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In the late Qing Dynasty, religious periodicals by Western missionaries were made legal in China, and subsequently became an important manner of their missionary cause. Among them, Child's Paper 小孩月报 (1875–1881) by John Marshall Willoughby Farnham, a Protestant missionary from the United States, endeavoured to convert child readers by carrying children's stories of moral and emotional education. By concentrating on the educational elements of Child's Paper, this article inspects how conversion was achieved via the intertextual interpretation of Christian doctrines within these educational elements. Specifically, how the image of little Christians and urchins, respectively, represents salvation and redemption in Christian morals. This article holds that the missionaries' stress on the authority of Christian discourse in the education of Chinese children makes evident an increasing emphasis on the reformative effects of Christianity on Chinese children. Moreover, the conversion-education efforts by missionaries also construed helping Chinese children gain a cross-cultural perspective on Western religion, and arguably inspired later Chinese intellectuals' to create newspapers for the purpose of the pre-primary education of Chinese children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducted a comparative analysis of the conference publications published by Chinese scholars from 2006 to 2019. The main results are as follows. First, the conference papers are unevenly distributed among the 31 provincial administrative regions. The annual number of conference papers published by scholars from different regions fluctuated during the study period. Second, there are different disciplinary distributions of China Proceedings of Conferences Full‐text Database (CPCD) papers and Conference Proceedings Citation Index (CPCI) papers, and the CPCI publications have a relatively centralized disciplinary distribution. Third, it is noteworthy that there are more CPCD papers than CPCI papers. With the introduction of the new science and technology evaluation standards of the Ministry of Science and Technology, there should be more conference papers in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recovery of the global economy in the aftermath of COVID-19 faces enormous challenges. Ensuring stable income growth of the population has become an important means for developing countries to ensure sustained economic development. Raising the overall income of the population is a public initiative that benefits all citizens; therefore, governments of developing countries should promote the implementation of relevant public policies and the provision of public goods to ensure that existing economic instruments can benefit the entire population. In this regard, public space, as a typical form of public good, may play an important role in promoting the benefits of existing economic policies for all residents. This paper examines how residents' use of public space contributes to their income growth through social capital. Hypotheses are tested based on an econometric analysis of 1565 questionnaires received from Chinese workers. The results show that residents' use of public space can indeed be an important way to increase their income, which is realized through the enhancement of social capital. The research presented in this paper provides a new influence variable of public space to improve residents' income. Further, it improves people's understanding of the three classical concepts—public space, social capital, and income—by establishing the logical connection and theoretical explanation of physical space, emotional space, and value space in human society. The conclusions of this paper highlight the important role of public space in urban and rural development planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most dramatic changes in global publishing in the last decade has been the emergence of China. China now has more researchers than the United States, outspends the United States and European Union in research and publishes more scientific papers each year than any other nation in the world. The quality of these papers is also increasing, with more appearing in top‐ranked journals and gaining more citations overall. Despite this success, China has gained an unenviable reputation for research misconduct and geopolitical issues threaten its continuation. Given the impact of China's growing presence on editors, publishers and non‐Chinese authors seeking to publish in the same journals, it is important to understand the reasons, directions and outcomes of these changes, their effect on Chinese scholars and local Chinese journals, and where they might be leading. In this review paper I explore the rise of Chinese scholarship, its influence on global publishing and on Chinese scholars, and how the Chinese government is responding to its new role in global academic publishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to enlighten current and future research trends on political connections by providing complete bibliometric mapping through network studies on political connections. Utilizing Biblioshiny, the Bibliometrics R package, multi-perspective research publications on political connections from 2003 to the third quarter of 2023 were discovered and analyzed. This bibliometric analysis provides valuable insights regarding current and future publications on political connections. The most prolific contributors, the most used keywords, the most productive countries and sources, the most cited publications, and the most productive sources of information are network analysis data about co-occurrence networks. The discourse revolves around issue mapping data on political connection studies. The search method used to find related literature is the Scopus database. This research contributes valuable information to help other researchers map ongoing and future investigations into political connections. This bibliometric analysis of 294 documents is the first regarding political connections known to researchers. This evaluation emphasizes annual publication trends, authors, publications, countries, organizations, and most productive sources, determining potential future research objectives. The research on political connections was published in early 2003. No papers were released on this subject for 3 years after 2003 (2003–2005), which shows that the growth of this academic field slowed down for ten years. There were significant changes in 2011, and many more linked papers have been released. Authors from the USA and China significantly contributed to the initial scientific journal papers on their political connections. Hong Kong, China, and Australia are recognized as leading nations in scholarly contributions to studying political connections. Chinese scholars spearheaded the collaborative publication effort focused on political connections, with the USA and Australian experts following suit. Based on indexed terms, political connections, sustainable development, and financial performance are trending keywords. These results show possible directions for further research into political connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the knowledge and practices of Chinese doctors in the management of osteoporotic fractures after the Chinese osteoporotic fracture guidelines update and aseries of medical education in 2017. Methods: This was a cross‐sectional survey of doctors in 71 cities across Mainland China. Based on the 2017 Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporotic fractures, a questionnaire was designed and pre‐tested for reliability and validity. Doctors were surveyed with the questionnaire after scientific meetings during February 2017 to January 2018 through WeChat or conference digital platforms or in paper form. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the responses to the questionnaire. Results: Overall, 314 valid questionnaires were confirmed. Regarding diagnosis, 77% agreed that osteoporosis could be diagnosed once an osteoporotic fracture occurred; 83% believed that the bone mineral density criteria for osteoporosis diagnosis would be T ≤ −2.5 SD. For treatment, almost all (99.7%) agreed with anti‐osteoporosis treatment being one of the basic principles of osteoporotic fracture treatment; 71.6% considered bisphosphonates as the most commonly used anti‐osteoporosis drug; 97% believed that patients who have used anti‐osteoporosis drugs should reassess osteoporosis after osteoporotic fractures instead of discontinue; 95% thought that the patients who did not use anti‐osteoporosis medications before osteoporotic fracture should be treated with anti‐osteoporosis drugs after fracture treatment as early as possible; 89% agreed that the standard use of bisphosphonates after osteoporotic fracture would not affect bone healing adversely; 59% believed the course of bisphosphonates treatment for osteoporosis would be 3–5 years, and 27% considered it to be 1–3 years. The patient follow‐up rate was poor: 46% selected follow‐up rate <30%; only 20% selected follow‐up rate >50%. Only 31% of the hospitals had long‐term management programs for osteoporotic fractures. Conclusions: Doctors generally adhered to the updated Chinese guidelines for osteoporotic fractures; frequent participation in medical education can help doctors to increase their awareness of osteoporosis as well as their acceptance and practice of the guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) has gained considerable attention, mainly due to the growing importance of English teaching and the need for preparing international professionals. The primary academic emphasis of this field is largely centered on the study of English for Academic Purposes (EAP). It has become increasingly important for China to provide EAP education to its vast population of college students, who represent a significant proportion of global tertiary-level English learners. By doing so, they can improve their academic literacy and participate more effectively in international academic communication. In 2016, China's College English Test Examination Board issued the National College English Test Syllabus which emphasized the importance of academic English literacy in the test design. This syllabus was released during a contentious debate among Chinese academics about the role of EAP in college English teaching and testing. Despite this heated discussion, there are currently few studies that have analyzed the linguistic nature of academic English tests in a quantitative manner. This paper calculates the academic word coverage of the reading passages in two crucial English proficiency tests designed for college students in China, the College English Test (CET) and the Test of English for Academic Purposes (TEAP). It is found that the academic word coverage of CET is increasing from the year 2013 to 2021 and that the academic word coverage of TEAP is slightly higher than that of CET. In this sense, these English tests can meet the requirements for measuring Chinese college students' academic literacy. It is also found that there is a positive correlation between academic word coverage and language difficulty as is indicated by Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level. These findings provide an empirical reference for the study of academic English tests in China, and other parts of the world, and contribute to EAP teaching and testing reform for the development of students' academic literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental regulation's impact on the labor market is a very important topic. However, there is a lack of systematic literature review detailing current research in this field. This paper attempts to make up for this gap by first establishing the theoretical model of the impact of environmental regulation on the labor market, then examines and discusses the impact mechanisms in combination with the existing literature. Last, this paper establishes a visual evaluation of the current literature in this field through bibliometric analysis. The results are as follows: (1) Econometric methods have become the mainstream in this field. (2) Environmental regulations mainly affect the labor market through the substitution effect and the output effect, which may act alone or in combination. Due to the relatively imperfect environmental policy-making and the labor market in developing countries, the negative impact of substitution effect and output effect is more profound. (3) The USA is an important contributor in this field, with the largest number of publications, followed by China. However, the average citation number of publications in China is 0.4 to that of US studies, indicating that the quality and influence of China's publications can be improved. (4) Among the academic cooperation in this field, Chinese scholars and American scholars have the closest cooperation. Scholars from developing countries, such as South America and Africa, rarely participate in international cooperation, with China being an exception. (5) The impact of environmental regulation on workers' wages and employment is the most popular topic in this field. (6) China and other developing countries will become research hot spots in the near future. This paper provides a summary of research methods in different areas of this field and identifies directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments on sociologist Bernard C. Go's paper "The Chinese in the Philippines: Facts and Fancies," which was published in the October 1972 issue of the "Philippine Sociological Review." The author agrees with many of Go's conclusions, notably with his statements that the Chinese no longer dominate the Philippine economy nor do they control it, that not all the Chinese in the Philippines are rich, that the Philippine Chinese community is not a fertile ground for the spread of communist ideology, that Chinese girls are willing to marry Filipinos, that never before in the history, be cause of the changes that have taken place, has the prospect of integrating and assimilating the Chinese into the mainstream of Filipino society appeared brighter than it does today. Chinese in the Philippines are far from homogeneous. Because of the existence of disparate factions sometimes working at cross purposes, the Chinese are not a monolithic group, nor are they united. However, one cannot deny the fact that the Chinese, especially the China-born, are clannish in the sense that they continue to cling to their family, clan, village, and district associations.

The rise of China as a scientific research superpower has been frequently discussed in media and literature. However, past analyses are usually based on the geographical database and they ignore how the millions of emigrated Chinese students, who are now being considered the major research workforce in many countries, affect their academic outputs. Here we quantitatively analyze the contribution of Chinese scholars in physical science around the globe by their publications in a country's papers from 2010 to 2021 as well as their citations. Contrary to common perception, we find that increasing the number of Chinese scholars does not correlate with the net publication growth or decline in their host countries before the Chinese population exceeds a critical value. On the other hand, increasing Chinese authors in a paper improves its citations. The phenomena, though anomalous, are observed in many subfields of physics across the globe. Our analysis suggests that although Chinese scholars do not change the perceived publication capabilities of many countries but may have reshaped their research culture as well as workforce distributions. The results would be valuable for R&D, higher education, and immigration policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research interest in organic food consumption has increased significantly worldwide, but a systematic analysis of this phenomenon in China is still lacking. The existing studies in this area are wide-ranging and fragmented, and there is a lack of comprehensive research into the drivers and barriers specific to the Chinese context. Based on a literature review of 26 articles spanning from 2011 to 2021, this article employs the consumption values theory and the innovation resistance theory to discern patterns on the drivers and barriers of organic food consumption in China. The findings show that the most explored drivers include the functional values of healthiness and safety. Within the social value realm, environmental concern and symbolic value emerge as important influences on Chinese consumers. Conditional values shed light on factors such as perceived healthiness and certification/organic labeling. Regarding barriers, an aspect of research less analyzed, the article finds key obstacles being price sensitivity, perceived uncertainty, lack of knowledge or information, lack of reliability, and lack of availability or visibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China becomes more and more international, the number of people traveling abroad is also increasing. The demand for English recognition is becoming more and more vigorous, and traditional translation software is time-consuming, laborious, and less accurate. This article optimizes the target detection model YOLOV3. Firstly, the image is divided into multiple model structures, and the K-means++ clustering algorithm is used to determine the target detection prior frame value and the high frame of the corresponding frame according to the characteristics of the English image. Then, by using K-means++ clustering algorithm to optimize the anchor parameters, the model structure is better adapted to the English identification dataset scene; finally, the feature information extracted by the DarkNet-53 model is spliced to improve the structure of the YOLOV3 convolutional layer, using 3090 graphics card GPU to perform multiscale training and testing. Experimental results show that the improved YOLOV3 algorithm in this paper has a mAP of 0.95 on the English identification dataset and a detection speed of 50fps, which is 0.11 higher than the mAP before optimization. Therefore, optimizing the YOLOV3 algorithm in this article has a good effect. In the future, English translation will become a necessary software program for Chinese people to go abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of the 21st century, the People's Republic of China stands as an emergent global military and nuclear power. The expansion of China's nuclear arsenal and its capabilities is a primary objective of the state's defensive efforts, being concurrent with updating China's overall security strategy. The present paper seeks to provide a glance into Chinese perceptions and concerns for nuclear security and to analyse the key points and developments in the country's nuclear strategy over the past decade. Ultimately, the paper has as the primary purpose to provide a comprehensive insight into the objectives of China and its nuclear forces and strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New-energy vehicles (NEV), particularly electric vehicles, are globally popular with political and financial support from governments, which aim at reducing energy consumption and environmental pollution in the transportation sector. This paper designs a matrix model which identifies the factors influencing the decision-making process on purchasing NEVs, and applies the model on a Chinese case to investigate the impact of influencing factors on Chinese consumers' purchase behavior to NEVs. The influencing factors are divided into five groups: economic, political, social, technological and environmental. Through a detailed questionnaire survey of 526 consumers in China, this paper conducts a correlation and difference analysis between these consumers' status and the influencing factors on the purchase decision-making of NEVs through SPSS software. The results indicate that economic, technological and political factors have a strong influence on purchase behavior, while social and environmental factors have a weaker influence. Additional principal component analysis on influencing factors' preference reveals that consumers' preferences have two tendencies: practicability or appearance, with the former is attracting far more attention. Rather than practicability or appearance, consumers care more about economic and political factors. According to these results, this paper suggests several policy implications on enhancing the consumers' willingness to purchase NEVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blind-box consumption, a phenomenon sweeping through the retail market in China, is the process of buying an unlabelled box containing assorted and random novelty gifts from different retailers. Despite the intensity of its emergence, the extent of research on the phenomenon from a marketing perspective has been scarce. This paper identifies factors likely influencing Chinese consumers participating in blend-box consumption. These factors include brand familiarity emotional value and speculative potential. Conceptual issues discussed include the role of emotions and cognition as forces underpinning shopping behavior. The paper also highlights the marketing strategy features that have successfully driven the blend-box consumption experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why study China's Christian universities in the Republican era today? Christian universities were brought by Western missionaries and evolved as an educational system in China at the beginning of the 20th century. They were eliminated during the restructuring of the Chinese higher education system in the early 1950s; however, Deng Xiaoping's reform policies in the 1980s brought profound changes in China, encouraging Chinese scholars to bring back pre-1949 Christian higher education in China. Since then, new approaches and reconceptualizations have been developed, such as in the fields of Eastern–Western cultural exchange, interdisciplinary studies (from xixue to guoxue), and the adaptation of global and local perspectives. This paper is an attempt to report how the reconceptualizations of China's Christian universities in the Republican era were brought about in the various processes of indigenization, contextualization, internationalization, Asianization, and Sinicization, with the subsequent development of a new legacy moving toward the Sinicization of Christian universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the theory of transitivity system within Systemic Functional Linguistics as the theoretical basis and the white paper named Fighting COVID-19: China in Action, which was published by the Chinese government on June 7, 2020 as the corpus, with the help of corpus analysis tool, UAM Corus Tool 3, this paper uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the construction of China's national image. The results show that the frequency of material processes is extremely high, which is 88.26%, while existential processes and behavioral processes occupy only an extremely small proportion, 0.73% and 0.09% respectively. Relational processes are in the second rank, 5.34%. The frequencies of verbal processes and mental processes are similar, accounting for 2.97% and 2.6% respectively. Through a detailed analysis of the six transitivity processes, a national image that advocates "people supremacy", selfless collectivism, with strong executive ability and mobilization, and a great responsibility in the international society is found to be constructed. This paper lays a foundation for further studying China's national image in the path of SFL. It also sheds some light on the construction of China's image in the official government document. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haroldo de Campos' cannibalism translation theory boasts of distinct Brazilian cultural characteristics. With its rich and profound connotations, it has now become an important translation theory in the world. In China, Jiang (2003) first introduced cannibalism translation theory and it gradually aroused Chinese scholars' academic interest. The current paper charts the developments of this theory by elaborating on its theoretical relationships with the West and China and exploring its theoretical value. Based on first - hand data, the paper focuses on the influences of the theory on translation studies in China. The study found that a) cannibalism translation theory has provided a new research perspective for Chinese translation studies scholars; b) it improved Chinese scholars' understanding of Western and Chinese translation theories; c) it had a lasting academic influence on China's translation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Myocardial Infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to the coronary artery of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. This investigation is a pioneering effort to depict the scientific output of myocardial infarction research especially in China using the data downloaded from Scopus database for a period from 2001 to 2020. The study proved that Chinese scholars are interested in collaborative research rather than solo research. The study deviates Bradford's law of scattering. The highest productive journal in this field, as chosen by Chinese scholars is Chinese Medical Journal followed by International Journal of Cardiology (United States) and Medicine (United States). Wang, Y ranks first with 922 publications followed by Zang, Y and Li, Y having 849 and 739 publications respectively. More than one third of the references are of less than 5 years old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of globalization, the advanced oral Chinese curriculum becomes more and more important in international education for the foreign students of the senior class in China. Aiming to address the problems in the teaching of oral Chinese curriculum, this paper uses the literature method, comparative analysis method, and survey method to study the advanced oral Chinese teaching mode under the constructivism theory. With the guidance of constructivism theory, this paper concludes and provides three teaching modes including scaffolding mode, interactive mode, and task-based mode by analyzing oral Chinese teaching cases. The construction of the three teaching modes can do more effective functions on the advanced oral Chinese curriculum for the international education teachers to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper observes the practice of postpartum confinement by urban women in China with high educational levels from the perspective of cognitive conception and behavioural practice. It reveals the cognitive conflict and self-adjustment in these women between 'modern health notions' and 'traditional medical practices', and analyses the rationality of the long-standing presence of and local differences in the practice as a traditional postpartum nursing behaviour for Chinese women. Moreover, this paper emphasizes the important value of postpartum confinement as a kind of local knowledge and holds that adhering to and advocating the locality and diversification of knowledge, including scientific knowledge, is conducive to the long-term coexistence and sustainable development of different knowledge traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic expansion has caused increasingly serious land resource problems, and the decoupling of urban industrial land expansion from economic development has become a big topic for intensive development. The current research has mainly concerned industrial land efficiency, a single, static indicator, compared to a decoupling model, which takes into account two variables and gives a full expression of the spatio-temporal dynamic characteristics. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between industrial land expansion and economic development in China from the perspective of decoupling. Based on a combination of Tapio's decoupling model and spatial analysis methods, this paper investigates the decoupling relationship between industrial land expansion and economic development in Chinese cities from 2010 to 2019. On that basis, we divided the study area into three policy zones and made differentiated policy recommendations. In addition, based on the decoupling model, we obtained the decoupling indices of the cities and grouped the cities into eight decoupling types. After the spatial autocorrelation analysis, we further verified the spillover effect of decoupling with the results of urban spatial differentiation. This paper draws the following conclusions: (1) Urban industrial land expansion and economic development exhibit marked and increasingly significant spatial heterogeneity and agglomeration. (2) Industry and economy are in weak decoupling in most cities, but there are a growing number of cities in negative decoupling. (3) Decoupled cities are shifting from the southeast coast to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River, while negatively decoupled cities keep spreading from northeast and south China to their periphery, with clear signs of re-coupling. (4) It is necessary to develop urban industrial land supply and supervision policies according to local actuality and to implement differentiated control of industrial land for cities and industrial sectors with different decoupling types. To some extent, this paper reveals the evolution dynamics, performances, and strategies of industrial land, providing a decision basis for industrial land management policies and industrial planning in China and other countries at similar stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popularity of the Internet has influenced education profoundly. Teaching methods, teacher-student relationships, and the role of teachers have changed significantly due to changes in communication media. In the case of Chinese language learning, online classes have become a crucial tool to encourage and support international Chinese teaching. With the deepening of China's opening, exchanges between China and other countries are becoming increasingly profound. Against this backdrop, worldwide enthusiasm for learning Chinese has emerged, yet not every foreign learner of Chinese has had the opportunity to attend Chinese lessons and receive systemic training. To give more students the opportunity to study Chinese, online lessons are a viable option for various reasons, from acting as an effective channel for students to learn about both Chinese language and culture to offering classes of both short and long duration, and providing a range of different teaching styles and teaching methods depending on the needs of the students. This paper analyzes teachers and methods after observing many Chinese online teaching videos that have attracted a high "click rate" by users. Moreover, this paper focuses on analyzing MOOC and traditional online lessons published by the Confucius Institute and carries out a comparison between them and overseas online Chinese lessons. Finally, this paper evaluates online Chinese lessons and gives suggestions according to the 5C goals of language teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of hypertension in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using the results of a regional study. The studies were reviewed using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biology Medicine, Wan Fang Data and Chinese Science Citation Database. After screening articles and data extraction, Stata V.16 was used for statistical analysis. This study was registered in the Prospective Register Systematic Reviews (CRD42020170649). A total of 2126 articles were identified, and nine papers were finally included. Random-effects modelling showed that the pooled prevalence of hypertension among Chinese patients with T2DM was 54% (95% CI 47 to 61%). Subgroup analysis showed that the prevalence in men (59.8%; 95% CI 49.0 to 70.7%) was higher than that in women (40.2%; 95% CI 29.3 to 59.2%). The prevalence in North China was higher than that in East China. The prevalence in institution-based settings (56%; 95% CI 48 to 64%) was higher than that in community-based settings (51%; 95% CI 34 to 69%). Appropriate preventive measures should be undertaken, such as health education, to control and reduce the risk of hypertension in diabetic patients and reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With its early start in urbanization, Europe has accumulated a wealth of practical experience in urban agriculture (UA), exploring various development models. This paper compares and analyzes the characteristic patterns of UA in Europe and China through theoretical research, academic frontier exploration, and case analysis. In order to investigate and analyze theoretical developments and the current state of academic frontiers in a systematic, accessible, and comprehensive approach, the methodology of bibliometric analysis has been utilized. A bibliometric method is applied to analyze relevant data from the Web of Science (WoS) core collection database and 2230 CNKI publications. The case study section conducts separate field research on nine representative European practices of urban food gardening and urban farming. Additionally, the study scrutinizes UA research development and its implementation in Hangzhou, China. Based on the findings of this study, the authors recommend that European approaches to the development of UA in China's future UA practice be taken into account, in particular their methods and strategies for realizing social and cultural benefits. It is imperative to integrate UA projects into urban green space system planning and to rationalize their construction types. Simultaneously, Chinese scholars are encouraged to explore the socio-cultural functions of UA, with a particular focus on urban agricultural heritage conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reveals the interweaving of three traditions—Christian, Manchu, and Han Chinese—in the work of an unduly neglected figure in early modern China, Aisin-Gioro Depei 愛新覺羅·德沛 (1688–1752), who was a Manchu prince, neo-Confucian philosopher, and likely, a hidden Christian. The analysis demonstrates that Depei developed a particular syncretic philosophy based on the rational theology that he learned from the works of a significant Jesuit missionary, Giulio Aleni (1582–1649, 艾儒略), notably Aleni's Xingxue cushu 性學觕述 (A Brief Introduction to the Study of Human Nature). Using resources from Christian and Confucian traditions, Depei puts forward an approach, which marks the continuation of the cross-cultural interpretation movement launched by the missionaries since the late Ming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Chinese women become more educated and participate in the labor force, they earn more money independently. At the same time, thanks to China's one-child policy, women have gained more intergenerational wealth. The economic foundation allowed Chinese women to play bigger power in the consumer market, and a phenomenon called "Her Economy" since 2007. The improvement of discourse power and economic empowerment of Chinese women in the consumer market rendered them better achieve self-empowerment. However, female behavior is also shaped by society, and female consumption is more likely to be influenced by consumer culture and become the background board of consumer society, and women find it difficult to achieve real empowerment through consumption. Although the existing literature has explored this issue, the research field has not been extended to Chinese female consumers, and the theoretical perspective of empowerment is lacking. Thus, this paper reviews women's consumption and empowerment in China from a critical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the inheritance and promotion of Chinese life philosophy and traditional Chinese medicine wisdom by Chinese narrative medicine practice, this paper discusses the inheritance and echo relationship between the "close textual reading ability" in Chinese narrative medicine practice and the "four diagnoses" in traditional Chinese medicine wisdom, narrative mediation and the "mind-body holistic philosophy" in traditional Chinese medicine, and narrative wisdom and Dao Sheng in Chinese life philosophy. Meanwhile, by analyzing the stories of contemporary doctors' practice of narrative intelligence, this paper expounds that Chinese narrative medicine is a new model of medical education and clinical practice based on the absorption of Chinese traditional life wisdom and the essence of traditional Chinese medicine culture, and the integration of western narrative medicine concepts. It also advocates Chinese scholars to actively build the discipline of "narrative traditional Chinese medicine," constantly translate the academic achievements to foreign countries, and create a good narrative ecology of traditional Chinese medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the cult of cat spirits in north-western China and their veneration by the Han Chinese, Tibetans, and Monguors. These spirits are revered as family spirits and guardians of wealth and property, but possess resentful and revengeful personalities. The paper explores the origins of the cult, local worship and summoning practices, protection methods, and links with other vernacular traditions in the region. The study uses a combination of research methods, including analysis of Chinese historical sources, published modern narratives, and the authors' own fieldwork in Mongolia. The paper employs a qualitative and comparative approach to identify invariant features of cat spirits across various local traditions and highlights the assimilation of the cult into different traditional belief systems where it is enriched with new traits. The paper sheds light on the rich and complex tapestry of beliefs and practices associated with cat spirits. The article suggests that the cult of cat spirits may have had non-Han and non-Tibetan origins, possibly connected to Proto-Mongolic tribes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social network theories are used extensively to analyze the international migration of Chinese to overseas regions in the era of Market Economy Reform since 1978. Attention is paid especially on the role of social networks among overseas Chinese on disaster relief in China. Focusing on the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, this paper investigates how social networks work as a crucial mechanism through which Chinese immigrants in Germany initiated and delivered monetary and material donations to China in early 2020 and then organized self-help in their everyday lives in Germany in late 2020. Different from previous studies, this paper scrutinizes social networks for disaster relief on the macro, meso, and micro levels. Multi-site ethnographic fieldwork in China and Germany combined with online and offline data collected from focus group sessions, interviews with individuals, participant observations, surveys, analysis of news reports on the pandemic, and analysis on relevant policies are utilized comprehensively to collect data on the three levels. This research discovers that internet tools – represented by WeChat – have integrated tightly into the traditional social networks of Chinese immigrants and consolidated the cultural cohesion from overseas Chinese to their connections in China. This paper aims at contributing to present studies on Chinese new immigrants, social network, and disaster management theories with an updated ethnographic case on the COVID-19 pandemic from Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When COVID-19 broke out in Wuhan in 2019, the world looked at it as a 'Chinese' disease and no international efforts were made to assist China. Countries that supported China just offered solidarity messages. China adopted a raft of measures that included prescribing a lockdown on Wuhan and construction of infrastructure such as hospitals. In 2020, COVID-19 extended its tentacles across the globe. A majority of countries adopted the lockdown as a mitigatory measure. The lockdown activated an extraordinary instant emergency in the education sector as schools, colleges and universities shut down. What worsened the situation was that no solution was in sight as the medical researchers dithered from one suggestion to the other. This paper examines possible ways to deal with the emergency in the education sector by suggesting alternative learning solutions. The major argument of this paper is that countries should not simply copy and paste solutions that are not in sync with their local settings. Using the multistage designs sampling technique, three universities from a target of eighteen were selected. Convenience sampling was used to select the three universities and analytic rubrics were used to analyse clarity of policy and disaster preparedness by universities in Zimbabwe. For comparative purposes, four international webinars on education and COVID-19 were selected. This paper contributes towards addressing the lacunae created by global lockdown and subsequent shutdown of learning institutions due to COVID-19. The findings were that the lockdown approach was adopted and implemented without adaptation. Learning institutions were closed indefinitely despite the economic environment, the digital divide and the rural-urban divide militating against lockdown's entire adoption. Key proposals to deal with the lockdown include scaling up distance education based on mixed technologies, a paradigm shift on perceptions on digital education and resuscitation of postal services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we want to examine whether or not there are some scientific fields to which contributions from Chinese scholars have been under or over cited. We do so by comparing the number of received citations and the IOF of publications in each scientific field from each country. The IOF is calculated from applying the modified closed system input–output analysis (MCSIOA) to the citation network. MCSIOA is a PageRank-like algorithm which means here that citations from the more influential subfields are weighted more towards the IOF. About 40% of subfields in physics in China are undercited, meaning that their net influence ranks are higher (better) than the direct rank, while about 75% of subfields in the USA and German are undercited. Only APS data is analyzed in this work. The expected citation influence is assumed to be represented by the IOF, and this can be wrong. MCSIOA provides a measure of net influences and according to that measure. Overall, Chinese physicists' publications are more likely overcited rather than being undercited. The issue of under or over cited has been analyzed in this work using MCSIOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyloid light chain (AL) amyloidosis is the most common systemic amyloidosis. The objective of this scoping review was to map the available literature on the diagnosis of AL amyloidosis in China. The published academic papers related to the diagnosis of AL amyloidosis were screened from 1 January 2000 to 15 September 2021. Chinese patients who have suspected AL amyloidosis were included. The included studies were categorized into accuracy studies and descriptive studies based on if the studies supplied the diagnostic accuracy data or not. The information on the diagnostic methods reported by included studies was synthesized. Forty-three articles were included for the final scoping review, with 31 belonging to descriptive studies and 12 having information on diagnostic accuracy. Although cardiac involvement was second top in Chinese patients with AL amyloidosis, a cardiac biopsy was rare. Next, we found light chain classification and monoclonal (M-) protein identification were essential methods for the diagnosis of AL amyloidosis in China. In addition, some combined tests (e.g. immunohistochemistry and serum free light chain, immunohistochemistry and immunofixation electrophoresis, and serum free light chain and immunofixation electrophoresis) can increase the sensitivity of the diagnosis. Finally, several adjuvant methods (e.g. Imaging, N-terminal-pro hormone BNP, and brain natriuretic peptide test) were important for AL amyloidosis diagnosis. This scoping review details the characteristics and results of the recently published studies on diagnosing AL Amyloidosis in China. Biopsy is the most important method for AL Amyloidosis diagnosis in China. In addition, combined tests and some adjuvant methods played essential roles in the diagnosis. Further research is required to determine an acceptable and feasible diagnostic algorithm after symptom onset. REGISTRATION: INPLASY2022100096 This scoping review details the characteristics and results of the recently published studies on diagnosing Amyloid light chain (AL) Amyloidosis in China. Biopsy is the most important method for AL Amyloidosis diagnosis in China. Combined tests and some adjuvant methods played essential roles in the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the production of academic knowledge about China and the relationships between scholars in China and those overseas. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing commonalities across Asia and being attentive to power dynamics. The article also discusses the challenges faced by Chinese scholars who study abroad and then return to China, where they may have to conform to a more structured academic system. It highlights the increasing presence of Chinese authors in global academic journals and the importance of publishing in English for success in academia. The text examines different perspectives on how China is perceived, including as an "Other" that is fundamentally different from the West, as a country that is changing to become more like the West, and as a subject of "whataboutism" where critical developments in China are countered by arguments about the West. It also explores the concept of cultural identity and its relation to cosmopolitanism, as well as the role of technology and the challenges faced by journalists and academics in the digital age. The overall message of the text is the need for dialogue and understanding between different cultures and the importance of recognizing and respecting diverse perspectives. [Extracted from the article]

With sport becoming increasingly mediatized in the global arena that further criss-crosses with the promotion of globalization and Western discourses surrounding manhood and identities, there has been, in contemporary China, a rise of alternate theorizations of masculinities that deviate from hegemonic masculine practices surrounding 'wen' (文) and 'wu' (武) as well as Maoist ideologies. While such accounts, focusing on demonstrating individuality and individualization, cultivating entrepreneurial spirit and possessing wealth, career success and conspicuous consumption, advocate for a greater understanding of masculinities that call for the diversity and fluidity of Chinese gender roles and male identities, there has also been a revival of traditional masculine ideologies associated with the Chinese Dream, a doctrine established and conveyed by President Xi Jinping, which seeks to highlight China's quest for modernization and national power while placing 'wu' masculine values and culture at the forefront of its agenda. Against such a backdrop, this article, drawing on interviews with and observations of male badminton athletes from Mainland Chinese provincial professional and university teams, argues that, in contemporary China, both traditional and newly emerged masculine values and endeavours are integral to the theorization of masculinities of Chinese men, which are contended to be multiple, pluralized and individualized. With a dearth of academic literature that focuses on the co-presence of and inter-relationships between traditional and new masculinities which are embodied by modern Chinese men, this paper contributes renewed theoretical insights into how the various forms of masculinities coexist, intermix and, ultimately, negotiate with one another to reconstruct Chinese contemporary masculinities, in line with the gender order and hierarchy so upheld within China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To investigate the prevalence of fundus tessellation (FT), and the threshold for screening FT using an artificial intelligence (AI) technology in Chinese children. Methods: The Nanjing Eye Study was a population-based cohort study conducted in children born between September 2011 and August 2012 in Yuhuatai District of Nanjing. The data presented in this paper were obtained in 2019, when these children were 7 years old and underwent 45° non-mydriatic fundus photography. FT in whole fundus, macular area, and peripapillary area was manually recognized from fundus photographs and classified into three grades. Fundus tessellation density (FTD) in these areas was obtained by calculating the average exposed choroid area per unit area using artificial intelligence (AI) technology based on fundus photographs. The threshold for screening FT using FTD was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Among 1062 enrolled children (mean [± standard deviation] spherical equivalent: − 0.28 ± 0.70 D), the prevalence of FT was 42.18% in the whole fundus (grade 1: 36.53%; grade 2: 5.08%; grade 3: 0.56%), 45.57% in macular area (grade 1: 43.5%; grade 2: 1.60%; grade 3: 0.50%), and 49.72% in peripapillary area (grade 1: 44.44%; grade 2: 4.43%; grade 3: 0.85%), respectively. The threshold value of FTD for screening severe FT (grade ≥ 2) was 0.049 (area under curve [AUC] 0.985; sensitivity 98.3%; specificity 92.3%) in the whole fundus, 0.069 (AUC 0.987; sensitivity 95.5%; specificity 96.2%) in the macular area, and 0.094 (AUC 0.980; sensitivity 94.6%; specificity 94.2%) in the peripapillary area, respectively. Conclusion: Fundus tessellation affected approximately 40 in 100 children aged 7 years in China, indicating the importance and necessity of early FT screening. The threshold values of FTD provided by this study had high accuracy for detecting severe FT and might be applied for rapid screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Question: Are there temporal trends of sperm concentration (SC) and total sperm count (TSC) in Chinese healthy males from 1981 to 2019?Summary Answer: Our result indicated a temporal decrease in SC and TSC among 327 373 healthy Chinese men in the recent four decades.What Is Known Already: A review of 61 papers reported a temporal decline in SC and TSC from 1938 to 1990. This trend was later confirmed by a systematic review of 185 published papers from 1981 to 2013. However, the majority of the included individuals were from western countries. In China, whether SC and TSC have declined remains controversial.Study Design, Size, Duration: This systematic review of published articles used data extracted from Pubmed, Science Direct, Embase, China-National-Knowledge-Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang Data to assess changes in SC and TSC in China from 1981 to 2019.Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: A total of 111 studies including 327 373 individuals who provided semen samples from 1981 to 2019 were extracted for the present analysis. Study selection and data extraction were performed by two independent researchers. The trends in SC and TSC were analysed using liner-regression and meta-regression before and after adjusting for potential covariates. Moreover, subgroups, categorised based on geographic region, fertility status or recruitment source, were also analysed.Main Results and the Role Of Chance: SC declined significantly (slope liner-regression = -0.748 million/ml/year; P = 0.005; slope meta-regression = -0.824 million/ml/year; P < 0.001) between 1981 and 2019 in China. Trends for TSC was similar to that for SC (slope liner-regression = -2.073 million/year; P = 0.032; slope meta-regression = -2.188 million/year; P = 0.003). In subgroup meta-regression analyses, males with definite fertility had continuous declines in SC (slope northern group=-2.268, P = 0.009; slope southern group=-1.014, P = 0.009) and TSC (slope northern group=-9.675, P = 0.010; slope southern group=-3.215, P = 0.042). However, in the unselected group, where fertility status was unknown, the obvious downward trend in SC was only seen in males from Northern regions (slope = -0.836, P = 0.003). Another subgroup analysis demonstrated that obvious decreases in SC (slope = -1.432, P < 0.001) and TSC (slope=-4.315, P = 0.001) were only seen in volunteer groups but not in pre-pregnancy examination groups and other recruitment groups. The results changed minimally in multiple sensitivity analyses.Limitations, Reasons For Caution: The validity of the meta-analysis results was limited mainly by the quality of the included studies. Additionally, our study spanned many decades and the recommended criteria for some semen parameter assessments have significantly changed, which may bring about some unavoidable bias. Moreover, the data remain insufficient especially in some provinces of China.Wider Implications Of the Findings: The present study is the first study to report significant decreases in SC and TSC in 327 373 healthy Chinese men between 1981 and 2019, indicating a serious reproductive health warning. Further studies on the causes of the declines are urgently needed.Study Funding/competing Interest(s): D.Z. is supported by the National Natural Science Funding of China, Natural Science Funding of Shaanxi Province, Science Funding of Health Department, Shaanxi Province, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University and the Project of Independent Innovative Experiment for Postgraduates in Medicine in Xi'an Jiaotong University. The authors have no conflicts of interests to declare.Trial Registration Number: N/A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate women managers' work values in the Chinese sociocultural context and to explain how these work values affect their career success. This paper also explores how social and cultural factors affect Chinese women's work value formation process. Design/methodology/approach: Using a grounded theory approach, the authors collected and analyzed data through in-depth interviews with 12 women managers in the banking industry in northeast China. Findings: The analysis identified eight dimensions of Chinese women's work values and how they affect women's career success in the Chinese context. The authors also found that although both social and cultural factors affect women's work values, the effect of traditional Chinese culture is still profound. Originality/value: The study extends the literature on Chinese women's work values and provides a better understanding of traditional Chinese culture's effect on contemporary Chinese women, particularly in developing cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Confucian culture has always been the most glorious component of Chinese culture. Governing the mainstream world of China for more than two millennia, it has cast a profound and long-lasting influence on the way of thinking and cultural-psychological formation of the Chinese people. Confucianism emphasizes caring about others with benevolence and governing a state with ethics, reflecting the importance of moral principles for politics. "Ren" and "Li" are important parts of the core values of Confucianism, so analyzing the differences between them and their evolution is of great significance for further understanding Confucian culture. This paper selected 132 classic Confucian works from SikuQuanshu , a large collection of books compiled during the Qianlong's reign of the Qing Dynasty (1636–1912), to calculate the use of frequency of "Ren" and "Li" in those books by means of big data. Then the data was analyzed to show the development trajectory of "Ren" and "Li" from the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BC) to the Qing Dynasty, providing a new perspective for the study of Confucian culture. The analysis result shows that from the Spring and Autumn period to the Qing Dynasty, both the frequencies of "Ren" and "Li" record a peak and a bottom: "Ren" has its peak in the Sui and Tang period (581–907) while "Li" reaches its climax in the Wei and Jin period (220–420); both "Ren" and "Li" hit their bottom during the Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368). The average frequency of "Li" is higher than that of "Ren" during most of the time (eight dynasties and periods). In general, "Li" is more frequently referred to in classic Confucian works than "Ren," especially in those of the pre-Sui and Tang era. The An-Shi Disturbances in the Tang Dynasty may mark an important turning point for the frequencies of "Ren" and "Li" in classic Confucian works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study on the translation strategies of the classic quotations in the informative text from Chinese to English can help to create the discourse system that promotes the communication between China and other countries. Analyzing the features of the classic quotations in the informative text, this paper finds that these classic quotations are diversified and the translators of the quotations are not only faithful to the original text but also regardful of the receptor's understanding. Therefore, the translators perfectly balance the relationship between foreignization and domestication, the two opposite translation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the times, the exchanges between countries are increasing. China is becoming a superpower, and the number of international cities is increasing. This requires the communication level of Chinese people to be improved. English, as the second largest communication language in China, should be better understood and studied. This paper makes an in-depth discussion on the optimization and evaluation of oral English CAF based on artificial intelligence and corpus and makes an experimental analysis. The results are as follows: (1) introducing oral English teaching based on artificial intelligence and oral English based on a corpus, so as to deepen the public's cognition of both and make oral English more deeply rooted in people's hearts and get attention. (2) Analyzing the algorithms of phoneme errors in spoken English. Errors in spoken English are very common. Algorithms can be used to identify them better. When evaluating spoken English, algorithms are needed to evaluate them more accurately. (3) There are many examples of the benefits of artificial intelligence to oral English teaching. By comparison, it is found that the method of evaluating using artificial intelligence is more accurate, a corpus can improve oral English, and CAF optimization is also of great help to oral English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is a multiethnic country, and the border areas are the gathering places of ethnic minorities. Strengthening the ethnic unity education in the border areas is an important measure to maintain the social stability and national security in the border areas of China. Colleges and universities in the border areas are the cradle of cultivating outstanding ethnic minority cadres, and colleges and universities in the border areas shoulder an important historical mission. In recent years, many domestic experts and scholars began to try to use the PMC index model for policy evaluation. Chinese scholars also have a deeper understanding of the standards of policy evaluation and put forward policy evaluation standards that are more in line with the actual needs of China's public policy evaluation research. This paper takes the education policy text of the border ethnic minorities as the research object, takes the policy evaluation as the research perspective, constructs the transformation policy text evaluation model according to Ruiz Estrada's PMC index model construction method, defines the calculation method and rating method, draws the PMC surface of each sample, and makes a comparative analysis of the PMC index. According to the comparative analysis results of PMC index and the scanning results of policy text, this paper puts forward three optimization strategies for the education policy of border ethnic minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determines the top fifty authors in China and their university affiliations in the maritime transportation field, compared to their world ranking. We refer to China in the broad sense of the Chinese economies, including not only mainland China and Hong Kong, but also Chinese Taipei (Taiwan) and Singapore. This study analyzes sixty-five SSCI and SCI journals in the field of maritime and transportation between the years 2000 and 2015. In terms of ranking, three indicators are employed: total number of articles, weighted score (indication of author contribution), and the impact score. With the exception of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, no other universities selected in the first phase of Project 985, which received billions of dollars in government support/aid, were listed in the world ranking. Star authors are deemed to have contributed greatly to the rankings of their affiliated universities. The future of China's rankings is bright in view of the increasing number of papers being published by Chinese authors and universities and their strong grounding in quantitative methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lack of physical activity is a growing problem in China, due to the fast economic development and changing living environment over the past two decades. The aim of this review is to summarize the factors related to physical activity in Chinese children and adolescents during this distinct period of development. Methods: A systematic search was finished on Jan 10th, 2017, and identified 2200 hits through PubMed and Web of Science. English-language published studies were included if they reported statistical associations between factors and physical activity. Adapted criteria from the Strengthening The Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement and evaluation of the quality of prognosis studies in systematic reviews (QUIPS) were used to assess the risk of bias of the included studies. Related factors that were reported in at least three studies were summarized separately for children and adolescents using a semi-quantitative method. Results: Forty two papers (published 2002-2016) were included. Most designs were cross-sectional (79%), and most studies used questionnaires to assess physical activity. Sample size was above 1000 in 18 papers (43%). Thirty seven studies (88%) showed acceptable quality by methodological quality assessment. Most studies reported a low level of physical activity. Boys were consistently more active than girls, the parental physical activity was positively associated with children and adolescents' physical activity, children in suburban/rural regions showed less activity than in urban regions, and, specifically in adolescents, self-efficacy was positively associated with physical activity. Family socioeconomic status and parental education were not associated with physical activity in children and adolescents. Conclusions: The studies included in this review were large but mostly of low quality in terms of study design (cross-sectional) and methods (questionnaires). Parental physical activity and self-efficacy are promising targets for future physical activity promotion programmes. The low level of physical activity raises concern, especially in suburban/rural regions. Future research is required to enhance our understanding of other influences, such as the physical environment, especially in early childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trump and his administration brought with them an inflammatory rhetoric that reduced complex issues into the simplified polarity of "us" and "them." With this as the dominant paradigm, racism was encouraged and spread like a virus throughout the nation, appearing in heightened jingoism against other nations, anger towards fellow citizens and violence towards neighbors. When the pandemic Covid-19 spread throughout the nation and the world, it became politicized, used by Trump as a novel corona vehicle help inflame intolerance. He repeatedly associated China and Chinese people with the virus to forward his political agenda regarding US trade with China and he used the resulting demonization of China as a foil for his complicity with Russian crimes. In response to increased and wellpublicized acts of violence against Black Americans, systemic racism against Black people is finally being noticed. However, anti-Asian violence has largely been disregarded. This paper discusses both the increased violence against Asian Americans and the lack of attention to it. Dividing the paper into three sections, I correlate an artwork to the main issue in each section: the state-of-affairs provide a context in which to understand the artworks. Reciprocally, because artworks evoke an embodied understanding, involving our senses as well cognition, artworks change our relationship with issues from topical to personal. The artworks recontextualize what we thought we already knew and present possibilities for constructing the world differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how Chinese people perceived and accepted Buddhist stūpas in medieval China. Doctrinal and ritualistic developments can potentially contribute to the emergence of new ritual objects. Ideological connotations of stūpas witnessed a transition associated with the transformation of the stūpa cult in China. Stūpa burial became progressively accessible to ordinary clerics and laypeople who showed sympathy with Buddhism. The similarity between stūpas and tombs in terms of funerary function largely determined people's interpretations of stūpas in the early medieval period. However, tombs cannot be the precise manifestation of stūpas in medieval China. Stūpas evolved into multidimensional meanings in medieval China. The perceptions of stūpas witnessed an ongoing process of reconstruction, which reveals how cultural transmission and transformation work throughout history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using the nationally representative dataset of China Labor-force Dynamics Survey, this paper explored the relationship between internet-based social media use and Chinese people's homosexuality inclusion. Addressing endogeneity by using an instrumental variable approach, the results of instrumental variable-ordered probit model indicated that individuals' internet-based social media use had a positive and significant association with their homosexuality inclusion. Furthermore, the heterogeneity analysis revealed that the heterogeneous effects of internet-based social media use on homosexuality inclusion caused by income, gender, and region. The homosexuality inclusion of respondents with higher income, respondents of female gender, and respondents located in eastern region of China was found to be more evidently associated with internet-based social media use. The functional mechanism analysis suggested that the number of respondents' LGBT friends mediated the overall relationship between internet-based social media use and homosexuality inclusion. The robustness check showed that the results were robust cross different models. The findings in this paper provide new evidence that the effect of information technology development on individual perception and behavior in Chinese context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author investigates rural Chinese citizens' encounters of structural and institutional inequalities and social (im)mobility. The author addresses social (im)mobility from a holistic perspective (i.e., in institutional, occupational, social, educational, cultural and political dimensions). In this regard, the author explores if a range of parental disadvantages serve as significant hindrances to the acquisition of social mobilising opportunities among the next generations in rural Chinese contexts. Here a holistic presentation helps understand the nuanced relationship between institutional barriers (i.e., rural hukou status) and alternative obstacles to social mobility; and explore, in part, how parental inheritance of rural hukou status would bar individuals' from socially mobilising and result in some forms of unsustainability. Previous research on China restrictively measures social (im)mobility from limited perspectives, failing to fully and accurately reflect the extent of social (im)mobility Chinese populations face. This paper is a comprehensive literature review where relevant Chinese literature, exclusively found in the e-library system of the University of Cambridge, is included and thoroughly discussed. Articles that include the keywords of "hukou", "China", "social mobility" and (a) "economic", (b) "social", (c) "cultural", (d) "linguistic" or (e) "political" are extensively studied, in a hope to understand the existing scholarship on multifaceted social (im)mobility in Chinese contexts. The author argues that, despite the 2014 hukou reform, further loosening the requirements for rural-to-urban hukou conversion should be prioritised by the Central Government of China in order to ensure the rural-urban divide and structural and institutional inequalities rural hukou holders face can curtain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting with the creation of the term "Buddhist psychology", this paper has reviewed the development of this discipline. The review is focused on but not limited to the Chinese academia. The term "Buddhist Psychology" was first used in the Western academia by Rhys Davids (1857-1942) in her book Buddhist psychology: an inquiry into the analysis and theory of mind in Pali literature which was published in 1914. Interestingly, checking the Asian academia, the term "Buddhist Psychology" was used even earlier in 1898 by a Japanese scholar called Inoue Enryō (1858-1919). Later, Buddhist Psychology was introduced to China by Liang Qichao (1873-1929) and Master Taixu (1890-1947) around the 1920s. Influenced by the prevalence of Behaviourism in the West, Chinese scholars tended to have a strong mistrust of Western psychology theories at the beginning. This could be seen in the speeches and writings of Liang and Taixu. Such an attitude has a great influence on the later development of Buddhist psychology in China till now. Overall speaking, it is obvious that Buddhist psychology in the Chinese academia is strong in theoretical elaborations but relatively weak in empirical studies. Also, this paper has identified that Buddhist psychology has different trends of development in Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Such differences can be attributed to historical and political reasons. While the main reason for Liang and Taixu to look down upon Western theories was caused by the prevalence of Behaviourism in the West, the continuation of such attitude can be explained by the attempts of Chinese researchers to regain recognition and esteem. This attitude is clearly shown in the discourse of Chinese researchers: "what the Western psychology has, Buddhist Psychology also has such; furthermore, we have the better one." Based on a critical review of the past, this paper provides some suggestions for the future development of Buddhist psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamification is a growing trend in education that aims to take a principled approach to the use of games in classrooms. It is aligned with student-centered ideologies and is primarily based on increasing student engagement and motivation. At the same time however, exam oriented, teacher-centered classes continue to dominate many Asian countries. The reasons for this lag are undoubtedly varied, but almost certainly include culturally defined expectations regarding teacher-student roles, as well as issues related to large classes, among others. This paper reports on a project aiming to gamify large General English classes in provincial China, both as a way to engage students and develop teachers. Although the use of games is common, few studies explore the use of games as a central component of classes, and there is scarce information regarding the use of games in the Chinese context. Thus, both the logistical and attitudinal issues involved in the introduction of gamified classes are addressed. The findings indicate that the project was generally met with positive reactions by students and teachers, but that refinements, greater adaptation to prevailing conditions, and better preparation are needed to more effectively gamify classes. The paper concludes with the implications of gamifying large EFL classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]