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In the course of the author's research into media representations of vulnerability and disability at end of life, she came across two local news stories, both thoroughly reported on by the "Winnipeg Free Press". In November 1998, doctors at a long term health care facility in Winnipeg, Manitoba insisted on entering a "do not resuscitate" order on the chart of 79 year old Mr. Andrew Sawatzky. In December 2007, doctors in the intensive care unit of a Winnipeg hospital opted to disconnect the ventilator and remove the feeding tube of Mr. Samuel Golubchuk, an 84 year old man. Doctors evaluated both Mr. Sawatzky and Mr. Golubchuk by assessing their levels of awareness and consciousness. Neither man was able to speak, although relatives of both men claimed each was capable of communicating and expressing his wishes. For this reason, both of these medical decisions went against the wishes of their respective families, who then sought judicial intervention to reverse them. At the heart of both these cases was the pivotal debate over the entitlement to the designation of "person" and the moral status that it confers. In this paper, the author focuses on this debate and its conflicting narratives. She aims to deconstruct the newspaper accounts of the different narratives in the cases of Mr. Sawatzky and Mr. Golubchuk. She then uses the news accounts to demonstrate the implications that such narratives can have on the lives of these two vulnerable people, as well as people with intellectual disabilities. She begins by describing the law and policy for providing life-sustaining treatments in Manitoba. She follows this description with a summary of the above-mentioned two cases and continues with a brief review of the literature highlighting the relevant philosophical, ethical and medical concepts which are central to understanding these stories. She concludes this paper with a discussion of the implications that these different narratives can have for people with intellectual disabilities. (Contains 1 footnote.)

This paper explores an arts-based practitioner action research study that explores the artworks made by students from a Grade 11 History of Canada course in response to teaching and learning about the First World War. The practitioner considers the art-things (Bennett, 2015) of his students and the associated thing-power (Bennett, 2004) affordances. The work was informed by a rhizomatic methodology (Deleuze & Guattari, 1980/2000) that illuminated insights arising from interpretation and analysis of the educative assemblage and its concrete and abstract constituents and forces. The practitioner's action research was informed by newness, unexpectedness, and difference (Deleuze & Guattari, 1968/1994) drawn from engagements with the students' art-things and artist statements, which in turn enriched the personal and professional knowledge and educative practices of the author as well as his students' learning because of knowledge drawn from this inquiry.

An increase in interest in crimes against people with developmental disabilities (PWDD) has been observed in the past decade. However, little attention has been given to intrafamilial homicides of PWDD. This paper provides a preliminary description of these types of homicides as they affect PWDD. Content analysis of media accounts of intrafamilial homicides of PWDD describes the characteristics of those involved and the circumstances of the homicides. This study examined a subset of data of 1967 homicides of PWDD and found 308 cases of intrafamilial homicide representing the deaths of 314 PWDD. These homicides represented 15.96% of overall homicides of PWDD obtained in the original study. A similar number of homicides of male and female victims were reported. Compared to other family members, biological parents were most frequently implicated in the deaths of PWDD, with biological mothers, acting alone, implicated most often. Biological mothers were most frequently implicated in the deaths of daughters, while biological fathers were most frequently implicated in the deaths of sons. The majority of PWDD who were killed were four years of age or younger. Beating, shooting, neglect, asphyxia, burns, and poisoning were the most common causes of death. Discussion focuses on media representation of homicides, intrafamilial homicide, and prevention. (Contains 4 tables.)

This essay traverses back and forth across the institutionally-imposed boundary between storytelling and critical reflection to explore how the author's thinking about feminist pedagogical praxis has been irrevocably altered by the experience of losing a parent as well as facilitating mutual support groups for young adults whose parents or siblings have died. The author is documenting a piece of her growth as a learning teacher over the 2006-2007 academic year. She has taught first-year university students in a tutorial setting for the past five years as a master of arts student at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia, and as a PhD candidate at York University in Toronto, Ontario. Her undergraduate and graduate degrees are all in women's studies, and she has taught within her home discipline, Social Science and Fine Arts Cultural Studies. She begins by spinning a yarn that twists together the loss of her father, teaching first year students, and facilitating a mutual support group for the first time. She reflects upon how people carry their loss histories with them into the classroom: this loss could be death, but it is more multifarious than that. This is loss in its broadest sense. Loss amplifies the effects people feel when they are perceived in cliched and discriminatory ways, so it is fundamental to acknowledge its presence in the classroom. Finally, the author concludes by discussing the transformative impact that her facilitating and teaching have had upon each other, and upon how she lives with, and invites warmly though sorrowfully, the loss and grief of herself and others whenever she is capable of doing so. Denying the existence of loss bars an opportunity that one has to recognize and work with the loneliness engendered by learning and death. This reflection has taken the author all the way back to the almost impossible-to-write final paper about loneliness and education for the first course she took during her PhD coursework, the same semester that her father was diagnosed with cancer for the second and final time. This essay returns to Deborah Britzman's pedagogy and psychoanalytic theory course at York University, which marked a pivotal moment in the author's academic career and in her life. This course made her think deeply about the links between loss, loneliness, and education and over the past four years compelled her to critically reevaluate and eventually give up some of the theories she had been working with in response to learning about psychoanalytic insights into gender.

Raphael Cohen-Almagor's article "Hate in the Classroom: Free Expression, Holocaust Denial, and Liberal Education" (2008) calls for sanctions on those K-12 public school teachers whose deployment of "hate speech"--and/or associations with others who deploy it--creates a "poisoned environment" in the classroom. While stating his belief in the role of free expression as "a fundamental right and value in democracies," Cohen-Almagor nevertheless believes that hate speech "causes immediate mental and emotional stress" and perhaps even "psychological harm" to those it targets and so has no place in the public school system, which should be guided by liberal educational principles. He illustrates his argument by reference to the cases of three Canadian teachers, each of whom has had his teaching certificate revoked, is politically on the far right, and is directly or indirectly associated with Holocaust denial. In this rejoinder, the author focuses on Cohen-Almagor's contention that public school teachers should be fired if their out-of-classroom utterances or associations cross liberal and contractual requirements. The author argues that what Cohen-Almagor presents is an illiberal educational argument in the service of putatively liberal educational principles. (Contains 25 notes.)

Traffic collisions kill about 43,000 Americans a year. Worldwide, road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death by injury and the ninth leading cause of all deaths. Photo Radar speed enforcement has been implemented in the United States and many other industrialized countries, yet its cost-effectiveness from a societal viewpoint, taking all significant impacts into account, has not been reported. This paper fills this gap, reporting on a Photo Radar traffic safety program introduced in 1996 in British Columbia, Canada, and incorporating the results of rigorous statistical analyses on speed and crash impacts into a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis from both societal and sponsoring-agency perspectives. The study reveals that the Rhoto Radar Program cost C$27 million per year in 2001 Canadian dollars (?US$21 million) and generated benefits valued at $142 million per year (?US$109 million), for net societal benefits of C$115 million per year (?US$88 million). It was estimated that the sponsoring agency saved C$38 million (?US$29 million) annually in claim costs. These results are robust to plausible alternate assumptions. Societal net benefits become negative only if the reduction in injuries and fatalities is one standard error below the expected value, or if private travel time is valued at or above C$15 per hour. Agency claim cost savings are greater than program costs under all scenarios tested. These results are likely applicable to jurisdictions in developed countries with similar traffic infrastructure: Greater use of highway photo radar speed enforcement would be good public policy.

Introduction: Several regions in Canada have recently experienced sharp increases in opioid overdoses and related hospitalizations and deaths. This paper describes opioidrelated mortality and disability from opioid use disorder in Canada from 1990 to 2014 using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Methods: We used data from the GBD study to describe temporal trends (1990-2014) in opioid-related mortality and disability from opioid use disorder using common metrics: disability-adjusted life years (DALY), deaths, years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD). We also compared age-standardized YLL and DALY rates per 100 000 population between Canada, the USA and other regions. Results: The age-standardized opioid-related DALY rate in Canada was 355.5 per 100 000 population in 2014, which was higher than the global rate of 193.2, but lower than the rate of 767.9 in the United States. Between 1990 and 2014, the age-standardized opioid-related YLL rate in Canada increased by 142.2%, while globally this rate decreased by 10.1%. In comparison with YLL, YLD accounted for a larger proportion of the overall opioid-related burden across all age groups. Health loss was greater for males than females, and highest among those aged 25 to 29 years. Conclusion: The health burden associated with opioid-related mortality and disability from opioid use disorder in Canada is significant and has increased dramatically from 1990 to 2014. These data point to a need for public health action including enhanced monitoring of a range of opioid-related harms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The meaning of dying and death are underexplored concepts for Canadian children. Subsequently, it is unclear how children and stakeholders make meaning of children's holistic health needs at the end of life. Methods: A scoping review of the international scholarly literature was conducted. Thirteen data sources were searched to search the scholarly literature without date limits until January 2022. Studies were included on the basis of population: children (aged 0–19 years), families and caregivers; setting (in Canada and end-of-life or dying phases of living) and concepts of interest (dying and death). Results: Of the 7377 studies identified, 12 were included for data extraction and content thematic analysis. The themes and subthemes include: 1) valuing the whole person; 2) living while dying; 3) authentic death talk; 4) a supportive approach (with lack and presence of support as subthemes); and, 5) a personalist approach. Conclusions: There is a pressing need for research into the meaning of dying and death for children, their carers and families in Canada. Lack of holistic care, authentic death talk, specialized pediatric palliative care providers, a personalist approach and communities of support present major gaps in care for Canadian children. Research is urgently needed to address these knowledge gaps to generate policy and support practice for dying children in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economist Torn Asimakopulos Asimakopulos died after a long and courageous fight against leukemia, at Montreal, Quebec Province, on May 25, 1990. His wife writes that Asimakopulos was a fighter. She said he would never give up, and he did not, typically characteristic of a nevertheless gender man noted for his honesty, integrity and determination. He faced the last years of his life with cheerfulness, an almost detached analysis of his condition, and consideration and concern, allied with his usual efficiency and order in practical matters, for his much-loved family.

Introduction: In the Kingston, Frontenac, Lennox and Addington (KFL&A) health unit, opioid overdoses are an important preventable cause of death. The KFL&A region differs from larger urban centres in its size and culture; the current overdose literature that is focussed on these larger areas is less well suited to aid in understanding the context within which overdoses take place in smaller regions. This study characterized opioidrelated mortality in KFL&A, to enhance understanding of opioid overdoses in these smaller communities. Methods: We analyzed opioid-related deaths that occurred in the KFL&A region between May 2017 and June 2021. Descriptive analyses (number and percentage) were performed on factors conceptually relevant in understanding the issue, including clinical and demographic variables, as well as substances involved, locations of deaths and whether substances were used while alone. Results: A total of 135 people died of opioid overdose. The mean age was 42 years, and most participants were White (94.8%) and male (71.1%). Decedents often had the following characteristics: being currently or previously incarcerated; using substances alone; not using opioid substitution therapy; and having a prior diagnosis of anxiety and depression. Conclusion: Specific characteristics such as incarceration, using alone and not using opioid substitution therapy were represented in our sample of people who died of an opioid overdose in the KFL&A region. A robust approach to decreasing opioid-related harm integrating telehealth, technology and progressive policies including providing a safe supply would assist in supporting people who use opioids and in preventing deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Substance-related acute toxicity deaths continue to be a serious public health concern in Canada. This study explored coroner and medical examiner (C/ME) perspectives of contextual risk factors and characteristics associated with deaths from acute toxic effects of opioids and other illegal substances in Canada. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 36 C/MEs in eight provinces and territories between December 2017 and February 2018. Interview audio recordings were transcribed and coded for key themes using thematic analysis. Results: Four themes described the perspectives of C/MEs: (1) Who is experiencing a substance-related acute toxicity death?; (2) Who is present at the time of death?; (3) Why are people experiencing an acute toxicity death?; (4) What are the social contextual factors contributing to deaths? Deaths crossed demographic and socioeconomic groups and included people who used substances on occasion, chronically, or for the first time. Using alone presents risk, while using in the presence of others can also contribute to risk if others are unable or unprepared to respond. People who died from a substance-related acute toxicity often had one or more contextual risk factors: contaminated substances, history of substance use, history of chronic pain and decreased tolerance. Social contextual factors contributing to deaths included diagnosed or undiagnosed mental illness, stigma, lack of support and lack of follow-up from health care. Conclusion: Findings revealed contextual factors and characteristics associated with substance-related acute toxicity deaths that contribute to a better understanding of the circumstances surrounding these deaths across Canada and that can inform targeted prevention and intervention efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite numerous prevention initiatives, suicide remains the second leading cause of death in youth aged 10–19. One of the major prevention strategies is the introduction of restrictive firearms regulations. For example, Bill C-17 was enacted in 1991 to promote safer handling and storage of firearms through mandatory safety courses for all new gun owners. Examining the suicide rates subsequent to Bill C-17 may shed light on the possible benefit of these regulations as a solution to this major public health issue. Therefore, this paper examines the trends in youth suicide from 1979–1999 and the association with changes in the firearms act in 1991. Methods: Age-specific suicide rates for youth between 15–19 years and rates by methods of suicide were calculated based on data from Statistics Canada for the years 1979–1999. Time series analyses were conducted. Results: Although the overall rates did not change from 1979–1999 in youth aged 15–19, there was a substantial change in the methods used. In particular, the rates of suicide by firearms dropped from 60% to 22% while suicide due to hanging/suffocation increased from 20% to 60% in this age group over this period of time. Conclusion: These results suggest a possible association between changes in the firearms act in 1991 and the methods used by youth to complete suicide. However, the overall rates of suicides did not change over this same period. These trends underscore the need for broader prevention interventions that do not solely focus on methods of suicide but rather, their underlying causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Indigenous people who live on their traditional territory die in hospital when their preference is to enter the spirit world from their home. Indigenous people in Canada describe experiencing many barriers that prevent them from making this final choice in life. The First Nations Health Authority in British Columbia (BC), Canada, in collaboration with Douglas College, offered end-oflife doula training classes to Indigenous people in BC in 2019. The goal was to build on the strengths of community members already supporting people and their families during their final journey into the spirit world. There were 86 participants (72% identified as Indigenous) from the five health regions in BC, representing 47 Indigenous communities. Participants were overwhelmingly satisfied with the five-day course and planned to take their new learnings back to their community. It was noted, however, that this course would benefit from adaptations, including a greater emphasis on traditional Indigenous practices, facilitation tips, and strategies to support people through loss and bereavement. Furthermore, the term "end-of-life doula" is sometimes associated with a for-profit business, which is counterintuitive to traditional Indigenous practices, highlighting the necessity for a name change. Further evaluation over the next year is necessary to confirm that the course makes a positive difference in the final journey for Indigenous people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Studies in Population is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article profiles Harold Adams Innis, who has been elected as the president of the American Economic Association. Innis was born on November 5, 1894, near the village of Otterville in southwestern Ontario. He graduated from McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, in 1916. After that, Innis served overseas and was wounded. Later, Innis won his Master of Arts degree at McMaster in 1918, and went to Chicago for higher studies and research. Innis was appointed to the staff of the University of Toronto in 1920, as a lecturer in the department of political economy. He spent almost entire of his professional career at the University of Toronto. Innis gave much thought to the role of the University and dangers that beset it. Its role, he believed, was crucial for western civilization; anything that endangered it threatened that civilization. Innis has been a scholar of tremendous industry. Not content with books and documents, he traveled all over the Dominion to get the feel of the economic life that is often featured in his writings.

As COVID-19 crosses the globe, disabled people are subject to new medical and discursive realities. Focusing on the consequences of the latter, we utilize news reports from Canada and the UK to argue the current language of pre-existing conditions represents disability as non-life, explaining away the material realities facing disabled persons. This language ignores the distribution of care work in our societies, poverty, and other forms of exclusion facing disabled people and the population more generally. Work on ventilator users points to these existing inequalities, obscured as they may be. This story is not new. Outlining existing narratives within disability studies challenging disability as deadly biological and economic deficiency and situating the 'pre-existing' terminology therein, we look to work in disability studies and bioethics to challenge the disability-death equation. We end reviewing counter-narratives by and for disabled people, highlighting the ongoing and life-affirming resistance throughout the disability rights movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pays tribute to John Graham, an economist from Canada, who died on November 14, 1990. Professional interest of Graham; His work for the Nova Scotia royal commission; Career highlights.

Background Taking account of the impacts of institutionalization and death, this study describes the normative trajectories of health-related quality of life (HRQL) in Canada as individuals age from mid - to late life. Methods A nationally representative sample of 7,915 community-dwelling adults aged 40 and older in 1994/1995 was studied using 10 years of data from the longitudinal National Population Health Survey. Growth curve models of HRQL over age were fitted to describe the evolution of HRQL. Successive models were tested, first including only those living in a household throughout the entire period, then adding those who moved to an institution, and finally, including those who had died. Results HRQL remained generally stable until approximately age 70, when it began to decline. Excluding individuals when they were institutionalized, or ignoring the impact of death resulted in overly optimistic trajectories of HRQL in later years. Interpretation These results demonstrate the importance of following individuals into institutions and accounting for death in the production of realistic health estimates in aging populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the obituary for John Edward Kennedy, a renowned scholar of astronomical history in Canada, who died on July 28, 1999. Educational background; Research work; Academic career.

Studies the potential associations between occupations and causes of death in Canada during the period from 1965 to 1991. Establishment of an occupational surveillance system consisting of a cohort of several men and women; Measurement of the association between occupations and death through regression analysis; Statistics on the number of death among man and women.

Presents an obituary for geographer Suzanne Mackenzie who died on October 24, 1998 in Nelson, British Columbia.

Background: Half of nursing home residents (NHR) suffer from dementia. End-of-life hospitalizations are often burdensome in residents with dementia. A systematic review was conducted to study the occurrence of hospitalizations at the end of life in NHR with dementia and to compare these figures to NHR without dementia. Methods: A systematic literature search in MEDLINE, CINAHL and Scopus was conducted in May 2018. Studies were included if they reported proportions of in-hospital deaths or hospitalizations of NHR with dementia in the last month of life. Two authors independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed quality of studies. Results: Nine hundred forty-five citations were retrieved; 13 studies were included. Overall, 7 studies reported data on in-hospital death with proportions ranging between 0% in Canada and 53.3% in the UK. Studies reporting on the last 30 days of life (n = 8) varied between 8.0% in the Netherlands and 51.3% in Germany. Two studies each assessed the influence of age and sex. There seem to be fewer end-of-life hospitalizations in older age groups. The influence of sex is inconclusive. All but one study found that at the end of life residents with dementia were hospitalized less often than those without (n = 6). Conclusions: We found large variations in end-of-life hospitalizations of NHR with dementia, probably being explained by differences between countries. The influence of sex and age might differ when compared to residents without dementia. More studies should compare NHR with dementia to those without and assess the influence of sex and age. Trial registration: PROSPERO registration number CRD42018104263. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an obituary for Canada-based global geographer, John Parry. Role in the development of geomorphology in Canada; Work directed toward the identification and explanation of landscape patterns; Official positions held in the Canadian Association of Geographers; Geography awards; Involvement in the Elgar Choir; Canadian Department of Geography's establishment of the Parry Foreign Travel and Research Prize.

The author reflects on the strategy and art of death investigations in Canada. He stresses that the strategies used to increase the efficiency of linkage are dictated on a perceptive human searcher. He mentions the important aspect to consider in assessing the importance for linkage of a given identifier comparison. He also asserts the impact of the refinements of logic that the human mind find profitable to employ in a manual search on the art of linkage.

Presents an obituary for Julian Michael Szeicz, an Assistant Professor of Geography at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, who died on April 16, 1998 in an avalanche in Yukon Territory. Personal and educational background; Career highlights; Contributions to the field of geography.

Pays tribute to economist Tadek Matsuszewski, former president of the Canadian Economics Association, who died on January 11, 1989. Background on his political activity; Education and career; Contributions to economics and econometrics professions.

The article reports on the result of the study which assesses the causes of death among bats found in wind turbines conducted by Erin Baerwald and her colleagues at the University of Calgary in Canada. They gathered samples of hoary bats and silver-haired bats that have been found dead at a wind facility in Alberta. It revealed that 69 of the 75 bats evaluated experienced chest and abdomen haemorrage. In addition, 32 of them were found to have suffered external injuries, while six have internal bleeding. The study showed that changes in turbine blades pressure has been to be the main cause of the animals' death.

Pays tribute to Anthony Stermac, a geotechnic engineer, who died in Toronto, Ontario in April 2002. Biography of Stermac; Achievements; Accomplishments.

Presents an obituary for William G. Dewhurst, a psychiatrist in Canada.