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Background: Foot and ankle problems are frequently prevalent, especially among the elderly, ranging from 70 to 80%. In primary care, foot, and ankle complaints stand out as one of the most frequent reasons for orthopedic consultations. Patient-reported outcome measures are significant in the assessment burden of any condition on the effects of intervention as well as research. The Foot Function Index (FFI) is a region-specific tool that was identified as one of the most commonly used evaluation tools for foot complaints. This study aimed to translate, cross-cultural adapt, and test the psychometric properties of FFI in the Urdu language. Methodology: The FFI was translated into Urdu language (FFI-U) following Beaton et al. translation guidelines. The data were collected from 230 Urdu-speaking participants with different foot and ankle pathologies. Data collection started after the written informed consent from the participants. All participants completed the FFI-U, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), SF-36, and the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) at baseline while only 30 participants completed ULFI-U after one week for test-retest reliability. The psychometric properties involved reliability and validity testing. Reliability was assessed where internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability through the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). FFI-U was tested for face validity and construct validity (convergent and discriminant). Psychometric criteria were examined against priori hypotheses, and alpha level (p-value < 0.05) was considered statistically significant. Results: FFI-U demonstrated good reliability with internal consistency (α = 0.86) and test-retest reliability with intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.845 (0.78–0.89). A moderate correlation was found using Pearson correlation between FFI-U total score and physical components of SF-36, VAS (pain, disability), and FAOS (γ= -0.65, 0.72, 0.71, -0.68) respectively, indicating convergent validity however, a weak correlation was found with mental components of SF-36 (γ=-0.25) demonstrating discriminant validity. Face validity was assessed at the pre-final testing stage by interviewing patients. There were no floor and ceiling effects found for FFI-U. Conclusion: The FFI-U has been found reliable, valid, and feasible tool to be used as a patient-reported outcome measure to assess functional levels with different foot and ankle disorders in Urdu speaking population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 imposed significant shifts in global health, particularly in understanding and addressing anxiety disorders precipitated by pandemic-related stressors. The current study aimed to adapt and validate the COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnaire (C-19 A) for Arabic-speaking populations (C-19 A-A), assessing its structural integrity, concurrent validity, factorial validity, and reliability. Methods: The data of 571 individuals, including age range, educational history, gender, and marital status, were collected through online platforms. The translation process of C-19 A-A underwent rigorous verification by linguistic and subject matter experts. Several advanced statistical procedures were used to examine the C-19 A-A's reliability, validity, and measurement invariances across demographic subsets. Results: The results indicated robust internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.889, confirming the questionnaire's reliability. Concurrent validity showed significant and positive correlations between C-19-A and FCV-19S (r = 0.77, p < 0.000). EFA revealed a dominant factor explaining 60.4% of the variance, bolstering the questionnaire's factorial validity. CFA further validated the model's adequacy across different demographic groups. Specifically, demographic factors such as age, gender, and educational level showed distinct patterns of COVID-19-related anxiety. Conclusion: The validated Arabic version of the C-19 A-A represents a pivotal tool for assessing pandemic-induced anxiety within Arabic-speaking communities. Its deployment enables targeted identification of vulnerable individuals, facilitating tailored health interventions and informing clinical strategies. This research underscores the pivotal role of culturally attuned assessment instruments in shaping effective public health responses and therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating the psychological sequelae of global health crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Today's problems of cities make it necessary to pay attention to the idea of healthy cities more than in the past. A requirement to have a healthy city is to identify health indicators in different dimensions. The study of these indicators requires accurate and reliable measurement tools. In this regard, the study was conducted with the aim of designing and psychometrically and using the questionnaire of the indicators of Healthy city. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted in the first stage on 300 adults aged 20 and over in Isfahan city and in the second stage on 150 people in 1402. The initial questionnaire of healthy city indicators was designed with 107 items based on the opinions of professors and experts in the fields of urban planning, urban engineering, environmental health, psychology, health and social welfare, health policy, health in disasters. In different stages of psychometrics, face validity, content validity (CVR, CVI), criteria (divergent and convergent), exploratory factor analysis and reliability were measured using Cronbach's alpha method. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Student's t-test and analysis of variance were used to report the data in the software (version 26, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Results: In the phase of determining quantitative face and content validity (CVR greater than 0.51 and CVI greater than 0.79 was acceptable), 52 items out of 107 items of the questionnaire were removed. All the remaining 55 items had a significant correlation with the total score of the questionnaire in the internal consistency measurement stage. In the Varimax exploratory factor analysis stage, 5 factors had an eigenvalue greater than one and were named as follows: "welfare, support and social participation" by explaining 53.99% of the variance; "Public, health and sanitary services"; "Cultural, educational and residential accesses"; "Emergency, health and social management"; and "fitness and urban beauty". Convergent and divergent validity was confirmed due to the stronger correlation between each item's score with its respective dimension score (P<0.0001), and lower correlation with other dimensions. Reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire questionnaire at 0.959 and for the questionnaire scales in the range of 0.934 to 0.784. According to the findings of the application stage, no statistically significant difference was observed between the average score of the indicators of Healthy city by sex, education level, and employment status of the citizens. Conclusion: The psychometrics of the questionnaire of the indicators of Healthy city indicated that the evaluations carried out in different stages were approved, as a result, the questionnaire has sufficient validity and reliability and usability. The results of this study can be used by policy makers and agents of the urban area and benefit from the benefits of planning related to measuring and using the tools of all citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose was to investigate the psychometric features of the Feedback Quality Instrument (FQI) in medical students, emphasizing the instrument's utility for evaluating the quality of feedback provided in clinical contexts and the importance of performing so for medical trainees. Methods and material: The Persian version of the FQI was evaluated for content validity through a focus group of medical education experts. The questionnaire's face, content, and construct validity were assessed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, internal consistency, and inter-rater reliability. The questionnaire was revised and pilot-tested, with medical students' feedback in different clinical situations. The data was analyzed using AMOS26. Results: The content validity index equaled 0.88(> 0.79). The content validity ratio representing the proportion of participants who agreed on a selected item was 0.69(> 0.42). According to experts, item 25 is the only modified item, while items 23 and 24 are presented as one item. For reliability, Cronbach alpha was equaled to 0.98. Conclusions: The Persian version of the Feedback Quality Instrument (FQI) was valid, reliable, and fair in assessing feedback quality in medical students, providing valuable insights for other institutions. Establishing a basis for systematically analyzing how certain educator behaviors affect student outcomes is practical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Promoting patient participation stands as a global priority in nursing care. Currently, there is a lack of a standardized tool to assess the culture of patient participation from the perspective of nurses in China. Aims: To translate and examine the validity and reliability of the Patient Participation Culture Tool for healthcare workers (PaCT-HCW) on general hospital wards in Chinese nursing context. Methods: A cross-sectional research study was conducted among 812 nurses. Brislin's recommendations were adhered to during the translation of the scale. Validity was assessed using construct validity, content validity, and face validity. Split-half reliability, test–retest reliability, and internal consistency reliability were used to evaluate dependability. The study was guided and reported following the STROBE checklist and recommendations for reporting the results of studies of instrument and scale development and testing. Results: The Chinese version of PaCT-HCW (the PaCT-HCW-C) exhibits good face validity and content validity. A rigorous exploratory factor analyse verified a six-factor (competence, support, perceived lack of time, information sharing and dialogue, response to questions and acceptance of a new role) scale structure with a cumulative variance contribution of the factors with 44 items of 68.840%. With a Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.962, split-half reliability of 0.866, and intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.989, the instrument demonstrates great reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis results validated the consistency of the six factors with the structure of the PaCT-HCW-C scale. Conclusions: The 44-item PaCT-HCW-C is a valid and reliable instrument with satisfactory psychometric properties. It could serve as a tool for assessing the effectiveness of international programs aimed at fostering patient participation from the perspective of nurses, while also providing insights from China's practical experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lifestyle medicine (LM) should be incorporated as part of routine clinical work and medical education programs. Objective: To develop and test the validity and reliability of a questionnaire that measures the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of LM domains among medical trainees through practicing physicians. Methods: The KAP questionnaire sections covered the nine domains of LM. The validation process included face and content validity. A total of 151 individuals from the medical field residing in Saudi Arabia were recruited through a convenient sampling technique to participate in the study. Item response theory (IRT) was applied to validate the knowledge domain, while exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to assess attitude and practice. Cronbach's alpha was performed to test the reliability of the three sections. Results: The questionnaire contained 37 items of knowledge, 45 attitudes, and 28 practice items. According to the IRT analysis, 27 items of knowledge were within the acceptable range of difficulty and discrimination. The EFA analysis resulted in 6 factors, including all the items in the attitude domain, and 4 factors, for a total of 27 items in the practice domain, with satisfactory factor loading (>0.4). The Cronbach's alpha for the three domains was very high (≥0.88). Conclusions: The KAP questionnaire for LM is valid and reliable across a spectrum, from medical trainees to practicing physicians. This tool could serve as an instrument to evaluate and develop adequate educational programs for medical doctors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employability is a set of skills, achievement, personal attributes which makes the student more employable. This research paper tries to explore the factors which can be most influencing for the purpose of enhancing employability skills amongst students. The research is based on survey where simple technique of data collection through Google form is used. As we know that before starting collection of primary data the pilot study is very important. This study focuses on testing the reliability and validity of the designed questionnaire. The questionnaire focuses on questions related to teaching pedagogies, parts of teaching pedagogies which are important other than classroom teaching and to check if the students are kept well informed about their analysis of their skills. In this study SPSS is used to test the reliability and validity of the research instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The quality of recovery (QoR)-40 score has been used worldwide and validated in many surgical cohorts to assess global patient recovery. We aim to translate and culturally adapt the QoR-40 score into Hindi and test the validity and reliability of the translated version in patients undergoing cancer surgery. Methods: The translation of the QoR-40 questionnaire was based on the forward and backward translation methods. Patients filled out the translated version of the QoR-40 preoperatively, on the third postoperative day in the morning (POD3) and the evening. The reliability of the translated questionnaire was checked for internal consistency, test-retest reliability and split-half reliability. Construct validity was assessed with a correlation coefficient value between the total QoR-40 score, visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and total length of hospital stay. Content validity was evaluated for feasibility and understanding. Results: The questionnaire was completed by 350 patients. The correlation coefficient r for repeatability was 0.21, the split-half test was 0.92, and Cronbach's alpha was 0.82. The correlation between QoR-40 on POD3 with VAS score and length of stay was-0.35 and -0.67, respectively. The average time to complete the questionnaire was 3.8 minutes; 90% of the respondents found the translated questionnaire easy to understand, and 92% of the patients related the questions to their recovery. Conclusion: The Hindi translation of the QoR-40 questionnaire is a valid and reliable version of the original questionnaire in English to assess the QoR in Hindi-speaking patients after cancer surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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AIM: The objective of this study was to adapt the pediatric nurse parent partnership scale into Turkish and assess its validity and reliability. METHODS: A methodological and correlational research methodology was employed. The study was performed with 348 pediatric nurses between January and March 2023. Data collection measures were a "Personal Information Form" and the "Pediatric Nurse Parent Partnership Scale." Content and structure validity, internal consistency, and item analysis methods were utilized to establish the validity and reliability of the measure. RESULTS: The adapted measure was found to have 19 items, explaining 71.60% of the total variance, and a four-sub-dimensional structure. According to the explanatory factor analysis findings, factor loads varied from 0.509 to 0.854, and item--total score correlation values of 0.509-0.750 were obtained. The goodness of fit indices obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis were CMIN/DF = 3.845, GFI = 0.87, CFI = 0.92, NFI = 0.89, TLI = 0.90, and RMSEA = 0.091. The confirmatory factor analysis of the four-factor measure structure showed that these index figures were acceptable. Cronbach's α was 0.939 for the total scale and varied from 0.845--0.893 for the sub-dimensions. CONCLUSION: The Pediatric Nurse Parent Partnership Scale was an effective and trustworthy measure that could be used in the Turkish sample to evaluate the partnerships reported by pediatric nurses and parents in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many constructs in management studies, such as perceptions, personalities, attitudes, and behavioral intentions, are not directly observable. Typically, empirical studies measure such constructs using established scales with multiple indicators. When the scales are used in a different population, the items are translated into other languages or revised to adapt to other populations, it is essential for researchers to report the quality of measurement scales before using them to test hypotheses. Researchers commonly report the quality of these measurement scales based on Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis results. However, these results are usually inadequate and sometimes inappropriate. Moreover, researchers rarely consider sampling errors for these psychometric quality measures. In this best practice paper, we first critically review the most frequently-used approaches in empirical studies to evaluate the quality of measurement scales when using structural equation modeling. Next, we recommend best practices in assessing reliability, convergent and discriminant validity based on multiple criteria and taking sampling errors into consideration. Then, we illustrate with numerical examples the application of a specifically-developed R package, measureQ, that provides a one-stop solution for implementing the recommended best practices and a template for reporting the results. measureQ is easy to implement, even for those new to R. Our overall aim is to provide a best-practice reference for future authors, reviewers, and editors in reporting and reviewing the quality of measurement scales in empirical management studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Social pain is an emotional reaction which is triggered by social exclusion and has been extensively investigated in the literature. The Social Pain Questionnaire (SPQ) is a self-report instrument which is the only scale for measuring social pain as a dispositional factor. The current study aimed at examining the psychometric properties of the SPQ in an Iranian sample. Materials and methods: A sample of participants (N = 400) was recruited in a cross-sectional validation study. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) as well as Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted. The Item Response Theory (IRT) model parameters were evaluated and item response category curves were presented. Convergent and divergent validities as well as the reliability (by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient) were also assessed. Results: The SPQ's unidimensionality was affirmed (RMSEA = 0.078; CFI = 0.915; TLI = 0.99) and its internal consistency was robust (Cronbach's a = 0.94). The correlation between the SPQ and the following measures endorsed its divergent and convergent validity: Self-esteem (r = -0.424), Perceived Social Support (r = -0.161), and Interpersonal Sensitivity (r = 0.636). Finally, Item Response Theory Analysis emphasized the effectiveness of the SPQ items in discerning various levels of social pain. The theta level ranged between -1 and + 1.2 and the IRT-based marginal reliability was 0.92 for the total score. Discussion: The Persian SPQ stands as a reliable and valid measure for evaluating social pain. This scale has the potential to stimulate further research in the field for both clinical and non-clinical settings. Conclusion: By employing Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis, we have transcended the theoretical psychometric evaluation of the SPQ scale and demonstrated that SPQ is a unidimensional, valid and reliable measurement tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poor nurse-patient relationship poses an obstacle to care delivery, jeopardizing patient experience and patient care outcomes. Measuring nurse-patient relationship is challenging given its multi-dimensional nature and a lack of well-established scales. Purpose: This study aimed to develop a multi-dimensional scale measuring nurse-patient relationship in China. Methods: A preliminary scale was constructed based on the existing literature and Delphi consultations with 12 nursing experts. The face validity of the scale was tested through a survey of 45 clinical nurses. This was followed by a validation study on 620 clinical nurses. Cronbach's α, content validity and known-group validity of the scale were assessed. The study sample was further divided into two for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), respectively, to assess the construct validity of the scale. Results: The Nurse-Patient Relationship Scale (NPRS) containing 23 items was developed and validated, measuring five dimensions: nursing behavior, nurse understanding and respect for patient, patient misunderstanding and mistrust in nurse, communication with patient, and interaction with patient. The Cronbach's α of the NPRS ranged from 0.725 to 0.932, indicating high internal consistency. The CFA showed excellent fitness of data into the five-factor structure: χ2/df = 2.431, GFI = 0.933, TLI = 0.923, CFI = 0.939, IFI = 0.923, RMSEA = 0.070. Good content and construct validity are demonstrated through expert consensus and psychometric tests. Conclusion: The NPRS is a valid tool measuring nurse-patient relationship in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nurses work in close proximity to patients, and as such, they can have a direct impact on the control of infections; thus, it is important for nurses to be competent in infection control. However, the scales used to measure infection control performance in nurses are not suitable for measuring infection control competencies that reflect nurses' expertise, clinical environment, and work. Thus, this study aimed to develop a valid and reliable measure to assess infection control competency of clinical nurses. Methods: A concept analysis, using a hybrid model, was performed on the infection control competency of clinical nurses to confirm the components and develop 67 initial items. Ten experts evaluated the content validity of these items, and a Korean language expert and a Doctor of Nursing reviewed the questions to consolidate them into 59 items. Subsequently, 267 nurses working at a certified tertiary hospital in D City were surveyed to confirm the validity and reliability of the scale. Results: As a result of the study, the final scale comprising seven factors and 33 questions was derived, and the cumulative explanatory power of these factors was 60.8%. To verify convergent and discriminant validity, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, and the average variance extraction index, composite reliability values, and confidence interval of the correlation coefficient between factors were confirmed. Convergent and discriminant validities were verified by comparison with standard values. The Cronbach's α for the entire scale in this study was 0.93. Consequently, the validity and reliability of the clinical nurses' infection control competency measurement scale were verified. Conclusions: The validity and reliability of the infection control competency measurement scale for clinical nurses (ICCS-CN) developed in this study was verified, and the scale can be effectively used to measure the infection control competency of clinical nurses. Measuring the infection control competency of clinical nurses will help reduce the harm caused by infection and ensure patient safety by decreasing infection rates in medical institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Experiencing dizziness/vertigo is often an indication of dysfunction in the vestibular system. Recent findings show a connection between peripheral vestibular dysfunction and cognitive impairments. The Neuropsychological Vertigo Inventory (NVI) can assess physical, emotional, and cognitive issues in individuals with dizziness/vertigo. The aim of this research was to translate, cultural adaptation and evaluation of the reliability and validity of NVI to Persian. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the NVI scale was translated and adapted to the Iranian cultural context following the international quality of life assessment protocol for translation and equivalence. After obtaining face validity, the scale was administered to 140 patients with peripheral vestibular system dysfunction and 70 control group (age between 25 and 80 years). After one week, 50 participants were asked to complete the questionnaire again. Eventually, reliability was evaluated with both methods of internal consistency and test-retest reproducibility. Results: Out of the 28 items in the NVI scale, 3 items were modified to better align with the cultural conditions of Iranians. The impact scores for most items in this scale were found to be higher than 1.5. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient values for the overall scale (0.90) and test-retest reliability with intra-class correlation coefficient for the overall scale (0.91) were confirmed. Conclusion: The Persian version of NVI scale demonstrates excellent validity and reliability, and it exhibits a high level of content alignment with the original version. Therefore, it can be a useful tool to better understand the physical, emotional and cognitive disturbances in patients with vertigo/dizziness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the Constipation Severity Instrument (CSI) and assess its reliability and validity in the Iranian Persian language with chronic functional constipation. Background: Chronic functional constipation is a common complaint characterized by a range of symptoms. The use of a validated tool adapted to the culture is an important part of the treatment process. Methods: CSI was translated into Persian language according to Beaton's guidelines. One hundred and twenty-five patients with chronic functional constipation, according to ROME IV criteria, completed the questionnaires. Face validity was assessed in two qualitative and quantitative forms (impact score), internal consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. Convergent validity was assessed by correlating the total scores of the CSI and the WCSS. The floor/ ceiling effects of the questionnaire were also assessed. Results: The impact score of all questions was greater than 1.5. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total score was 0.90 and the ICC was 0.90. The total score of the CSI was significantly correlated with the total score of the WCSS (Spearman's p=0.74). No floor/ceiling effects were found. Conclusion: The Persian version of the CSI is a reliable and valid tool that can be used for psychometric evaluation. Clinicians can also benefit from this questionnaire when assessing treatment outcomes in Iranian patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the "resilience assessment questionnaire" in patients with multiple sclerosis. Materials & Methods The statistical population of the present study included all multiple sclerosis patients living in Tehran City in 2022. Of them, 250 people were selected through available sampling. The participants completed the questionnaires of Gromis et al. resilience and the hospital anxiety and depression scales. The validity of the questionnaire was investigated using the formal, content, construct, and predictor methods. Also, the reliability of the test was checked through the Cronbach α method and retesting. Data analysis was done using SPSS software, version 26. Results The face validity was confirmed by checking the content and solving the appearance problems. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed after correcting the questions. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the resilience questionnaire includes 5 components: Emotional and cognitive strategies, physical activity and diet, family and friends support, peer support, and spirituality. Also, the Cronbach α values of these components were 0.88, 0.79, 0.62, 0.76, 0.50, and 0.89, respectively. The eigenvalues of these components explained 47.49% of the variance. There was a significant relationship between the resilience and anxiety/depression questionnaire components. The correlation value between the first and second stages confirmed the retest validity of the resilience questionnaire. Conclusion The Persian version of the "multiple sclerosis resilience" scale is a valid and reliable tool for assessing resilience features in Iranian MS patients, which can be used in policymaking and research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Perceived Inventory of Technological Competency as Caring in Nursing (PITCCN) questionnaire has been designed to measure technological competency as caring in nursing practice. It incorporates the use of technology with the fundamental principles of caring that are central to nursing. As there were no psychometrically sound instruments to quantify the concept of technological competency as caring in the Slovene language, we adapted the English version of the questionnaire to the local environment. The goal was to assess the level of psychometric properties of the PITCCN investigated in Slovene hospitals. Methods: Content validity was conducted with eight experts and quantified by the content validity index (CVI) and the modified Cohen's kappa index. Face validity was assessed through discussions with participants from the target culture in the pilot study. To assess construct validity and internal consistency, a cross-sectional research methodology was used on a convenience sample of 121 nursing personnel from four hospitals. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to examine construct validity, while Cronbach's alpha and adjusted item-total correlations were used to measure internal consistency. Results: The content and face validity of PITCCN were adequate. The scale validity index (S-CVI) was 0.97. Cronbach's α was 0.92, and subscale reliabilities ranged from 0.810 to 0.925. PCA showed four components, which explained more than 73.49% of the variance. Conclusions: The Slovenian version of PITCCN (PITCCN_SI) has good psychometric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endometriosis is a benign and chronic gynecological estrogen-dependent disease. Considering the prevalence and the importance of measuring the long-term effects of endometriosis in affected women's lives t the EIQ scale was designed and psychometrically analyzed in English in Australia, in three recall periods (last 12 months, 1 to 5 years ago and more than 5 years ago). It has never been used in Iran and its validity and reliability have not been assessed either. Therefore, the present study aimed to translate and investigate the psychometric properties of the EIQ. Methods: In this study, 200 women were selected through random sampling in 2022. After forward and backward translation, the face validity, content validity, and construct validity of EIQ (through Corrected Item-Total Correlation) were examined. To assess the reliability of the scale, both internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest stability methods were employed. Results: Impact Score with a score above 1.5 was approved. CVI and CVR values of the EIQ tool were 0.97 and 0.94, respectively. The Item to total Correlation confirmed the construct validity of all seven dimensions of the tool, more than the cut-off (0.3) except lifestyle. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Intra Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were acceptable for all dimensions. Conclusion: The Persian version of EIQ is a valid and reliable scale. This tool is valid and reliable for investigating the long-term impact of endometriosis in Iranian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric indicators of the Persian version of the Sense of Belonging in Nursing School scale (SBNS). Methods: The study conducted in Shahroud and Semnan schools of nursing and midwifery in Iran examined nursing students using a cross-sectional approach by convenience sampling method from 3/6/2023 to 24/8/2023. To assess the SBNS scale, the forward–backward procedure was used to translate it into Persian. Face and content validity were evaluated, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted with sample sizes of 200 and 182, respectively. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, MacDonald's omega, and intra-class correlation coefficient. Results: The exploratory factor analysis resulted in the exclusion of four items, leaving a final selection of 15 items. These items were categorized into three factors: classmates, clinical staff, and inclusive educational environment, which accounted for 49.16% of the overall variance. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model was a good fit for the observed data, and the subscales had high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.752 to 0.880) and stability (intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.889 to 0.968). Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that the Persian version of the SBNS scale demonstrates sufficient validity and reliability in assessing students' sense of belonging to the nursing school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) was cross-culturally adapted into Greek, according to international guidelines. The final Greek version of the scale (FGAGR) was evaluated for its reliability and was correlated with the mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (mini-BESTest), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) questionnaire, for testing the concurrent validity. The discriminant validity between individuals reporting low and those reporting high concern about falls as well as the predictive validity in identifying people with high risk of falls were assessed. The FGAGR was characterized as comprehensible in its content and orders. Psychometric testing in 24 Greek-speaking individuals (six men and eighteen women, 66 ± 7 years old) yielded excellent test-retest (ICC = 0.976) and inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.984), but moderate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.660). The FGAGR scale proved its concurrent and discriminant validity while a maximum cutoff point of 25, with sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 100%, was identified to be optimal for predicting risk of falls in the elderly. The good psychometric characteristics of the FGAGR confirm its applicability in assessing gait of Greek-speaking older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Episodic Disability Questionnaire (EDQ) is a generic 35-item patient-reported outcome measure of presence, severity and episodic nature of disability. We assessed the measurement properties of the Episodic Disability Questionnaire (EDQ) with adults living with HIV. Methods: We conducted a measurement study with adults living with HIV in eight clinical settings in Canada, Ireland, United Kingdom, and United States. We electronically administered the EDQ followed by three reference measures (World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule; Patient Health Questionnaire; Social Support Scale) and a demographic questionnaire. We administered the EDQ only 1 week later. We assessed the internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha; > 0.7 acceptable), and test–retest reliability (Intra Class Correlation Coefficient; > 0.7 acceptable). We estimated required change in EDQ domain scores to be 95% certain that a change was not due to measurement error (Minimum Detectable Change (MDC95%)). We evaluated construct validity by assessing 36 primary hypotheses of relationships between EDQ scores and scores on the reference measures (> 75% hypotheses confirmed indicated validity). Results: Three hundred fifty nine participants completed the questionnaires at time point 1, of which 321 (89%) completed the EDQ approximately 1 week later. Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency ranged from 0.84 (social domain) to 0.91 (day domain) for the EDQ severity scale, and 0.72 (uncertainty domain) to 0.88 (day domain) for the EDQ presence scale, and 0.87 (physical, cognitive, mental-emotional domains) to 0.89 (uncertainty domain) for the EDQ episodic scale. ICCs for test–retest reliability ranged from 0.79 (physical domain) to 0.88 (day domain) for the EDQ severity scale and from 0.71 (uncertainty domain) to 0.85 (day domain) for the EDQ presence scale. Highest precision was demonstrated in the severity scale for each domain (MDC95% range: 19–25 out of 100), followed by the presence (MDC95% range: 37–54) and episodic scales (MDC95% range:44–76). Twenty-nine of 36 (81%) construct validity hypotheses were confirmed. Conclusions: The EDQ possesses internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and test–retest reliability, with limited precision when administered electronically with adults living with HIV across in clinical settings in four countries. Given the measurement properties, the EDQ can be used for group level comparisons for research and program evaluation in adults living with HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The death of a loved one, especially when it happens tragically or prematurely, could rock the foundations of our hypothetical world and our relationship with God and the world (Neimeyer, 2019) and cause deep challenges (Neimeyer, Prigerson& Davies, 2002). Complicated spiritual grief is a crisis during bereavement that endangers the bereaved person's sense of relationship with God or the religious community as they struggle to re-establish spiritual balance after the loss of a loved one (Holland, Burke, Neimeyer et al., 2014). As for complicated spiritual grief in Iran, there has been no scale to determine the psychometric properties thereof, nor has such a scale become normative in the country. The Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief (ICSG) is a 5-point scale that is used to measure post-grief meaning. The ICSG has been used and validated by Neimeyer et al. (2014) and Holland Burke. However, the scale has not been investigated or psychometrically tested in Iranian society. The present research aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the ICSG in relation to the Iranian sample. Method The research sample included 215 bereaved women in the Iranian city of Ardabil who were selected on an available basis. Then, they responded to the research tool. In the study, the ICSG (Holland, Burke and Neimeyer et al., 2014) and the Grief Experience Questionnaire (Barrett and Scott, 1989) were used. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25 and AMOS version 24 software tools. The SPSS software was used for descriptive analysis, and the AMOS software was used for combined reliability (CR) and factor analysis. Results The face, content and structure validity of the research showed that the ICSG has appropriate validity and reliability. The scale's convergent validity was confirmed to be (AVE>0/50). The internal consistency reliability of the ICSG was assessed using composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and an alpha coefficient of 0.73-0.81 confirmed the reliability of the dimensions of the scale. In addition, the correlation results pertaining to the variables of the research showed that the ICSG has a significant correlation with the grief experience scale (p<0.01). Conclusion Overall, the findings of the research indicated that the 18-item Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief has strong internal consistency and convergent and incremental validity, and that the scale supports a two-factor model for measuring doubt in God and impairment of the person's religious faith. Thus, the results of the present research showed that the ICSG has good validity and reliability for the Iranian sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Questionnaires are useful tools for clinicians. This study aimed to translate the Dizziness Handicap Inventory for Patient Caregivers (DHI-PC) into Persian (DHI-PC-P) and assess its psychometric properties for children aged 5-12 years. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical psychometrics study. After obtaining permission from the developers of the DHI-PC, translation into Persian and cross-cultural adaptation were done according to the international guidelines for self-assessment tools recommended by the American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons. Participants were 21 parents (mean age: 38.05 years, SD=6.1 years, 18 female) and their children with dizziness (mean age 8.69 years, SD=2.41 years, 9 female) between the ages of 5-12 years old. Face validity, content validity, and test-retest reliability at an interval of 14-21 days were evaluated for the DHI-PC-P. Results: The face validity was confirmed qualitatively by the experts' opinions and quantitatively by calculating the item impact score. Content validity was confirmed by calculating the content validity index and the content validity ratio (0.97 and 0.86, respectively). The internal consistency was good (Cronbach's alpha=0.90). For the testretest reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient was obtained 0.94, indicating an excellent reliability. Conclusion: The DHI-PC-P can be used clinically as a valid and reliable tool for children with dizziness aged 5-12 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence suggests that an optimal workplace is a physical, chemical, biological, organizational, social, and cultural condition in which each element contributes to the employer's condition. Purpose: To develop a nursing work environment questionnaire (NWE-Q). Patients and Methods: Convergent validity was measured using Pearson's correlation test. Internal consistency for each dimension of the Nursing Work Environment questionnaire (NWE-q) was performed thanks to the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Construct validity and factor structure of the data were also assessed. Reliability was evaluated by measuring internal consistency. Interclass correlation coefficient and convergent validity were also assessed. Group validity was evaluated according to the sociodemographic characteristics collected using an independent t-test. Results: 376 nurses participated in this study. Both Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measures of sampling adequacy were, and the Bartlett test of sphericity showed very strong evidence. Owing to oblique rotation, three main sub-dimensions were defined with good internal consistency for all items of the NWE-q (27 items), and each sub-dimension was registered. Very strong interclass correlations were assessed for the NWE-q total scores and for each sub-dimension, with the exception of the system dimensions, in which the interclass correlation showed a weak relationship. Strong positive evidence was found between the NWE-q for both the total and each sub-dimension correlated with the items of both the individual and organizational validated nursing performance questionnaires. Strong evidence was observed for both the organizational and system subdimensions according to shift and gender. Conclusion: The NWE-q was promptly completed in the online mode, and its scoring characteristics seemed to be more accessible and simpler to adopt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The high prevalence and associated costs of chronic diseases have challenged global community health. The use of information and communication technology offers patients and healthcare providers the ability to respond to healthcare needs. This study develops an information and communication technology use scale for patients with chronic diseases and evaluates its psychometric properties. Methods: This exploratory sequential mixed-method study was conducted in Kashan City, Iran from September 2020 to July 2021. In the qualitative phase, 18 patients with chronic conditions were recruited via the purposeful sampling method. The initial pool of 33 items was extracted in this phase. Psychometric evaluation of the scale was examined through face, content, and construct validity. The internal consistency of the scale was assessed with the Cronbach a and its stability was examined by the test re-test. To evaluate the scale's construct validity, a crosssectional study was performed with 300 patients referring to hospital wards and private centers that provide services to patients with chronic diseases. A sequential sampling method was used to select the subjects. The exploratory factor analysis was performed using principal component analysis and the varimax rotation method in the SPSS software, version 16. Results: The initial version of the scale consisted of 33 items. A total of 6 items were removed in the face and content validity evaluation phase. Factor analysis with the removal of 4 items resulted in the extraction of 4 factors that explained 67.45% of the variance in the total scale score. The Cronbach a coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient were estimated at 0.93 and 0.88, respectively. Conclusion: The scale developed in this study is a valid and reliable tool for measuring formation and communication technology use (including its dimensions) in patients with chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our team conducted this study to develop the Smoke-Free Campus Awareness Scale and to test the validity and reliability of this scale. The study took place between November 2022 and January 2023 with individuals studying and working at a university after obtaining institutional permission and ethics committee approval. The study sample comprised 211 participants. We collected the data using the questionnaire prepared by the researchers and the Smoke-Free Campus Awareness Scale, which was content validated. Our team evaluated the scale's validity and reliability via IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 25 (IBM SPSS Corp.; Armonk, NY, USA) and AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures) 25 programs. Kendall's analysis and Barlett's test of sphericity (p < .001) were significant in the study. To verify the construct validity of the Smoke-Free Campus Awareness Scale, we applied the confirmatory factor analysis and the exploratory factor analysis. After the Smoke-Free Campus Awareness Scale's exploratory factor analysis, we concluded that there was a single factor for 11 items. In the fit indices model, it was determined that the scale was compatible satisfactorily. The scale's Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.898. Test--retest reliability analysis was found significant. We determined that the Smoke-Free Campus Awareness Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Demand Control Support model is useful for studying work-related stress. The combination of high demand and a low level of control generates "job strain" ("job iso-strain" if poor support is added), with implications for the worker's health and well-being. The aims of this study were to adapt, examine the factor structure of, and determine the reliability of, the Demand Control Support Questionnaire (DCSQ) short version for European Portuguese (DCSQ-PT). Methods: The scale was translated into Portuguese following a rigorous process and then applied to 501 workers from various professional sectors. An online survey was used to collect sociodemographic, professional, and Demand Control Support data. Validation was based on reliability and validity tests. Results: The mean age of the sample was 41.8 ± 10.3 years, and 50.1% of the participants were female. The results reveal good reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.807) and validity. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that a four-factor solution of the DCSQ-PT scale had a good fit to the data, as was the case for the original scale. The DCSQ-PT© with 16 items is composed of the following factors: social support at work; psychological demands; skill discretion; and decision authority. Conclusions: This validation allows an instrument to be obtained with 16 items for studying work-related stress in Portuguese workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The new Knee Society Knee Scoring System (KSS) has been widely used to assess the symptoms, satisfaction, expectations, and physical activities of patients who undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA). KSS has been translated and validated into many languages but not Persian. The aim of this study was to translate and evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the new KSS. Methods: The Persian version of the new KSS was translated and culturally adapted according to international guidelines, including translation, back-translation, pre-testing, and expert committee review. A total of 142 patients scheduled to undergo TKA were included in this study and were asked to complete the Persian-KSS, Oxford Knee Score (OKS), and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) index both two weeks before the surgery and 6 months after the surgery. Face, content, and construct validity were evaluated to assess the validity of Persian-KSS. Results: The Persian-KSS was comprehensive, indicating that the Persian version of KSS was clear and easy to understand for Persian-speaking patients undergoing TKA. The reliability of the Persian-KSS, assessed by Cronbach's alpha, was 0.894 and 0.800 for the pre- and post-operative stages, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) assessed the test–retest reliability, which was 0.766 and 0.796 for the pre- and post-operative stages, respectively. The construct validity analysis of Persian-KSS demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between Persian-KSS and the OKS (r = − 0.935, p-value = 0.000 for the pre-operative stage, and r = − 0.809, p-value = 0.000 for the post-operative stage) and VAS index (r = − 0.401, p-value = 0.001 for the pre-operative stage and r = − 0.259, p-value = 0.029 for the post-operative stage). Conclusion: The Persian-KSS, developed after the translation and cross-cultural adaptation process, was proven to be a reliable and valid assessment measure for those who undergo TKA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study aimed to design and determine the psychometric properties of a short-form questionnaire to investigate the domestic elder abuse. Methods: This study consisted of two phases: in phase 1 we employed a modified Delphi approach with 18 participants. Consequently, content and face validity, and item analysis were applied. In Phase 2 we evaluated structural validity and convergent validity. Reliability was assessed by looking at internal consistency, stability, and absolute reliability. Results: The findings led to the development of a 27-items short form of domestic elder abuse in four domains that jointly accounted for 74.14% of the variance observed. The short form showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.93) and significantly correlated (r = 0.91; p < 0.001 for both scales) with the comprehensive (49-item) domestic elder abuse. Conclusion: The short form of domestic elder abuse was found to be reliable and valid as the longer version. The short form of domestic elder abuse could lessen the burden on respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Cambodian Nursing Care Quality Scale. Design: Methodological design. Methods: This study was carried out in several steps: a forward‐backward translation was done, face and construct validity was measured using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and the reliability was evaluated. A convenience sampling method was employed to recruit 350 nurses from May 2021 to March 2022. Results: The exploratory factor analysis extracted six factors that explained 60.76% of the total variance. The six‐factor model is supported by confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach's alpha and the intra‐class correlation coefficient were 0.94 and 0.85, respectively. Patient or Public Contribution: Evaluation of the quality of care can lead to the enhancement of the quality of nursing services and patient safety. This will subsequently increase the patients' and community satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is an international need for short, valid and reliable tools in order to assess the level of hospital preparedness, to identify the gaps in the functionality of hospitals and to take the appropriate measures for each organization and every major emergency situation. Objective: To create a short-form tool for evaluating hospital readiness. After checking its basic validity and reliability parameters, the tool was used to explore hospital vulnerabilities in relation to knowledge management and staff preparedness. Methodology: A short form preparedness assessment tool was created including 17 closed-ended questions, whose responses were graded on a Likert scale (0-4). The face, content, and structural validity and internal reliability of the questionnaire were tested with a nationwide convenience sample of 208 hospital employees (health and non-health care workers). Results: The study sample comprised 72 nurses, 63 physicians, 36 physical therapists, 23 administrators, and 14 technologists (20 individuals in total, 155 women). Their mean age was with 42.4±3.5 years old and the mean length of service at the specific hospital was 13.2±3.4 years. Factor analysis revealed three factors (leadership-supportive environment, collaboration-readiness with Cronbach's a values of 0.85, 0.71 and 0.83 respectively. The mean values per factor (dimension) were 1.81±0.76 for leadership, 2.75±0.62 for collaboration and 2.62±0.69 for readiness All three factors were statistically significantly and positively correlated with each other (p<0.001). Conclusions: The proposed short assessment tool shows very satisfactory construct validity and internal reliability. Deficits are highlighted in the leadership factor, with a possible impact on the other two factors as well. The tool is qualified for larger-scale studies and the findings of the study can be used to improve preparedness in Greek hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to test the inter-rater reliability, construct validity, and feasibility of the modified "Which Health Approaches and Treatments Are You Using?" (WHAT) questionnaires in pediatric oncology; Methods: Parent–child dyads were invited to complete self- and proxy-report-modified WHAT, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, demographics, a diary of the child's recent use of CHA, and a questionnaire assessing the aspects of feasibility. Parents were asked to complete a satisfaction of their children's use of the CHA survey; Results: Twenty-four dyads completed the study. The mean weighted kappa showed strong inter-rater reliability (k = 0.77, SE = 0.056), and strong agreements between the modified WHAT and the diary (self-report [k = 0.806, SE = 0.046] and proxy-report [k = 0.894, SE = 0.057]). Significant relationships were found only between recent and non-recent CHA users in relation to the easy access to CHA (self-report [p = 0.02], proxy-report [p < 0.001]). The mean scores of the feasibility scale (out of 7.0) for the self- and proxy-report were 5.64 (SD = 0.23) and 5.81 (SD = 0.22), respectively, indicating the feasibility of the modified WHAT; Conclusions: The findings provide initial evidence of the reliability and validity of the modified WHAT and their feasibility. Further research is needed to test the theoretical relationships and further explore the validity and reliability of the modified WHAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The clinical learning evaluation questionnaire can be used in the clinical trial period of medical students to measure the effectiveness of the clinical learning environment. The purpose of this study was to collect validity evidence of an adapted questionnaire to measure the transcultural adaptation of a Persian version of CLEQ. Methods: A total of 200 questionnaires were completed by students who were at the end of their clinical rotation. The study instrument was the latest version of the CLEQ consists of 18 Items in four dimensions. The CLEQ was translated into Persian language through a four-step process of forward and backward translation. Data analysis was performed on two softwares, SPSS, version 22 and Lisrel, version 8.8. Results: The results showed that the 18-question CLEQ could be applied to the Persian translation of the tool. The response process evidence of the Persian questionnaire was established through feedback from 15 students in the sample group. The content validity index (CVI) for the items were between 0.8 and 0.9, and the content validity ratio (CVR) for the entire questionnaire was 0.9. The 4-factor feature of CLEQ was good model fit. The internal consistency analysis indicated that the Cronbach's alpha values for all items of the 18-item questionnaire were equal to 0.87 and for the subscales were 0.68 to 0.79. Conclusion: The Persian translation of the 4-factor CLEQ has sufficient validity evidence to measure the transcultural adaptability of clinical education activities by instructors and students. The validity evidence are content, response process and internal structure. We recommend that the English 6-factor and 6-factor versions of CLEQ be tested on medical students at multiple foreign academic institutions to assess their efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The evaluation of spiritual requirements in patients can facilitate the delivery of spiritual care as an essential element of holistic healthcare. The objective of this research was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a questionnaire on patients' spiritual needs in medical-surgical hospital settings. Methods: This research utilized an exploratory sequential design, involving the creation of a pool of items through both inductive and deductive methods. The questionnaire's psychometric properties were then assessed using various techniques, such as face and content validity, item analysis, construct validity, internal consistency, stability, confirmatory factor analysis, and the Gradual Response Model of Samejima. The data analysis was conducted using MPLUS software, version 5.1. Results: The study's results showed that a four-factor structure (interpersonal connectedness, relationship with God, transcendence, and peaceful environment) with 43 items was successfully extracted through exploratory factor analysis. The confirmatory factor analysis supported the findings of the exploratory factor analysis. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the scale and factors ranged between 0.83 and 0.95. Furthermore, the interclass correlation coefficients for the scale and factors were between 0.89 and 0.96. Conclusions: The questionnaire designed in this study is a reliable and valid instrument that can be utilized by healthcare, educational, and research institutions to evaluate the spiritual needs of patients in medical-surgical hospital settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze the questionnaire of the validity and reliability of knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning Mpox.Methods: This was an instrumental, cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 178 citizens from 3 sectors of Peru, who responded to a virtual questionnaire regarding knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning Mpox. The validity and reliability process of the questionnaire was carried out using Aiken's V, Cronbach's Alpha, McDonald's Omega and principal component analysis.Results: After expert evaluation, the questionnaire was shown to have adequate content validity for measuring knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning Mpox, each in their respective dimensions, with Aiken's V values above 0.90. For construct validity, exploratory factor analysis was used and the items were grouped into four dimensions for the level of knowledge, three dimensions for attitudes, and two for practices. With respect to the reliability analysis, the application of Cronbach's α statistic and McDonald's ω, obtained values above 0.70.Conclusion: The results of the research enabled the attainment of a questionnaire that meets the adequate psychometric characteristics in order to be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Domestic violence has a significant impact on growing children. However, existing evidence is limited and often under reported. Consequently, the Child Exposure to Domestic Violence (CEDV) scale has been developed for global use. This study aims to provide a cross-cultural translation, adaptation and validation of the CEDV based on Malay language. Methods: CEDV scale was translated from the original English version to Malay. Content and face validity were examined before field-testing. The study comprised a cross sectional study using the Malay version of the CEDV (CEDV-M) scale conducted at a secondary school in Perlis, Malaysia and investigated 235 children aged 13 years old--16 years old using an online platform. The construct validity, internal consistency and stability of the tool were assessed. Results: The CEDV-M scale's content and face validity both yielded a value exceeding 0.80. Furthermore, the tool demonstrated has good stability reliability, using the intra-class correlation value for all items ranging from 0.659 to 1.00. The exploratory factor analysis of the 36 items of the CEDV scale revealed possibilities of five or six factor domains. However, the five factor domains were most conceptually equivalent. Consequently, this study found that the CEDV-M scale is reliable with a total Cronbach's alpha of 0.87. Conclusion: CEDV-M scale is a valid and reliable tool for measuring a child's experience of domestic violence. Future studies recommend confirmatory factor analysis and standard settings for scoring systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The perfectionistic self‐presentation scale (PSPS)–junior form is a self‐report questionnaire used to measure perfectionistic self‐presentation in children and adolescents. It consists of 18 items and 3 subscales, including perfectionistic self‐promotion, non‐display of imperfection, and nondisclosure of imperfection. Methods: The present study aimed to determine the psychometrics of the Persian version of the PSPS. A descriptive study was conducted on 345 samples (269 girls) who responded to the questionnaire. Results: The findings confirmed the internal consistency and composite reliability (CR) of this scale (CR = 0.744). Further, the Persian PSPS has acceptable face and content validities. Construct and convergent validities were also measured and confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The correlational analysis of the research variables showed that the PSPS is positively correlated with the Child‐Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (0.566) and the children's and adolescents' dysfunctional attitudes scale (0.420). Conclusion: Overall, the results indicated that the Persian version of the PSPS has acceptable psychometrics and can yield accurate results in Iranian samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Coolidge Test (2001) of Personality Disorders (SCATI) in the Moroccan socio-cultural context. To achieve this objective, the test was translated into Arabic and applied to a sample of 303 Moroccan adults، distributed according to gender to 57.1% females, 42.4% males. The findings revealed the high degree of validity and reliability of the SCATI test. The validity was determined using: (i) Internal consistency: all correlations were statistically significant and positive; (ii) discriminatory validity: The test overall score and all of its items' differences between the means of the two groups at the lower and upper ends were statistically significant. The reliability was determined using the following methods: (i) Cronbach's Alpha coefficient: the coefficients for all test dimensions were acceptable, and the coefficient for the test total score was high; (ii) Split-half reliability: the coefficients for all test dimensions were acceptable, and the coefficient for the test two halves as a whole was high. The study found no gender-related differences, except for two aspects in favor of women: schizoid personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weight self-stigma refers to negative self-prejudice due to the internalization of negative social messages about one's weight. People with high self-stigma may have low self-esteem and decreased social activity. Weight-related self-stigma can create diet-related disorders since it is highly related to the recognition of body types. However, there are no tools available to measure the weight-related stigma of the general public in Korea. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire (WSSQ-K). A methodological study was conducted with 150 Korean university students. Construct validity was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. The WSSQ-K was correlated with body mass index and measures of self-esteem and weight concern to evaluate concurrent validity. Internal consistency reliability was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha. In the exploratory factor analysis, two factors were proposed: "self-devaluation" (Cronbach's α = 79) and "fear of enacted stigma" (Cronbach's α = 82). Factor loadings for the 12 items on two factors ranged from 0.539 to 0.811, which explained 53.3% of the total variance. The WSSQ-K correlated with body mass index, self-esteem, and weight concern. The findings showed that the WSSQ-K was a reliable and valid measure that could be used for evaluating weight self-stigma in normal-weight adults in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Emotional distress experienced by patients with diabetes (PWD) can affect glycemic control and quality of life. However, limited tools are available in Indonesia to detect emotional distress in PWD in clinical setting or research. This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Indonesia version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID-5) scale. Methods: After the cross-cultural adaptation method was conducted, psychometric tests were done from August to November 2019 at affiliated hospitals in Yogyakarta by involving 100 adult PWD. All PWD with no medical records of mental health problems or cognitive disorders were voluntarily included. Content and construct validity and internal consistency measurements were used to evaluate the psychometric properties. Results: The mean age was 61.2 years of the men and women who equally participated in the study and mostly were non-working patients. The PAID-5 resulted in five question items to identify the emotional distress of PWD in the Indonesian language. Some minor modifications were done in items four and five after discussing them with the original authors and experts in Indonesia. The results showed item content validity index for item and scale were 0.6-0.8 and 0.72, respectively. The calculated r-values ranged from 0.751 to 0.888, which were higher than the r table (0.197). The Cronbach alpha of the Indonesia version of PAID-5 was 0.87 with inter-item and item-total correlations of 0.43-0.71 and 0.61-0.79, respectively. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that PAID-5 is considered valid and reliable to assess emotional distress among PWD and can be useful in clinical setting or for research purposes. Continued assessment of emotional distress is applicable and helps patients to better deal with their emotional distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objectives: Assessing healthcare seeking behaviour (HSB), healthcare utilization and related out-of-pocket expenditures of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) of India through a prism of the health system may help to achieve equitable health outcomes. Therefore, this comprehensive study was envisaged to examine these issues among PVTGs of Odisha, India. However, there exists no validated questionnaire to measure these variables among PVTGs. Therefore, a study questionnaire was developed for this purpose and validated. Methods: Questionnaire was constructed in four phases: questionnaire development, validity assessment, pilot testing and reliability assessment. Nine domain experts face validated questionnaire in two rounds, followed by a single round of quantitative content validity. Next, the questionnaire was pretested in three rounds using cognitive interviews and pilot-tested among 335 and 100 eligible individuals for the two sections healthcare seeking behaviour (HSB-Q) and maternal and child healthcare service utilization (MCHSU-Q). Internal consistency reliability was assessed for de novo HSB-Q. Results: On two rounds of expert-driven face validity, 55 items were eliminated from 200 items. Questionnaire showed moderate to high content validity (item-level content validity index range: 0.78 to 1, scale-level content validity index/universal agreement: 0.73; scale-level content validity index/average: 0.96 and multirater kappa statistics range: 0.6 to 1). During the pre-test, items were altered until saturation was achieved. Pilot testing helped to refine interview modalities. The Cronbach alpha and McDonald’s omega assessing internal consistency of HSB-Q were 0.8 and 0.85, respectively. Interpretation & conclusions: The questionnaire was found to be valid and reliable to explore healthcare seeking behaviour, maternal and child healthcare utilization and related out-of-pocket expenditure incurred by PVTGs of Odisha, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study is an effort to standardize and establish the validity and reliability of objective structured practical examination (OSPE) as a formative assessment tool in biochemistry. Materials and Methods: After institutional ethical clearance, brainstorming was done to plan the logistics necessary for the standardization of OSPE in biochemistry at undergraduate level. An assessment blueprint was established, structured checklists for individual procedure stations along with the student's and examiners' instruction manuals were designed. Review and revision of the planned OSPE stations were done and the validity and reliability of the tool were established. The internal reliability of the OSPE stations was determined by calculating Cronbach's alpha from the mean scores obtained by the students in each station during the formative assessments. A pilot study was conducted on a group of 14 volunteer students to establish the homogeneity of the study. The content validity index (CVI) and the coefficient of reliability of the feedback questionnaire for faculty and students were calculated. Feedback taken from students and faculty was analyzed through the Satisfaction Index for 5-point Likert Scale questions and thematic analysis for open-ended questions. Results: Cronbach's alpha of the OSPE questions, during the four formative assessments in sessional examinations, showed high internal consistency of 0.832, 0.861, 0.796, and 0.845. Homogeneity was determined by a split-half estimate of pilot OSPE with Cronbach's alpha value of 0.9. The S-CVI/Ave scores for the students and faculty questionnaire were 0.86 and 0.91 respectively with the internal consistency of 0.83 and 0.89. Conclusions: OSPE is a valid and reliable assessment tool after standardization that provides a structured approach to assessment and can be used for formative assessments of medical undergraduate students in biochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensor-based devices can record pressure or force over time during grasping and therefore offer a more comprehensive approach to quantifying grip strength during sustained contractions. The objectives of this study were to investigate the reliability and concurrent validity of measures of maximal tactile pressures and forces during a sustained grasp task using a TactArray device in people with stroke. Participants with stroke (n = 11) performed three trials of sustained maximal grasp over 8 s. Both hands were tested in within- and between-day sessions, with and without vision. Measures of maximal tactile pressures and forces were measured for the complete (8 s) grasp duration and plateau phase (5 s). Tactile measures are reported using the highest value among three trials, the mean of two trials, and the mean of three trials. Reliability was determined using changes in mean, coefficients of variation, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Pearson correlation coefficients were used to evaluate concurrent validity. This study found that measures of reliability assessed by changes in means were good, coefficients of variation were good to acceptable, and ICCs were very good for maximal tactile pressures using the average pressure of the mean of three trials over 8 s in the affected hand with and without vision for within-day sessions and without vision for between-day sessions. In the less affected hand, changes in mean were very good, coefficients of variations were acceptable, and ICCs were good to very good for maximal tactile pressures using the average pressure of the mean of three trials over 8 s and 5 s, respectively, in between-day sessions with and without vision. Maximal tactile pressures had moderate correlations with grip strength. The TactArray device demonstrates satisfactory reliability and concurrent validity for measures of maximal tactile pressures in people with stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children in school settings are at risk of contracting food poisoning due to inadequate food safety practices and safe eating behaviors. This research aimed to develop a valid and reliable questionnaire on the knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and practices (KAP2) toward food poisoning and its prevention among secondary school students. The questionnaire was developed by considering the Health Belief Model (HBM). A pilot study using a cross-sectional survey was conducted in Tangkak, Johor, among 30 selected students using a convenience sampling method. A pre-test was conducted on 15 secondary school students aged 13–17 years old prior to the pilot study, and they were excluded from the pilot study. The constructed knowledge was assessed using the difficulty and discrimination indices. Meanwhile, the reliability of the attitude, practice, and perception components in the questionnaire were assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Regarding knowledge (34 items), the difficulty index showed that most items (n = 28) were easy, while one was difficult, and the remaining five were within an acceptable range. In addition, the discrimination index of the knowledge component (34 items) showed that twenty-two, three, and one had good, acceptable, and excellent ranges, respectively. Only eight items had a low discrimination power. All items of the attitude and practice components (10 items for each) showed a corrected item-total correlation value of >0.30. Only four out of twenty-one items of the perception component showed an unacceptable range of <0.30. However, following a discussion with the experts, all items were retained. With the incorporation of the HBM, the 75-item adapted food poisoning KAP2 questionnaire is valid and reliable. It can be utilized to measure and generate food poisoning KAP2 among secondary school students in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The current study was performed to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Khalfa Hyperacusis questionnaire (HQ) and its differential validity between normal people and patients with hyperacusis or tinnitus. Methods: The international quality of life assessment (IQoLA) method was considered for the translation process. After determining face and content validities of the Persian version, 81 patients with hyperacusis and or tinnitus (22 participants with hyperacusis, 18 with hyperacusis and tinnitus and 41 with tinnitus) with a mean age of 40±2.9 years and 80 normal people with a mean age of 36.9±1.31 years were tested for reliability and differential validity for clinical use. The reliability of this questionnaire was tested through the test-retest method in all participants of both groups with an interval of two weeks. Results: The content validity ratio and content validity index approved the face validity of the Persian version of the HQ. The average total score for patients in group 1 was 21.3, significantly higher than 3.75 for the normal group. A high total score Cronbach coefficient was found to be 0.90, which approved the internal consistency of the HQ. The cut-off point of the questionnaire was estimated to be 17.5 for the total HQ score in the Persian version. The Persian version of the HQ shows high reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.97. Discussion: The Persian version of the HQ showed high validity and reliability, which suggests its usefulness in hyperacusis clinics. A total HQ score of 17.5 or more is indicated as a cut-off point for classifying hyperacusis patients. Further studies on other populations are suggested for generalizing the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health literacy is closely related to health status. Measuring public health literacy levels helps to warn of health status and manage health problems through timely interventions. The items of relevant evaluation tools are complex and numerous in China, and there is no recognized health literacy brief scale for the whole population. To translate the 12-item short-form health literacy scale (HLS-SF12) and test the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the HLS-SF12 in the Chinese population. Methods: The HLS-SF12 was translated into Chinese using the procedures of translation, back translation, and cultural debugging. 10,951 residents were selected by quota sampling method to test the validity and reliability of the scale, and 33 people were selected to retest after 2 weeks. The reliability was tested by using internal consistency coefficient and test-retest reliability. The validity was tested by using confirmatory factor analysis, content validity, convergent validity and discriminant validity. Results: The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for the total scale was 0.94, and the test-retest reliability was 0.89. The Cronbach's Alpha coefficients for the three subscales of health care, disease prevention, and health promotion respectively were 0.86, 0.86, 0.87, and the test-retest reliability respectively were 0.91, 0.79, 0.63. The confirmatory factor analysis identified a three factors model and showed nice goodness of fit indices for Chinese HLS-SF12 (GFI = 0.96, CFI = 0.97, IFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.96, and RMSEA = 0.07). Conclusion: The Chinese version of the HLS-SF12 has good reliability and validity, and can be used as a tool to evaluate the health literacy of Chinese people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Negative symptoms have long been conceptualized as a core aspect of schizophrenia. Despite widespread recognition of the status of these symptoms as independent dimensions of schizophrenia, they are sometimes difficult to distinguish from depression or cognitive impairment. Therefore, objective assessment of schizophrenia symptoms is critical by obtaining a valid and reliable Indonesian version of the SANS instrument. This study aimed to determine the content validity, concurrent, internal consistency reliability, inter-rater, cut-off value, sensitivity, and specificity of the SANS instrument. Methods: This is a diagnostic study using the cross-sectional method to determine the relationship between the SANS and PANSS instruments on the negative symptom subscale. It was located at the Prof. Dr. M. Ildrem Mental Hospital of North Sumatera Province. Results: Of the 400 subjects, 67.5% were males, and the median age of the subjects was 37 years (18-45). The results of the content validity test were good (mean l-CVI=1.00), and the concurrent validity test comparing the SANS and PANSS instruments on the negative symptom subscale obtained significant results (p < 0.001) with a strong correlation (r = 0.763). Additionally, the consistency reliability test had a very high internal score (Cronbach alpha = 0.969), the overall inter-rater reliability test was "very good" (ICC = 0.985), and the cut-off value was 10.5 with sensitivity and specificity values of 72.9 and 77.9%, respectively. Conclusion: The Indonesian version of the SANS instrument is valid and reliable for measuring negative symptoms in people with schizophrenia in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]