in face validation, and after the test-retest method, 79 items were retained. The confirmatory factors analysis confirmed a 65-item model with appropriate fitness of data. Cronbach's alpha coefficient showed an acceptable reliability of the diabetes treatment adherence questionnaire (α = 0.92). Conclusion: The questionnaire developed based on the HPM model provides a standard and comprehensive measurement of the degree of adherence to treatment and the associated factors among Iranian T2D patients. This is especially valuable in the Iranian healthcare context, where effective management of chronic diseases such as diabetes is of a top priority. Questionnaires can help identify barriers and facilitators of treatment adherence to inform systematic and goal-oriented interventions. The proposed questionnaire had good psychometric properties, and can be used as a valid and practical instrument to measure the factors related to treatment adherence behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. More than 1 million colorectal cancers (CRC) are diagnosed annually. This cancer is the cause of 600,000 deaths, and many of these deaths can be reduced by screening. Colonoscopy is the best screening method and tool to diagnose CRC, but it causes anxiety and worry in patients. In addition, no appropriate tool has so far been introduced for assessing anxiety in these patients. Accordingly, the present study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate a tool for assessing anxiety in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Methods. This methodological study used a descriptive-cross-sectional approach to design a psychometric questionnaire. To this end, 106 patients participated in this research, and the questionnaire was completed online. The validity of the list and the analysis of its main components were determined through exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the tool was also checked with Cronbach’s alpha. Results. Overall, 20 terms of the questionnaire were examined by exploratory analysis, and 5 factors explained 57.76% of the total variance. The internal consistency of the tool with Cronbach’s alpha was 0.91. Conclusion. The findings of the research revealed that the tool for assessing anxiety in patients undergoing colonoscopy with 20 items and 5 factors has adequate validity and reliability and can be used to assess the anxiety of colonoscopy patients. Practical Implications. The results of this research can change policies in the field of treatment to reduce the anxiety of colonoscopy patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Assessing critical thinking disposition is crucial in nursing education to foster analytical skills essential for effective healthcare practice. This study aimed to evaluate the cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Persian version of the Critical Thinking Disposition Scale among Iranian nursing students. Method: A total of 390 nursing students (mean age = 21.74 (2.1) years; 64% female) participated in the study. Face and content validity were established through feedback from nursing students and expert specialists, respectively. Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA was used to explore the number of factors and the items that were loading on them. The CFA was used to confirmed the fidnings of the EFA on the same sample. Convergent and discriminant validity were examined, along with reliability through internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Results: EFA revealed a two-factor structure, comprising "Critical Openness" and "Reflective Skepticism," explaining 55% of the total variance. CFA confirmed the model's fit (χ² = 117.37, df = 43, χ²/df = 2.73, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.067; CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.93, SRMR = 0.041). Convergent and discriminant validity were supported, with significant factor loadings (p < 0.001) ranging from 0.61 to 0.77. The CTDS exhibited strong internal consistency (α = 0.87) and excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.96). Conclusion: The validation of the CTDS in Persian language settings provides a reliable tool for assessing critical thinking disposition among Iranian nursing students. The two-factor structure aligns with previous research, reflecting students' propensity towards critical openness and reflective skepticism. The study's findings underscore the importance of nurturing critical thinking skills in nursing education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The utilization of speech materials in audiological assessments has faced challenges due to a lack of standardization and insufficient consideration of acoustic factors. This study aimed to develop a set of psychometrically validated monosyllabic and disyllabic words in Persian for use in auditory tests. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved collecting the most frequently used one- and two-syllable words from Persian dictionaries. A panel of experts evaluated the selected words using a 4-point Likert scale. Based on their recommendations, 382 monosyllabic words and 150 disyllabic words met the established criteria. Male and female talkers recorded these words, which were then presented in a random order to 30 young adults with normal hearing (aged 18–30 years). The presentation intensity levels ranged from 0 to 48 dB HL with 8 dB increments. Logistic regression was used to determine the psychometric properties of the words. Results: As the intensity level increased, the percentage of word recognition scores also increased, reaching 100% at an intensity level of 48 dB HL. For Persian monosyllabic words, the mean psychometric slope was 0.29 %/dB for male talkers and 0.25 %/dB for female talkers. The corresponding slopes for Persian disyllabic words were 0.23 %/dB and 0.21 %/dB, respectively. Conclusion: This study successfully developed 382 monosyllabic words and 150 disyllabic words in Persian with comparable psychometric properties. These words can be utilized in auditory tests for Iranian adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego -- Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) assesses five affective temperaments and has been translated into 32 languages. A 35-item short version is available in Persian, but the complete version is not yet translated. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the complete Persian version of the TEMPS-A in an Iranian population. Method: This descriptive study translated the TEMPS-A questionnaire from English to Persian using a standard forwardbackward method. The translation was evaluated for face and content validity by 10 psychiatry specialists, with quantitative content validity assessed through content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) calculations. The Persian TEMPS-A was completed twice, with a two-week interval, by 30 individuals out of the 319 medical staff of Imam Hossein Hospital in Tehran, Iran, who participated in the study, and its reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. The questionnaire was then distributed to the entire sample (n = 319) for the analysis of temperament frequencies and statistical indices by a statistician. Results: The Persian version of the TEMPS-A, consisting of 110 items across five factors (depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, irritable, and anxious), demonstrated excellent reliability with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.910, 0.909, 0.911, 0.910, and 0.909, respectively. The questions related to cyclothymic and hyperthymic temperaments exhibited the highest and lowest correlation coefficients with the general scale, respectively. Most subscales in the Persian TEMPS-A version showed correlation coefficients ranging from 0.28 to 0.68. An ANOVA with Cochrane's test revealed a significant difference in the mean scores of the questionnaire items (P < 0.001), with a grand mean score of 1.73 across all questions. Conclusion: The Persian version of the TEMPS-A, consisting of 110 items, showed good internal consistency and a strong correlation with the original version. This suggests that it is suitable for use in temperament studies among the Iranian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ethical decision-making in end-of-life care is one of the most challenging aspects of healthcare: providing ethical care to the society is one of the most important responsibilities of healthcare professionals. In order to assess nurses' ethical decision-making in end-of-life care, researchers need a specialized and comprehensive instrument which is sufficiently valid and reliable. The present study was conducted to translate and test the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Nurses' Ethical Decision-Making in End-of-Life Care Scale (NEDM-EOLCS). Methods: This is a cross-sectional, multi-centric study with a methodological design The participants were selected via convenience sampling from five hospitals located in Iran. In total, 1320 nurses (660 for exploratory factor analysis and 660 for confirmatory factor analysis) participated in the study. The original NEDM-EOLCS was translated into Persian and subsequently the psychometric properties of the scale were assessed according to COSMIN criteria. Results: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed the factor loading of the 55 items to be between 0.62 and 0.88, all of which were significant. Also, exploratory factor analysis showed that 3 factors (perceived professional accountability, moral reasoning/moral agency and moral practice) explained 74.51% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results verified the good fit of the data (a chi-square of 21.74, df = 7, P = 0.001) RMSEA = 0.01, CFI = 0.96, NFI = 0.95, and TLI = 0.97). The reliability of the scale was measured in terms of its internal consistency and the Cronbach's alpha of the whole instrument was found to be 0.98. Conclusion: The Persian version of NEDM-EOLCS for nurses is sufficiently valid and reliable. Thus, this instrument can be used to measure nurses' ethical decision-making in end-of-life care and identify the most effective strategies, e.g. educational interventions, to improve ethical decision-making skills in end-of-life care in these healthcare professionals as necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Experiencing dizziness/vertigo is often an indication of dysfunction in the vestibular system. Recent findings show a connection between peripheral vestibular dysfunction and cognitive impairments. The Neuropsychological Vertigo Inventory (NVI) can assess physical, emotional, and cognitive issues in individuals with dizziness/vertigo. The aim of this research was to translate, cultural adaptation and evaluation of the reliability and validity of NVI to Persian. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the NVI scale was translated and adapted to the Iranian cultural context following the international quality of life assessment protocol for translation and equivalence. After obtaining face validity, the scale was administered to 140 patients with peripheral vestibular system dysfunction and 70 control group (age between 25 and 80 years). After one week, 50 participants were asked to complete the questionnaire again. Eventually, reliability was evaluated with both methods of internal consistency and test-retest reproducibility. Results: Out of the 28 items in the NVI scale, 3 items were modified to better align with the cultural conditions of Iranians. The impact scores for most items in this scale were found to be higher than 1.5. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient values for the overall scale (0.90) and test-retest reliability with intra-class correlation coefficient for the overall scale (0.91) were confirmed. Conclusion: The Persian version of NVI scale demonstrates excellent validity and reliability, and it exhibits a high level of content alignment with the original version. Therefore, it can be a useful tool to better understand the physical, emotional and cognitive disturbances in patients with vertigo/dizziness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Communication skills have a principal function and value in health and treatment. These skills are essential for child experts, resulting in the clients' cooperation, satisfaction, and correct diagnosis. This study aims to design a scale to evaluate the communication skills of health center experts in children's developmental tests. Materials & Methods The research community consisted of experts from health centers in Iran universities of medical sciences. The samples were recruited by purpose-based sampling. This group of experts was used in health centers due to the training of selected experts to perform the developmental Bayley test. First, the evaluation concepts were determined and discussed through a literature review and focused group discussion sessions with 10 experts; the experts were asked to express their opinions and suggestions regarding compiling communication items using the Delphi method. Suggested comments were collected and coded, and the study scale was designed. Then, the psychometric characteristics of the scale were determined with the participation of 16 experts through quantitative content validity and face validity. The scale's reliability was determined through the test re-test with a 2-week interval, the agreement coefficient in observations was compared between raters and the reference rater, and internal consistency was done. Quantitative data analysis was done in SPSS software, version 22. Results In this study, the communication skills scale was designed with 30 items: 13 for communication with children, 6 for communication with parents, and 11 for general items. The lowest content validity index value was related to one item in the communication with the children section. The rest of the items had acceptable validity. The Cronbach α value was 0.81 in communication with the children, 0.82 in communication with the parents, and 0.76 in the general section. The reliability level was 0.83, and the intracluster correlation coefficient was 0.77 in communication with a child, 0.88 in communication with parents, and 0.81 in general. The kappa coefficient for agreement between reference observer and other observers was above 0.7 in 5 cases and less than 0.4 in 2 cases. Conclusion The compiled evaluation scale has high validity and reliability and can be used as an evaluation scale of communication skills for child experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the "resilience assessment questionnaire" in patients with multiple sclerosis. Materials & Methods The statistical population of the present study included all multiple sclerosis patients living in Tehran City in 2022. Of them, 250 people were selected through available sampling. The participants completed the questionnaires of Gromis et al. resilience and the hospital anxiety and depression scales. The validity of the questionnaire was investigated using the formal, content, construct, and predictor methods. Also, the reliability of the test was checked through the Cronbach α method and retesting. Data analysis was done using SPSS software, version 26. Results The face validity was confirmed by checking the content and solving the appearance problems. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed after correcting the questions. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the resilience questionnaire includes 5 components: Emotional and cognitive strategies, physical activity and diet, family and friends support, peer support, and spirituality. Also, the Cronbach α values of these components were 0.88, 0.79, 0.62, 0.76, 0.50, and 0.89, respectively. The eigenvalues of these components explained 47.49% of the variance. There was a significant relationship between the resilience and anxiety/depression questionnaire components. The correlation value between the first and second stages confirmed the retest validity of the resilience questionnaire. Conclusion The Persian version of the "multiple sclerosis resilience" scale is a valid and reliable tool for assessing resilience features in Iranian MS patients, which can be used in policymaking and research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric indicators of the Persian version of the Sense of Belonging in Nursing School scale (SBNS). Methods: The study conducted in Shahroud and Semnan schools of nursing and midwifery in Iran examined nursing students using a cross-sectional approach by convenience sampling method from 3/6/2023 to 24/8/2023. To assess the SBNS scale, the forward–backward procedure was used to translate it into Persian. Face and content validity were evaluated, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted with sample sizes of 200 and 182, respectively. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, MacDonald's omega, and intra-class correlation coefficient. Results: The exploratory factor analysis resulted in the exclusion of four items, leaving a final selection of 15 items. These items were categorized into three factors: classmates, clinical staff, and inclusive educational environment, which accounted for 49.16% of the overall variance. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model was a good fit for the observed data, and the subscales had high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.752 to 0.880) and stability (intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.889 to 0.968). Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that the Persian version of the SBNS scale demonstrates sufficient validity and reliability in assessing students' sense of belonging to the nursing school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good resilience skills support effective and timely adjustment to demanding situations in the workplace. Existing tools are insufficient to develop and evaluate workplace interventions to improve employee's resilience skills. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a Resilience Skills Questionnaire (RSQ) using the key constructs of social cognitive theory—self-efficacy, self-regulation, and social support—as a theoretical framework. Following DeVellis' guidelines for scale development, first an expert panel of thirteen professors was recruited to support the item development stages and determine content validity. At this stage, the initial pool of 38 items was reduced to 25 items and CVR and CVI were calculated as 0.92 and 0.93, respectively, indicating good content validity. A second panel of ten health professionals confirmed face validity. An online survey comprised of the 25 developed items was then completed by 336 health professionals working in urban healthcare centers in Shiraz, Iran, in November 2021. The data were used to assess the psychometrics of the questionnaire according to its hypothesized three-dimensional structure. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded a final model of seventeen items in three dimensions, self-efficacy (six items), social support (six items), and self-regulation (five items), with good psychometric properties ( χ 2 / df = 2.44 (p < 0.001), RMSEA = 0.06 , GFI = 0.92 , AGFI = 0.90 , IFI = 0.93 , CFI = 0.93). All standardized factor loadings were significant (p < 0.001). Internal consistency, as measured by Cronbach's alpha, was very good: RSQ (0.90), self-efficacy (0.86), social support (0.83), and self-regulation (0.86). Based on these results, the RSQ can be used as a standard and valid measure to develop and evaluate the effect of educational intervention programs to improve resilience skills and reduce job stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the world. It is important to evaluate its prevalence through valid tools. Among various tools, the Literacy of Suicide Scale (LOSS) has not yet been validated for Persian speaking people. Therefore, the aim of this study was to translate, evaluate and validate Batterham PJ., Calear AL et al.'s 2012 Literacy of Suicide Scale (LOSS) in the young military community. Materials & Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a methodological approach. The sample was recruited from young military personnel who referred to counseling and psychology clinics that were chosen through convenience sampling. At first, the original version was obtained and translated into Persian by the Forward-Backward method. Then, in order to evaluate the content validity ten experts have examined the scale and content validity ratio (CVR) as well as the content validity index (CVI) of the questionnaire. Face validity was also assessed through a sample of 20 subjects from the study population. The test-retest with a two week interval along with Cronbach's alpha were utilized to examine the reliability. Finally, the questionnaire was distributed among 415 subjects to evaluate the construct and convergent validity. Findings: The results showed that based on CVR, CVI and face validity, all questions of the LOSS were at acceptable levels. The Cronbach's alpha for the subscales were estimated to be between 0.71 and 0.76, and for the total scale was 0.75. Also, all components of LOSS had a significant relationship with the total score of this questionnaire (r>0.2). Conclusion: The Persian version of LOSS has acceptable validity and reliability for use among young military personnel. However, further studies among populations with different cultures or demographics are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The high prevalence and associated costs of chronic diseases have challenged global community health. The use of information and communication technology offers patients and healthcare providers the ability to respond to healthcare needs. This study develops an information and communication technology use scale for patients with chronic diseases and evaluates its psychometric properties. Methods: This exploratory sequential mixed-method study was conducted in Kashan City, Iran from September 2020 to July 2021. In the qualitative phase, 18 patients with chronic conditions were recruited via the purposeful sampling method. The initial pool of 33 items was extracted in this phase. Psychometric evaluation of the scale was examined through face, content, and construct validity. The internal consistency of the scale was assessed with the Cronbach a and its stability was examined by the test re-test. To evaluate the scale's construct validity, a crosssectional study was performed with 300 patients referring to hospital wards and private centers that provide services to patients with chronic diseases. A sequential sampling method was used to select the subjects. The exploratory factor analysis was performed using principal component analysis and the varimax rotation method in the SPSS software, version 16. Results: The initial version of the scale consisted of 33 items. A total of 6 items were removed in the face and content validity evaluation phase. Factor analysis with the removal of 4 items resulted in the extraction of 4 factors that explained 67.45% of the variance in the total scale score. The Cronbach a coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient were estimated at 0.93 and 0.88, respectively. Conclusion: The scale developed in this study is a valid and reliable tool for measuring formation and communication technology use (including its dimensions) in patients with chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Knowledge advancement exposes the pharmacists to new ethical and professional challenges in providing pharmaceutical care. The pharmacist's attitude towards the ethical challenges of pharmacy practice could be of great help in assessing pharmacist's ethical sensitivity. This study aimed to design a valid and reliable questionnaire for measuring pharmacists' attitudes. Methods The present study is the second phase of a sequential exploratory mixed-method study for designing and psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire. In the first phase the questionnaire was developed using semi-structured interviews followed by content analysis. The psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire was performed examining the validity (face, content, and construct), and reliability (internal consistency and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and Standard Error of Measurement) in a sample of pharmacists practicing in community pharmacies in Tehran and Tabriz, Iran (n = 504). The construct validity of the questionnaire was determined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results The Scale-Content Validity Index/Average (S-CVI/AVE) was calculated at 0.84. The results of exploratory factor analysis supported 22 items in four factors including regulations and rules, professional communications, providing and supplying medicine, and consultation and providing pharmaceutical care that are explained by a total of 49.50% of the variance. Also, confirmatory factor analysis confirmed goodness of fit indices and model fit. Cronbach's alpha Coefficient was 0.919 and ICC was 0.914. Conclusions The psychometric evaluation of the present questionnaire shows a native, valid and reliable instrument to assess pharmacists' attitudes toward ethical challenges which could be a mirror of pharmacists ethical sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Reading impairments are the most prevalent problem at school. It is vital to have a valid and reliable test to assess the student's reading skills. This study aims to develop the KHANA test as a valid and reliable test to evaluate reading skills in Persian-speaking students and study the accuracy, rate, and reading comprehension in different grades and genders Methods: This study included 87 students from second to seventh grade (75 typically developing students [TDS] and 12 students with reading impairments [SRI]). First, two preliminary parallel forms of student books, A and B, were prepared, both including 12 reading passages organized based on increasing difficulty as the student moved from one passage to the next. All the passages contain five comprehension questions. Then, the content and face validity, descriptive statistics, construct validity, and reliability, including test re-test, inter-rater, and the correlation between passages A and B were measured. Results: Based on the results, all the passages and questions were valid. The passages can make significant differences in reading skills between different grades, while gender differences are limited. However, according to the test re-test analysis, the inter-rater reliability, and the correlation between the two passages, KHANA is a reliable tool and can discriminate SRI from TDS. Discussion: According to the results, KHANA seems a valid and reliable test to assess reading skills in Persian-speaking students from second to seventh grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The new Knee Society Knee Scoring System (KSS) has been widely used to assess the symptoms, satisfaction, expectations, and physical activities of patients who undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA). KSS has been translated and validated into many languages but not Persian. The aim of this study was to translate and evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the new KSS. Methods: The Persian version of the new KSS was translated and culturally adapted according to international guidelines, including translation, back-translation, pre-testing, and expert committee review. A total of 142 patients scheduled to undergo TKA were included in this study and were asked to complete the Persian-KSS, Oxford Knee Score (OKS), and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) index both two weeks before the surgery and 6 months after the surgery. Face, content, and construct validity were evaluated to assess the validity of Persian-KSS. Results: The Persian-KSS was comprehensive, indicating that the Persian version of KSS was clear and easy to understand for Persian-speaking patients undergoing TKA. The reliability of the Persian-KSS, assessed by Cronbach's alpha, was 0.894 and 0.800 for the pre- and post-operative stages, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) assessed the test–retest reliability, which was 0.766 and 0.796 for the pre- and post-operative stages, respectively. The construct validity analysis of Persian-KSS demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between Persian-KSS and the OKS (r = − 0.935, p-value = 0.000 for the pre-operative stage, and r = − 0.809, p-value = 0.000 for the post-operative stage) and VAS index (r = − 0.401, p-value = 0.001 for the pre-operative stage and r = − 0.259, p-value = 0.029 for the post-operative stage). Conclusion: The Persian-KSS, developed after the translation and cross-cultural adaptation process, was proven to be a reliable and valid assessment measure for those who undergo TKA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Evidence-based practice improves the quality of clinical performance. Attitude affects the implementation of research findings into practice. The Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS-36) evaluates the attitude of therapists toward evidence-based practice. The present study aimed to provide a validated Persian translation of the EBPAS-36 for audiologists. Methods: The original EBPAS-36 was translated by using the international quality of life assessment protocol. The validity of translated version was surveyed by an expert panel and the Persian version with 35 questions was yielded. A demographic questionnaire and EBPAS P-35 were given to 182 audiologists to evaluate the psychometric properties. The reliability was evaluated by completing the EBPAS P-35 after 2 weeks by 30 of the participants and Cronbach's alpha and Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) were calculated. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) were also conducted. Results: The content validity ratio was above 0.33 for all except item 10 which was removed from the Persian version. The mean(SD) total score was 2.38(0.46). A significant relationship was observed between the total score and all subscales (p<0.05). The original factor structure showed an acceptable model fit (CMIN/DF=1.39, GFI=0.84, CFI=0.94, IFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.04) confirming the 12-factor structure of the EBPAS-36. The internal consistency was very good for the total score (α=0.88) and adequate to very good for the subscales (0.65--0.84), indicating high reliability. The ICC showed good agreement in the score of test-retest (total ICC=0.65). Conclusion: This study confirms good psychometric properties and validity of the EBPAS P-35 in a sample of audiologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the 20-item Fear of Self Questionnaire (FSQ) in Iranian samples. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive survey design was used. Students in universities of Tehran were invited to participate. Participants were asked to complete the Persian versions of the FSQ, Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Ego Strength Scale (ESS), and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RES). Face, content, and construct validity, internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), and test-retest reliability of the FSQ were assessed. Results: Face and content validity of the FSQ were confirmed. Analysis of the principal components using the inclined rotation method showed that there were two factors with an eigenvalue >1, which explained 80.5% of the total variance. The first factor had 12 items and the second factor had 8 items. The internal consistency was 0.975, 0.981, and 0.941 for the total score and the first and second factor, respectively, whereas the test-retest reliability was 0.732, 0.729, and 0.714, respectively (all p ≤ 0.01). For convergent validity of the FSQ, correlations of the total score and the two factors of the FSQ with the scores of VOCI, RES, ESS, and DASS-21 were all significant (p ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: The FSQ can be used in Iranian samples for clinical practice and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The mother’s knowledge and attitude about the child’s developmental norms can affect their practice and the quality of parent-child interaction. The quality of a child’s development in the early years significantly impacts their personality and future success. Therefore, this study aims to develop and investigate the psychometric characteristics of the Iranian mother’s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) questionnaire about the development of communication, language, speech, and swallowing of Persian-speaking children aged 18 to 36 months and comparing them. Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study conducted on 280 mothers with typically developed children aged 18 to 36 months from different provinces of Iran. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic with the implementation of the study, the participants were selected as available, and then the snowball completed the questionnaire in both face-to-face and online methods. To check the validity of the questionnaire, face validity was calculated using the opinion of speech therapy experts and ten mothers, and content validity was calculated using the Lawshe method. To check the reliability of the questionnaire, the test re-test method was used in a two-week interval. Results: The results indicated that this questionnaire has high validity (content validity index [CVI] >0.79) and reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]=0.90). The multiple linear regression model showed that only the mother’s age has a significant positive relationship with knowledge ([B=0.082] P=0.04) about the development of communication, language, speech, and swallowing of children aged 18 to 36 months. Socioeconomic status and the mother’s education had no significant relationship with the mother’s KAP. Also, this study showed that the mother’s knowledge, attitude, and practice about a child’s development were high (mean=16.5), positive (mean=56.44), and good (mean=60.27). Discussion: This study showed that the designed questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool that can be used to investigate the mother’s KAP about the development of communication, language, speech, and swallowing of Persian-speaking children aged 18 to 36 months. On the other hand, speech and language pathologists can use this questionnaire in related studies and clinical evaluations to have better and more knowledge of the child’s environment and the factors affecting it in Persian-speaking society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Cambodian Nursing Care Quality Scale. Design: Methodological design. Methods: This study was carried out in several steps: a forward‐backward translation was done, face and construct validity was measured using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and the reliability was evaluated. A convenience sampling method was employed to recruit 350 nurses from May 2021 to March 2022. Results: The exploratory factor analysis extracted six factors that explained 60.76% of the total variance. The six‐factor model is supported by confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach's alpha and the intra‐class correlation coefficient were 0.94 and 0.85, respectively. Patient or Public Contribution: Evaluation of the quality of care can lead to the enhancement of the quality of nursing services and patient safety. This will subsequently increase the patients' and community satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to develop and examine psychometric properties of the safety feeling scale (SFS) in adult patients to assess their sense of safety during a hospital stay. Design: Mixed methods design. A SQUIRE checklist was used. Methods: This is a study with two phases of scale development and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the scale. In the first phase, the concept of 'safety feeling' was analysed using a hybrid model. Thus, a systematic review and then a qualitative study with hospitalized patients (n = 31) were conducted by conventional content analysis. In the psychometric phase, factorial validity, reliability, feasibility, and responsiveness of the scale were evaluated by different tests in various samples. Results: After integrating the results of the systematic review and qualitative study, a scale item pool with 84 items was developed. In the psychometric phase, 12 items with four factors were specified; 'effective care,' 'confidence in the healthcare team,' 'emotional enrichment' and 'hygienic facilities,' explaining 51% of the total variance of the scale. They were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency and stability of the scale were satisfactory. Feasibility and responsiveness were also acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The instruments used to measure presenteeism are all flawed and only incompletely measure the concept of presenteeism in employees of the general population. As a result, the concept of presenteeism is not measured, and in most of these instruments, the population for which the instrument has been developed differs from the nursing population. The present research was conducted to design and validate the instrument for evaluating presenteeism in nursing. Methods: The present study was part of an exploratory sequential mixed study. In this study, the instrument for measuring the level of presenteeism among nurses was developed and validated based on the results of the qualitative stage. To this end, the instrument's psychometric properties were investigated using face, content, and construct validity, as well as reliability through internal consistency and stability. Results: In this study, an instrument containing 17 items and three dimensions (imperfect cognitive presence, imperfect emotional presence, and imperfect movement presence) with favorable validation characteristics was developed. Therefore, the instrument was able to explain 56.375% of the total variance. Furthermore, Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients were 0.881 and 0.815, respectively. The intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) was also reported as 0.972 for the entire instrument, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.941 to 0.987. Conclusion: Based this study, it was possible to measure the level of nurses' presenteeism through an instrument with favorable psychometric properties. This study helps health managers lay the groundwork for designing a system for measuring presenteeism among Iranian nurses using the developed instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A valid and reliable tool compatible with the culture is needed to evaluate the safety culture as one of the vital and promotional components in improving the quality of safety and health care. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the "Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC)" in physicians and nurses working in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Methods: In this methodological research, the qualitative face, content validity, and construct validity were performed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis to the psychometric evaluation of the HSOPSC questionnaire. Based on convenience sampling and the inclusion criteria, 360 individuals completed the questionnaire. Internal consistency and stability were measured. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 21 and LISREL. Results: In examining the construct validity, fit indices were not appropriate for the 12-dimension model of the Persian version. According to T-value, six heterogeneous items and a dimension were omitted. The 11-dimension model with 36 items showed an appropriate fit with the data. Cronbach's alpha was evaluated at 0.79, and the stability was 0.82 (p˂0.001). Conclusion: The Persian version of HSOPSC with 11 dimensions and 36 items has favorable validity and reliability and can be used in NICUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The quality of triage in emergency department depends on regular evaluation of triage nurses' professional capabilities and development of programs to improve them. Flipped classrooms are a new approach to learning which can be employed to improve professional capabilities. The present study aims to compare the impact of lecturing to flipped classrooms in virtual learning on the knowledge and professional capabilities of triage nurses in the emergency departments of the state hospitals of Yazd province in south-western Iran in 2022. Methods: The present study is an experimental work of research. Seventy-four triage nurses participated in the study. Seventy-four triage nurses were randomly allocated to the two groups, including flipped classrooms (group B) and lecturing (group A). The data collection instruments were an emergency department triage nurses' professional capability questionnaire and a triage knowledge questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS v.22 using independent t-test, chi-squared test, and repeated measures analysis of variance. Level of significance was set at p ≥ 0.05. Results: The participants' mean age was 33.1 ± 4.3 years. As measured one month after the education, the triage knowledge mean score of the nurses who were educated using the flipped classroom method (9.29 ± 1.73) was higher than that of the nurses who were educated via lecturing (8.45 ± 1.788), and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Also, measured one month after the education, the professional capability mean score of the nurses who were educated using the flipped classroom method (140.27 ± 11.744) was higher than that of the nurses who were educated via lecturing (132.84 ± 10.817), and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.006). Conclusion: There was a significant difference between the pretest and posttest knowledge and professional capability mean scores of both groups immediately after the education. However, measured one month after the education, the mean and standard deviation of the knowledge and professional capability scores of the triage nurses who had been educated via flipped classrooms were higher than those of the nurses in the lecturing group. Thus, virtual learning using flipped classrooms is more effective than lecturing in improving triage nurses' knowledge and professional capability in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Healthcare providers are responsible for providing services to mothers and infants during disasters. The purpose of this study is to determine their educational needs for maternal and newborn care during disasters in Iran. Materials & Methods This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2017 on 208 healthcare providers (nurses, practical nurses, and midwives) from nine armed forces hospitals in Tehran, Iran who were selected by a census method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with acceptable face validity, content validity, and structure, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.94. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software, version 16. Results The mean score on the educational needs assessment scale was higher in the fields of sexual violence management (4.30±0.01) and information management (4.28±0.01), indicating the high need for education in these areas. The lowest scores were in the fields of postpartum care in newborns (2.19±0.96) and responsiveness (2.98±0.89). In total, the educational needs of healthcare providers were high (3.3±0.43). Conclusion The readiness of healthcare providers in Iran to provide maternal and newborn care during disasters is low and needs more attention. Therefore, it is recommended to compile and revise university educational programs and implement continuous education programs based on the results of this study in the proposed areas (especially sexual violence management and information management) in a regular, periodic, and continuous manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Procedural memory is a key component of long-term memory that can be assessed in different modalities, such as verbal and motor. Learning through procedural memory occurs in three stages: initial learning, consolidation, and retention. Several tasks evaluate procedural memory, but none have concurrently studied procedural learning in various modalities and learning stages. Besides, according to the declarative-procedural model, there may be an association between the performance of individuals in procedural learning and their state of the grammar of a language. Therefore, this study aimed to design a Serial Search Task (SST) for the simultaneous evaluation of procedural memory in motor and verbal modalities during three stages of learning and determine its reliability. Moreover, the relationship between procedural memory and grammar skills was examined. Materials & Methods This study is methodological research in the first stage and descriptive analytics in the second stage. First, based on the literature review and the opinions of three speech-language pathologists, some words with appropriate psycholinguistic features were chosen from the Persian picture naming set. Then, corresponding pictures were determined. The task was designed using Java programming language. The face validity of the task was evaluated, then after revisions, the reliability was determined. Face validity was assessed in 10 normal children, and the test-retest reliability was evaluated in 15 normal children aged 7-9 years; all of them were chosen using the convenience sampling method. In the second stage, to assess the relationship between grammatical skills and the SST, 20 normal children aged 7-9 years were selected by a mixed sampling method. Every child had exposed to a verbal modality in three stages: initial learning, consolidation (24 hours later), and retention (one week later). Then the same stages were performed in the motor modality. Each child's language skills were determined using the test of language development-primary (TOLD-P3), and the relationship between the two skills was determined. Statistical methods included the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and repeated measures analysis of variance. Results The correlation values between two performances in the initial learning stage for the reaction time variable in verbal (r=0.84, P<0.001) and motor (r=0.80, P˂0.001) modalities and the variable of response accuracy in verbal (r=0.81, P=0.011) and motor (r=0.77, P=0.026) modalities were obtained. In the consolidation and retention stages, the correlation values for the reaction time variable in verbal (r=0.737, P=0.002) and motor (r=0.743, P=0.001) modalities and the variable of response accuracy in verbal (r=0.624, P=0.013) and motor (r=0.916, P<0.001) modalities were obtained. The relationship between grammar and procedural learning in the verbal modality was significant in the consolidation stage (P=0.045, CI:0.016-0.797, r=0.491). Conclusion SST is a reliable task to assess different stages of procedural memory in both verbal and motor modalities. Therefore, this task can be used to evaluate procedural memory in normal children aged 7-9 years. The current study's findings confirmed the predictions made by the declarative-procedural model during the consolidation stage in the verbal modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims The most important factors for the development of any society are human resources. The intensive care units (ICUs) are the most important departments in the hospitals. Considering the importance of time management for patient care, lack of human resources in this profession, and the fact that nurses spend a lot of time on indirect and non-nursing works, this study aims to investigate the time and type of indirect patient care provided by nurses in the ICU of a hospital in Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, and observational study that was conducted for 6 months. Participants were 42 nurses working in the ICU of Hafte Tir Hospital in Rey, Iran who were randomly selected from different shifts. Their activities were observed and their spent time was recorded by the researcher using the stopwatch mobile application. The data collection tool was the Persian version of the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) checklist with acceptable face and content validity according to opinions of a panel of experts (5 faculty members and 10 nurses). descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum) were used for data analysis by SPSS software, version 22. Results Most of nurses (60%) were in the age group of 30-39 years and 72% of them had a work experience of 11-20 years. Most of the nurses were female (85%) and married (80%). In each shift, nurses spent an average time of 247 minutes providing indirect care. The longest time in indirect care was related to writing nursing reports (34.9 ± 10.5 min per shift) and the shortest time were related to removing personal protective equipment (6.11±3.19 min per shift), consulting with a colleague, and wearing personal protective equipment (both with 7±3.55 min per shift). Conclusion Although patients need direct care and continuous presence of the nurse more during the COVID-19 pandemic and there are advanced equipment. To provide proper nursing care, it is important to increase the number of nurses and reduce their non-nursing activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 for personality disorders (SCID-5-PD) among patients referred to psychiatric centres in Iran. Methods: Between March 2017 and June 2019, 287 outpatients and inpatients aged 16 to 75 years who were referred to three psychiatric centres in Tehran, Iran were invited to participate. Patients were interviewed using the Persian version of the SCID-5-PD by two PhD students in clinical psychology who were blinded to patient records. Face validity and content validity of the Persian version of the SCID-5-PD were assessed by five specialists with ≥2 years of clinical experience. The agreement between the diagnoses made with the Persian version of the SCID-5-PD by the two PhD students in clinical psychology and the gold standard diagnoses made with DSM-5 by psychiatrists was determined, as were sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios. 109 (43.6%) patients were interviewed again after an interval of 7 to 10 days for inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability. Results: A total of 250 patients aged 17 to 74 (mean, 32.56) years were included. Face validity and content validity of the Persian version of SCID-5-PD were acceptable. The agreement between the Persian version of SCID-5-PD and DSM-5 (gold standard) was acceptable (kappa >0.4) for the diagnoses of obsessive-compulsive, paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorders, whereas the agreement was unacceptable (kappa <0.4) for the diagnoses of avoidant and dependent personality disorders. Sensitivity for all diagnoses was high, except for avoidant (0.66) and dependent (0.66) personality disorders. Specificity for all diagnoses was high, except for avoidant personality disorder (0.66). The positive and negative likelihood ratios showed that the SCID-5-PD was accurate for diagnosing all personality disorders, except for schizoid personality disorder. Inter-rater reliability was good for all personality disorders, except for schizotypal personality disorder (0.531). Test-retest reliability was good for all personality disorders. Conclusion: The Persian version of the SCID-5-PD can be used to evaluate those who seek psychotherapy for all personality disorders, except for avoidant, dependent, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In order to increase HPV vaccination, it is necessary to identify the factors influencing vaccination behavior among different cultures and the young adult populations. To evaluate the factors influencing HPV vaccine uptake behaviors, valid, reliable, and culture-compatible scales are required. This study was conducted with the aim of designing and psychometric assessment of the scale of factors influencing HPV vaccine uptake behaviors in Young Adults (FI(HPV)VUBYA) in Iran. Methods: The present study was carried out in a mixed-method in two steps: (a) Generating items using a qualitative study and literature review and (b) Reducing items by psychometric assessment of the designed scale. The initial set of items (N = 80) was prepared based on a qualitative study and literature review. A total of 400 young adults participated in online data collection from November 2019 to February 2020. The validity (face, content, and construct) and reliability (internal consistency and stability) of the scale were evaluated. Results: The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed that the scale has 7 factors, explaining 57.84% of the total extracted variance. There was also a knowledge factor that EFA did not analyze, but its validity and reliability were evaluated with 7 other factors. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit. Convergent and divergent validity of the scale was accepted for all factors. Good reliability was also reported for the scale. Conclusion: FI(HPV)VUBYA 8-factor scale has good validity and reliability among young Iranian adults. Due to its appropriate psychometric properties, this scale can be used on this population in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Early language skills predict the child's future language skills and literacy. So, screening and assessment of speech and language at an early age are important. One cost-effective way of assessing a child's communication is through parents reporting tools. MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDIs) are the most widely used forms by professionals in more than 70 live languages worldwide to screen children's communication skills. The main purpose of this study was to provide the Persian version of the third form of CDI (CDI-III) and determine its psychometric properties, including face and content validity and internal consistency in 30 to 37 months old Iranian Persian-speaking children. Materials & Methods In a cross-sectional methodological study of instrument validation, a Persian-adapted form of CDI-III was developed. At first, the English form was adapted to Persian, and a Delphi method was used to provide the initial list of the items. The face and content validity rates were examined by asking the opinion of ten Persian-speaking speech and language pathologists with at least three years of clinical experience in the field of child speech/language development and disorders. The final form was compiled based on the results of the content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) of the items. The final form consisted of three sections, including vocabulary, sentences, and use of sentences. The parents of 356 Persian-speaking children aged 30 to 37 months recruited by multi-stage cluster random sampling from health centers in Isfahan City were asked to complete the form. The Kuder-Richardson coefficient assessed internal consistency, and the Spearman coefficient examined correlation. Results The items with CVIs≥0.7 and CVRs≥0.6 remained, and other items were reviewed or removed based on the suggestions of panelists and developers. The final form included 100 words, 22 pairs of sentences, and 16 questions about using sentences. A total of 356 children (Mean±SD age: 34.03±2.12 months) were included in the study. According to the English CDI-III guidelines, the data were divided into four age groups with two-month intervals: 30-31, 32-33, 34-35, and 36-37. The internal consistency of the whole form was 0.97, and internal consistency values of vocabulary, sentences, and sentence usage were calculated as 0.98, 0.88, and 0.88, respectively. The Spearman correlation values between the scores of the form sections and each section with age indicated a significant positive correlation between all sections of the form. Also, the significant positive correlation between age and all three parts showed that the number of expressive words, the grammatical complexity of sentences, and the proper use of sentences increase with age. Conclusion The Persian CDI-III form possesses a good face and content validity and internal consistency to be used as a valid tool for screening language competence of 30-37 months old Persian-speaking children. The results of the mean and standard deviation of the current study can be used as a comparison for screening children suspected of being language deficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study investigated preventive behaviors toward coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and related factors in a Kurdish Iranian sample. Methods: This online survey was conducted among the population aged 18 and above in Kermanshah Province, in western Iran, in April 2020. Samples were invited and recruited through social media. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 4 sections (questions on demographic variables, risk perception, risk communication, and COVID-19 preventive behaviors) and analyzed using Stata ver. 8. Results: The Pearson correlation test showed that risk communication was significantly correlated with COVID-19 preventive behaviors (r=0.320, p<0.01). In the final model, where the explanatory power increased with the entry of the risk communication variable, the variables explained a total of 14% of variance in COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Sex (β=−0.482), risk perception (β=0.047), and risk communication (β=0.662) were significant determinants. Conclusion: Risk communication and risk perception related to COVID-19, as well as being a woman, were determinants of COVID-19 preventive behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Road traffic injuries are among the main causes of mortality in adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of an adjusted adolescent pedestrian behavior questionnaire (APBQ). Materials and Methods: Using the 29-item self-report pedestrian behavior questionnaire designed by Sadeghi-Bazargani et al. for all age groups as the framework, some of the items were removed depending on the type of behaviors among adolescents and some new questions were added. Eventually, the primary questionnaire was developed with 26 items, including 19 questions from Sadeghi-Bazargani et al.'s questionnaire and seven new questions. The tool was adjusted for adolescents and the psychometric properties were determined among a randomly selected group of 300 Junior high school students in Rasht City, Iran. After determining face validity, content validity and construct validity of the tool by experts, the reliability of the tool was examined based on explorative factor analysis (EFA) with Promax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis in AMOS. Eventually, a self-report questionnaire with 14 items was developed to assess the self-report behavior of adolescent pedestrians. Results: The mean age of the participants was 13.59 (±0.92) years. The Kasier-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.828, which confirmed the EFA. The analysis by the maximum likelihood method with Promax rotation identified four factors with eigenvalues >1 and factor loading =0.5. Therefore, pedestrian behaviors were categorized into four groups (unsafe road crossing behavior, distraction, positive behavior, and playing on the road). Conclusion: The APBQ can be a proper tool for self-reporting adolescent pedestrians' behaviors. It can also be used for studies on safe behaviors in adolescent pedestrians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a research paper which measures the relative validity and reliability of a modified Food and Nutrition Literacy (M-FNLIT) questionnaire in primary school children in the city of Mashhad, Iran.

Background: Adult eating behavior questionnaire (AEBQ) is an age upward extension tool that measures appetite traits in individuals. This instrument was developed by Hunot in 2016. The present study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of AEBQ in adults with epilepsy. Methods: The current research is a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 in Iran. 700 adults with epilepsy completed the 35-item AEBQ. Qualitative face validity, qualitative content and structure validity (exploratory factor analysis [EFA], N=400, and confirmatory factor analysis [CFA], N=300) appetitive traits were evaluated. Reliability was also measured using Cronbach's alpha, Construct reliability (CR), and Intra-Class Correlation (ICC). The SPSS 26-AMOS24 software was employed to analyze the data with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The EFA and CFA results comprised eight factors, namely enjoyment of food, emotional over-eating, food responsiveness, hunger, satiety responsiveness, emotional undereating, food fussiness, and eating slowly. Indices of root mean square error of approximation=0.068, parsimonious normed fit index=0.644, parsimonious comparative fit index=0.671, adjusted goodness of fit index=0.618, goodness of fit index=0.911, and Chi square degree-of-freedom ratio (normalized Chi square CMIN/ DF=2.842) confirmed the fitness of the final model. Convergent and divergent validity was acceptable for all the factors. The results revealed that the internal stability>0.8 and CR>0.7 of the eight extracted AEBQ structures are confirmed. The ICC was 0.899 (95% CI: 0.878-0.917; P<0.001). The results also showed that AEBQ has acceptable convergent and divergent validity. Conclusion: The eight-factor structure of AEBQ can measure eating behavior traits and is of good validity and reliability for assessing the eating behavior of Iranian adults with epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Stuttering is not just a speech disorder. It can cause negative feelings and emotions in a person especially in children. Therefore, we need a standard tool to identify, study and measure these negative effects and then try to eliminate or reduce them. Considering the increased clinical and research needs for a valid and reliable tool to assess the negative effect of stuttering in Iran, this study aims to design and validate a questionnaire (parents form) for assessment of social/emotional/behavioral disorders in preschool children with stuttering. Materials & Methods This is a methodological study that was conducted in three steps in spring and summer of 2018 in Isfahan, Iran. Participants included 60 parents of preschool children with stuttering aged 3 to 5 years and 11 months (36 boys and 24 girls), who had referred to speech therapy clinics in Isfahan. In the first stage, 10 parents received in-depth and open-ended interviews to collect information about social, emotional and behavioral disorders in children with stuttering. Afterwards, based on these information and the opinions of experts in psychology and speech therapy, the main constructs of the questionnaire were identified: "uncompromising/hyperactive behavior", "social skills", "communication skills", "aggression", "fear", and "separation anxiety". In the second stage, in order to determine the face validity, 10 experts were interviewed face to face. In order to determine the content validity, 15 other experts were asked to examine each item according. Content validity was determined by calculating the content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and total content validity (Lawshe method). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the construct validity. In the last step, the internal consistency was determined by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and the relaibility was determined by test-retest method and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results The initial version consisted of 61 items and 6 subscales. According to the experts, by merging items with overlapping concepts, the number of items were reduced to 40. In the face validity assessment stage, items were examined based on difficulty, relevance, and ambiguity. The phrases were read several times, and the opinions of experts were applied. Then, it was reviewed by two experts in Persian literature and finally was approved. The CVR and CVI vaues were obtained 0.76 and 0.90, respectively. For its internal consistency, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained 0.89 and ICC was more than 0.7 and significant (P<0.001). For the construct validity assessed in AMOS software, the calculated X2 was 631.25. The low number of X2 indicated a good fit of the model (P<0.000). Conclusion The designed questionnaire has acceptable validity and reliability and can be used as a reliable and valid tool for assessing social/emotional/behavioral disorders in Iranian preschool children with stuttering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evaluation is one of the most critical issues in the training process. Kirkpatrick's model is one method in educational evaluation that can accurately evaluate programs. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an operating room master of scienc (MS) program om based on Kirkpatrick's model. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted using convenience sampling with 46 students and graduates from the operating room MS degree at the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2020-2021. A valid and reliable questionnaire with 47 items in three levels of reaction, learning, and performance was used to evaluate the opinions of graduates and students. The survey was sent to their email addresses and returned to the researcher after completion. Results: Kirkpatrick's evaluation model showed that the overall evaluation of the operating room program was 70.97 ± 9.32, which can be considered a moderate level. Students' satisfaction with the program was moderate (68.00 ± 14.97); their learning (84.54 ± 15.69) and performance (84.30 ± 9.28) were evaluated to be at a reasonable level. Conclusion: Considering the average effectiveness of the whole program, it is suggested that the educational managers of the operating room department plan and attempt to increase their indicators by considering the weaknesses and strengths of the program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The autonomy of faculty members is vital for making the right decision in their work and professional development. Given the need and lack of appropriate tools to measure the autonomous work behavior of faculty members, the current study was conducted with the collaboration of the faculty members from Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, aiming at assessing the psychometrics of the Persian version of a scale for assessing autonomous work behavior of faculty members in Iran. Methods: The Persian version of a scale developed by Evers et alwas validated in this psychometric study. A total of 480 faculty members were selected using convenience sampling. After translation and cultural adaptation, face and content validity and reliability were checked, and construct validity was calculated using confirmatory factor analysis with Lisrel factor analysis software. Results: Of the 480 study participants, 225 (46.9%) were males, and 255 (53.1%) were females. The mean age of the subjects was 37.39 ± 7.58 years. The majority (360; 75%) had the rank of assistant professor, and 360 (75%) had less than 15 years of work experience. Content validity among 20 experts was 0.88. Confirmatory factor analysis for all 25 items loaded across four factors, and this four-factor scale showed a good fit in the Iranian community. Reliability using Cronbach's alpha was calculated at 0.85, and 0.9 using the test-retest method. Conclusion: The Persian version of this scale has good validity and reliability in Iran and is a useful tool for assessing the autonomous work behavior of faculty members that educational administrators can use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Compassionate care is emphasized within professional ethics codes for nursing and is a key indicator of care quality. The purpose of the present study is to develop and assess the psychometric properties of a compassionate care instrument for nurses. Methods: This methodological study was carried out in two phases -qualitative and quantitative-from February 2016 to October 2018. In the qualitative stage of the study, a content analysis approach was used to establish the concept of compassionate care through interviews with nurses, patients, and family caregivers. The initial draft of the questionnaire was developed based on the qualitative findings and a subsequent review of the literature. In the second phase, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire were assessed for validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS v.16. Results: From the results of the qualitative phase and review of literature, 80 items were extracted. In the quantitative phase, after evaluation of the face and content validity, 40 items were kept. After measurement of the construct validity, 28 items whose factor loading was above 0.4 were retained. Measurement of convergent validity showed a moderate correlation between the questionnaire and the nurses' caring behaviors scale (r = 0.67, P = 0.01). The reliability of the 28-item questionnaire was tested by measuring its Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient which were found to be 0.91 and 0.94 for the whole questionnaire, respectively. Conclusion: The questionnaire has enough validity and reliability to be used for measuring the nurses' compassionate care. Therefore, the instrument can be used to measure and record the quality of nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is no validated measurement tool to assess vaginal symptoms (VS), sexual matter (SS), and quality of life (QOL) among Persian-speaking women. This study aimed at translating and assessing the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire for Vaginal Symptoms (PICIQ-VS). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, after obtaining permission from the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ) Advisory Board, the English version of ICIQ-VS was translated into Persian per a standard translate and back translate process, and the validity and reliability were studied. Two hundred women with and without pelvic organ prolapse were asked to complete the PICIQ-VS (mean age: 52.1, range: 22-84 years). A panel of 10 experts evaluated the content and face validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha examined the internal consistency reliability of the measure. To evaluate the test-retest reliability, we redistributed the questionnaire among 30 patients 2 weeks after their initial visit using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: Content and face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed after some light modification (content validity ratio ranged from 0.69 to 1.00, and content validity index ranged from 0.79 to 1.00). PICIQ-VS showed an acceptable internal consistency and stability reliability (VS: α = 0.64, ICC = 0.84; SM: α = 0.69, ICC = 0.88; and total scale: α = 0.72, ICC = 0.91, respectively). Significant differences were observed between the asymptomatic and symptomatic groups for VS and the total score (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In the light of the results, interestingly, PICIQ-VS could be utilized as a valid and reliable tool to assess the VS among Persian-speaking women, both in research and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The present study aimed to cross-culturally adapt and assess the validity and reliability of the English version of the Wexner questionnaire translated into the Persian language in Iranian patients. Background: Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders; therefore, it is necessary to utilize an index for both the clinic and research studies. Methods: In the first phase, the English version of the Wexner questionnaire was translated into the Persian language. In the second phase, the Persian version was assessed to evaluate the psychometric properties in 136 patients with functional constipation who referred to gastrointestinal and physical medicine clinics. Content validity was assessed by face validity. Construct validity was tested based on hypothesis testing and structural validity. The correlation of the total scores of the Wexner questionnaire and the Patient Assessment Constipation Quality Of Life (PAC-QOL) questionnaire was used for concurrent criterion validity. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were calculated using Cronbach's α and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).The floor/ceiling effect of the questionnaire was also evaluated. Results: The content validity of the Persian version of Wexner's questionnaire was acceptable. The construct and concurrent criteria validity showed moderate correlation. The internal consistency and intrarater reliability were moderate (0.51) and excellent (rp = 0.97, p-value <0.001), respectively. No floor/ceiling effect was seen. Conclusion: The Persian version of the Wexner questionnaire showed good validity and reliability in Iranian patients and can therefore be applied in clinics as well as in research for Persian-speaking countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to develop and psychometrics a questionnaire for assessing childbirth experience in Iranian women. Design: Cross‐sectional study. Methods: This cross‐sectional study was done in women who experienced childbirth within the last 12 hr to 2 months from May to December 2018. Questionnaire items were extracted from a comprehensive review of the available studies and questionnaires on childbirth experiences and definitions implied by qualitative interviews. The designed questionnaire was validated in three stages: face, content and construct. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the reliability of the instrument. Result: Iranian women childbirth experience questionnaire contained seven factors with 52 items which were called professional support, husband's and other important support, baby, preparation, fear, positive perception and control were extracted. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient after factor analysis was 0.62–0.92 and for the whole instrument was 0.91. The findings showed that Iranian women childbirth experience questionnaire was valid and reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of postgraduate nursing student academic satisfaction scale (PNSASS). Design: The mixed‐method study was carried out in two phases; (a) item generation by hybrid concept analysis and (b) item reduction by psychometric evaluation of the developed scale. Methods: The initial item pool (N = 209) was prepared based on concept analysis results and similar instruments. A total of 402 postgraduate nursing students willingly participated in online data gathering from August 2019 to May 2020. The validity (face, content and construct) and reliability (stability and internal consistency) of the scale were assessed. Results: Exploratory factor analysis identified that the scale had four factors which explained 64.80% of the total extracted variance. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit. The reliability of scale was strong to excellent. The results showed that the PNSASS has suitable validity and reliability properties, which can be used to measure the academic satisfaction of postgraduate nursing students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dealing with the spiritual needs of patients has been recognized as one of the principles of holistic care in nursing. Therefore, it is necessary for nurses to deal with the spiritual issues of patients. Also, a valid and reliable scale is needed to measure nurse-provided spiritual care. So the purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the "Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale" in Iranian nurses. Method: In a methodological study, English version of the Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale was translated into Persian by forward–backward translation procedure. Face validity was assessed by cognitive interview, and content validity was assessed by a panel of experts. In addition, construct validity was assessed by exploratory factor analysis. The participants were 188 nurses working in different adult wards. Reliability was measured using the Cronbach's alpha and stability reliability was assessed using the internal correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: In assessing the construct validity, two factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were identified, which explained 58.47% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha value was 0.932, and ICC was 0.892. Conclusion: As a result, the Persian version of the Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale shows a good validity and reliability. Therefore, this scale can be used to evaluate spiritual care at the bedside in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Elderly abuse is a major problem in developing countries and causes complications such as reduced quality of life, increased incidence of mental diseases and even death. Objectives. To evaluate the validity of a Persian version of the Vulnerability Abuse Screening Scale (VASS) in the elderly. Material and methods. This methodological study was performed on 200 older adults (aged ≥ 60) in Iran. Measurements included the Elderly Vulnerability to Abuse Screening Scale (VASS), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS). Results. The mean and standard deviation of the studied population was 68 ± 5.8 years. After applying the necessary changes in the items at the face and content validity stage, the initial reliability was confirmed in a sample of 50 elderly with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.74. The initial tool model (12-question version) was not validated in the factor analysis process, so the second tool model (9-question version) was prepared and found to have construct validity. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient in the 9-question version was 0.70, and the intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.99. Conclusions. According to the study results, it seems that the Persian 9-question version can be used as a valid and reliable tool in the study and assessment of vulnerability to abuse in the Iranian elderly population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Regarding health effects of probiotics and prebiotics in prevention and control of diseases and the lack of standard questionnaires in this field in Iran, objective of the present study was to assess validity and reliability of questionnaires designed to assess validity and reliability of probiotics and prebiotics in individuals aged 20-40 years in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: After verifying content validity of the questionnaires by eight experts in fields of nutrition, psychology and psychometrics, face and construct validities (in two levels of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses) were assessed and then the tool was validated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (due to the multi-value of the response spectra). Results: The sampling adequacy index was higher than 0.7, which was the premise of exploratory analysis. For all the items, the standard loading factor was higher than 0.3, and the T-value was higher than 1.96. Furthermore, fit indices in confirmatory analysis were at the desired levels (0/9 and greater), and validity was verified. Cronbach's alpha value was calculated higher than 0.7, and the reliability of the questionnaire was verified. Conclusions: Results of this study showed that the researcher-prepared food frequency questionnaire developed to assess the level of probiotic and prebiotic consumptions, especially in people aged 20-40 years in Tehran, includes significant validity and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Presbycusis is a prevalent chronic condition in the elderly which may have potential adverse effects on social and emotional aspects of their life. There is no one to one relationship between audiogram and the perceived handicap in elderly. A good way to measure hearing handicap are self-assessment tools. This study was aimed to translate, adapt and establish face validity of Short form of Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (HHIE-S) and the correlation with pure-tone and speech audiometry results as well as score of the other self-assessmnet tool (Self-Assessment of Communication: SAC) in the Iranian elderly. Methods: HHIE-S was translated into Persian and face validity was established. It was administered in 80 elderly participants. Correlation of their scores with their pure tone averages of 3 and 4 frequencies (PTA0.5-1-2 and PTA0.5-1-2-4), word recognition score (WRS) in quiet, and SAC scores was determined. Results: The experts mean scores to PHHIE-S was 99.63%. There were significant correlations between PHHIE-S with SAC (r = 0.89; p < 0.001), PTA0.5-1-2 (r = 0.4; p < 0.001), PTA0.5-1-2-4 (r = 0.6; p <0.001) and WRS (r = -0.4; p < 0.001). There was no significant gender effect on any of the measures (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Simply evaluation of the hearing levels is not adequate in elderly. Self-assessment tools can shed light on the specific disability induced by hearing loss. PHHIE-S appears to be an easy and fast tool that may helpful to distinguish patients who might need rehabilitative services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Women's experience and satisfaction with childbirth care are increasingly being addressed by health care providers, managers, and policymakers. Due to need for a validated special scale for assessing satisfaction of women with preterm birth, we aimed to translate and adapt the first specific tool, Preterm Birth Experiences and Satisfaction Scale (P-BESS), into Persian language and evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods: A methodological and cross-sectional study was conducted in two tertiary levels of maternal hospitals in Tabriz. The Iranian version of the scale was developed from the original English version using forward-backward translation. After confirmation of its face and content validity, the scale was completed by 201 women who had given birth prematurely. Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors (staff professionalism and empathy, confidence in Staff, information and explanations) with eigenvalues greater than 1, explaining a total variance of 55.4%. Confirmatory factory analysis showed that the 17-item, three factor model fitted the data well: the root mean square error of approximation 0.060. There were moderate correlations between the total and sub-scales of Iranian P-BESS and overall satisfaction (r = 0.45 to 0.66), as well as need for improvement (r = -0.46 to -0.61), which confirm convergent validity. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the scale and its sub-scales were satisfactory (α = 0.852 to 0.922, intraclass correlation coefficient; 0.83 to 0.92). Conclusion: The Iranian version of P-BESS is a valid and reliable scale which can be used by policy makers, managers, health care providers and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Various symptoms have been attributed to tooth eruption. Further, parents use different strategies to reduce or eliminate these symptoms. This study was aimed to evaluate parental information about eruption of primary teeth in Isfahan, Iran. Materials & Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted on 100 parents having six-month- to three-year-old children referring to the dental clinics or offices in Isfahan. A questionnaire with validated face and content validity was designed to collect data. It included questions about demographic characteristics, eruption time and the first erupted tooth, symptoms of eruption, and control of symptoms. Data were analyzed by frequency distribution, relative frequency, descriptive indices, and Chi-square test via SPSS 22. Results: The most frequent symptoms parents agreed with included high tendency to bite and chew, high saliva flow, and gingival inflammation, respectively. Fever was the most frequent symptom the majority of parents disagreed with. The most frequent methods used by the parents included hugging the child and amusing the child. The most frequent disagreement was reported for the use of sleeping drugs. No significant correlation between parental information about tooth eruption and economic status, parental education, parental age, and number of children was found. The mean score of parental information was 2.37 ± 0.97 and degree of response was 96% (p value < 0.05). Conclusion: Parents’ knowledge about tooth eruption was moderate and acceptable awareness on symptoms of tooth eruption and methods of decreasing the symptoms was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Coping with stress is one of the most important research areas in health psychology. Researching in this regard requires a tool with strong psychometric properties and validation in Iranian culture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the most commonly used short-scale factor structure, the Carver’s Brief Cope. Methods & Materials This study was a cross-sectional and methodological study of test type. The statistical population consisted of all students studying at Birjand University in 1977-98. Sampling was available by the method. The condition for entry into the study was the experience of a stressor for at least 6 months. After receiving a medium or high score on the perceived stress level, 629 students completed the 28-question form. Data was analyzed using SPSS V. 15 and laser software V. 8.8. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to determine the factor structure of the questionnaire. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirming the factors. Reliability was established through retesting and internal consistency. Ethical Considerations This study is part of a PhD. thesis, registered (Code: IR.UM.REC. 3/50099) at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Before entering the study, an informed consent was obtained from the subjects. Results After confirming the face and content validity quantitatively and qualitatively, the exploratory factor analysis results after varimax rotation showed 55.139% of the total variance explained by the first eight factors with a higher than one specific value. However, in confirmatory factor analysis, the first two factors, 4 and 7, were omitted due to insufficient power to explain the present variables. Finally, the goodness-of-fit indices of the RMFIA, PFI, GFI, IFI, IFI, CFI, AGFI confirmed the fit of the six-factor structure with the data. Reliability of the instrument was also confirmed by internal consistency (α=0.73) and test-retest reliability (r=0.59). Conclusion The highly abbreviated 6-item form of Carver’s Brief Cope showed good validity and reliability in the student sample and can be used in health psychology studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Regarding the need for social accountability in dental education, community-based dental courses has been established to improve the oral health of the community and compensate the shortcomings of the health system. Due to the importance of evaluation, the aim of this study was to determine the dental students’ attitudes and believes in the last year of their study towards the community-based dental education. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 159 dental students in the sixth year (October and February, 2018) of Isfahan dental school by census. These students took the relevant questionnaire, which was developed by researchers in three sections of “attitudes toward field activities”, “lessons and experiences of field activities during dentistry training” and “barriers and problems of field activities”. Its content and face validity was confirmed. They completed it on their own and after collecting information and descriptive analyzes, the relationship between the gender and entry group with attitude scores was analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Out of a total of 102 questionnaires which were answered (response rate of 64%), half of the students believed in the need to provide dental services in the form of mobile/outreach services for the community. 90% of the students agreed with the combination of field education with routine education in the dental schools. They also considered these services as an opportunity to use their experiences and knowledge to promote oral health in the community. 84% of them believed that their self confidence improved while providing services outside the faculty. In many of the propositions in the field of attitude to provide service in the field, a significant percentage (50 to 60%) did not have an opinion. Conclusion: There was a good and positive aspects in many areas of attitude toward providing services in social fields as well as attitude towards the lessons learned from community-based dental education. However, we should consider the attitude-emotional aspects of educational objectives in the community-based courses in dental schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]