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In graph signal processing (GSP), complex datasets arise from several underlying graphs and in the presence of heterogeneity. Graph learning from heterogeneous graph signals often results in challenging high-dimensional multiple graph estimation problems, and prior information regarding which graph the data was observed is typically unknown. To address the above challenges, we develop a novel framework called GRACGE (GRAph signal Clustering and multiple Graph Estimation) to partition the graph signals into clusters and jointly learn the multiple underlying graphs for each of the clusters. GRACGE advocates a regularized EM (rEM) algorithm where a structure fusion penalty with adaptive regularization parameters is imposed on the M-step. Such a penalty can exploit the structural similarities among graphs to overcome the curse of dimensionality. Moreover, we provide a non-asymptotic bound on the estimation error of the GRACGE algorithm, which establishes its computational and statistical guarantees. Furthermore, this theoretical analysis motivates us to adaptively re-weight the regularization parameters. With the adaptive regularization scheme, the final estimates of GRACGE will geometrically converge to the true parameters within statistical precision. Finally, experimental results on both synthetic and real data demonstrate the performance of the proposed GRACGE algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphs are a visual aid used in articles to highlight the results of an investigation. These allow to illustrate the results in order to make them clearer. The graphs, just like the statistical tests, are selected based on the objective of the study, the types of variable and the statistical analyzes that are to be illustrated. Among the graphs most used in clinical practice are the frequency histograms that illustrate qualitative variables or frequencies, the error graphs are used for quantitative variables with normal distribution, the box graph or violin graph for free quantitative variables distribution and survival curves for the variables that include the variable time/person. These same graphs can be used to illustrate the comparisons between maneuvers and outcome depending on the type of variable that is analyzed. When two groups are compared and the dependent variable is dichotomous, forest plots are used. For multivariate models, the graph depends on the type of analysis. In the case of logistic regression, a tree graph is used, for linear regression, the scatter graph, and survival graphs are used for Cox proportional hazards. Although graphs can be especially useful, if they are misused, they can show differences where there are none, causing misinterpretation of the studies. In this article we will complement with examples the topics previously addressed in the articles in this series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first empirical investigation that compares Euler and linear diagrams when they are used to represent set cardinality. A common approach is to use area-proportional Euler diagrams but linear diagrams can exploit length-proportional straight-lines for the same purpose. Another common approach is to use numerical annotations. We first conducted two empirical studies, one on Euler diagrams and the other on linear diagrams. These suggest that area-proportional Euler diagrams with numerical annotations and length-proportional linear diagrams without numerical annotations support significantly better task performance. We then conducted a third study to investigate which of these two notations should be used in practice. This suggests that area-proportional Euler diagrams with numerical annotations most effectively supports task performance and so should be used to visualize set cardinalities. However, these studies focused on data that can be visualized reasonably accurately using circles and the results should be taken as valid within that context. Future work needs to determine whether the results generalize both to when circles cannot be used and for other ways of encoding cardinality information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is the proposal of a new framework for the study of data structures based on the combination of several types of multivariate and social network analysis. By means of these techniques we obtain the most frequent events in a given set of scenarios as well as those events that tend to occur with them. In this respect we can define several coincidence gradients for the events under study. Ranging from zero to total coincidence and passing through statistically probable coincidences with predetermined confidence levels. The appearance structure of the set of events studied according to the selected coincidence gradient can be conveniently represented by a graph. In addition to its rationale, three free software programs are shown so that any user could apply this framework: coin, netcoin and webcoin. This type of procedure can be applied to the exploratory analysis of questionnaires, to the study of semantic networks, to the revision of databases and even to the comparison of different techniques of statistical analysis of interdependence. This is made posible by using factorial and classificatory methods and different methods for representing graphs based on attraction-repulsion forces, like those of Fruchterman-Reingold and Kamada-Kawai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Extreme body mass index (BMI; either very high or very low) has been associated with increased risk of adverse perioperative outcome in adults undergoing cardiac surgery. The effect of BMI on perioperative outcomes in congenital heart disease patients has not been evaluated.Methods: A multicenter retrospective cohort study was performed studying patients 10 to 35 years of age undergoing a congenital heart disease operation in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2015. The primary outcomes were operative mortality and a composite outcome (1 or more of operative mortality, major adverse event, prolonged hospital length of stay, and wound infection/dehiscence). The associations between age- and sex-adjusted BMI percentiles and these outcomes were assessed, with adjustment for patient-level risk factors, with multivariate logistic regression.Results: Of 18 337 patients (118 centers), 16% were obese, 15% were overweight, 53% were normal weight, 7% were underweight, and 9% were severely underweight. Observed risks of operative mortality (P=0.04) and composite outcome (P<0.0001) were higher in severely underweight and obese subjects. Severely underweight BMI was associated with increased unplanned cardiac operation and reoperation for bleeding. Obesity was associated with increased risk of wound infection. In multivariable analysis, the association between BMI and operative mortality was no longer significant. Obese (odds ratio, 1.28; P=0.008), severely underweight (odds ratio, 1.29; P<0.0001), and underweight (odds ratio, 1.39; P=0.002) subjects were associated with increased risk of composite outcome.Conclusions: Obesity and underweight BMI were associated with increased risk of composite adverse outcome independently of other risk factors. Further research is necessary to determine whether BMI represents a modifiable risk factor for perioperative outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphs exceeding the formal complexity of rooted trees are of growing relevance to much NLP research. Although formally well understood in graph theory, there is substantial variation in the types of linguistic graphs, as well as in the interpretation of various structural properties. To provide a common terminology and transparent statistics across different collections of graphs in NLP, we propose to establish a shared community resource with an open-source reference implementation for common statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents several charts and statistics concerning the manuscripts submitted to the journal for 1972 and compared with previous years.

The association between the lung cancer and indoor radon exposure in Russian population was investigated. The average indoor radon concentration for each region was estimated using the annual reports issued by the Saint-Petersburg Ramzaev Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene for the period 2008-2013. The average standardized lung cancer mortalities among males and females were estimated using the reports of the Moscow Hertzen Cancer Research Institute for the period 2008-2012. The relative risk (RR) was estimated as a ratio between the average mortality within seven exposure intervals and background mortality. The slope factors of linear dependence between the indoor radon exposure and lung cancer RR are 0.026 (−0.11÷0.17) and 0.83 (0.52-1.12) per radon concentration 100 Bq/m3 for males and females, respectively (with 90% confidence interval). The obtained results can be explained by the confounding effect of tobacco smoking. Significant excess risk of lung cancer in female population can be associated with radon exposure and low prevalence of smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author reviews the P value and how it is used to determine true difference of outcome in treatment groups. P value, standard deviation, standard error of the mean, bias, and confidence interval are discussed in common language, with a minimum of jargon and with clinical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the relationship between the greatness of U.S. presidents based on historians' rankings and the number of American citizens killed in wars during a president's tenure in office. It presents a literature on presidential greatness wherein emphasis is placed on presidents who has to make tough decisions as involving the country in wars. A table is presented showing the summary statistics for variables used to explain rankings of presidential greatness in its discussion of model and data. It discusses the results of the econometric estimation and the chart showing the relationships between historians' ratings and military deaths per capita.

Several charts are presented that list the standards and procedures set by the First Nations Tax Commission (FNTC) pursuant to the First Nations Fiscal and Statistical Management Act including standards establishing criteria for approval of borrowing laws, standards for First Nation delegation laws and standards for First Nation property assessment laws.

The article presents statistical analysis of the public biotech sector in 2011. The data show that the worldwide biotech sector has raised about 87 billion U.S. dollars including partnering money. The report further informs that in 2011, the amount of money raised worldwide in partnering deals with biopharma was 38 billion U.S. dollars. It also presents several chart, tables and pie diagrams that depict the analysis.

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Several tables of statistical annex are presented which provide data on the economic development, estimates and projections in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) area in various countries from 2011 to 2013 including real gross domestic product (GDP), nominal GDP, and foreign balance contributions to changes in real GDP.

Several graphs and a table are presented including one on the tree-ring chronologies, another related to the ARSTAN tree-ring composite chronologies and one on the Expressed Population Signal, moving mean correlation coefficient and statistics for the composite chronologies.

Tables depicting provisional cases of infrequently reported notifiable diseases and selected notifiable diseases in the U.S. and deaths in U.S. cities for the week ending January 21, 2012 are presented.

Several charts are presented showing statistical data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey in the U.S. from 1999 to 2009, provisional cases of infrequently reported diseases, provisional cases of selected notifiable diseases, and deaths in 122 U.S. cities, all for the week ending January 14, 2012.

Charts are presented that list statistics about cardiovascular diseases, subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy and heart failure.

In this article we survey the display formats used in the Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics during the period 2005-2010 and discover that the most dominant format was the table. We then examine the actual tables used and find that most could have been made more comprehensible had they utilized one or more of three simple rules for table construction. We illustrate these rules on tables drawn from the Journal and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Careful examination of the structure determining treatment choice and outcomes, as advocated by Heckman (2008), is central to the design of treatment effect estimators and, in particular, proper choice of covariates. Here, we demonstrate how causal diagrams developed in the machine learning literature by Judea Pearl and his colleagues, but not so well known to economists, can play a key role in this examination by using these methods to give a detailed analysis of the choice of efficient covariates identified by Hahn (2004). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several tables are presented which lists the report of editorial and publication statistics including the annual activity summary till June 30, 2011, annual outcome summary and the list of distribution of author affiliation of manuscripts accepted that also includes American University.

Charts and tables are presented that show the "Journal of the American Taxation Association's" editorial and publication statistics from July 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011, including summaries of annual activity and annual outcome, number of accept/reject decisions by round, and distribution of author affiliation of manuscripts accepted.

Charts and tables are presented that depict the statistics connected to death-causing diseases that affect U.S. inhabitants.

The article presents a statistical study on the reliability of school league tables as guides for secondary school choice in Great Britain. It contends that the tables published by the government continue to provide parents with school choice data that are misleading. It discusses details of the generalized prediction formula to predict the impact of schools on the 2016 cohort of children chosen for the study.

Several charts and tables are presented that offers information on morbidity and mortality statistics in the U.S. as of 2011.

Background: In a famous article, Simpson described a hypothetical data example that led to apparently paradoxical results.Methods: We make the causal structure of Simpson's example explicit.Results: We show how the paradox disappears when the statistical analysis is appropriately guided by subject-matter knowledge. We also review previous explanations of Simpson's paradox that attributed it to two distinct phenomena: confounding and non-collapsibility.Conclusion: Analytical errors may occur when the problem is stripped of its causal context and analyzed merely in statistical terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistics are presented on the U.S. labor and employment collected by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), including a chart on unemployment rate in various U.S. states, a chart on employment of nonfarm workers, and a chart on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity in the U.S.

Statistics are presented on the U.S. labor and employment collected by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), including a chart on unemployment indicators, a chart comparing employment status of the population in the U.S., and a chart on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity in the U.S.

The article presents notifiable diseases and mortality tables in the U.S. with Table 1: Provisional cases of infrequently reported notifiable diseases for the week ending April 2, 2011, Table 2: Provisional cases of selected notifiable diseases, for weeks ending April 2, 2011 and April 3, 2010, and Table 3: Deaths in 122 U.S. cities for the week ending April 2, 2011.

Chapter 7 of Foundations & Trends in Computer Graphics & Vision is presented. The chapter presents information on semi-supervised classification which is a combination of the uses of decision forests in supervised and unsupervised problems. It further informs about the transductive learning which helps in solving the problem of transferring existing labels to the unlabeled data. It also presents figures which describes the transductive labeled propagation, inductive classification results and a comparison between semi-supervised forests with Super Vector Machine (SVM).

Statistics are presented on the labor market including the employment and unemployment data in the U.S., quarterly census of employment and wages in the U.S. and annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures in 19 economies.

The article presents excerpts from the World Health Organization's Maternal Mortality Ratio report surveying demographic data between 1990 and 2008, featuring multiple tables illustrating comparative mortality rates throughout the world.

We consider Gelman's claims about the relative merits of tables versus graphs from a psychological perspective that emphasizes the role of data displays in the communication of quantitative results from authors to readers or viewers. From this perspective, we consider these claims in relation to a cognitive distinction between graph people and table people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistics are presented on the U.S. labor market including the employment cost index, benefits, by occupation and industry group, the national compensation survey, and work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more annual average between 2010 and 2011.

The article focuses on the overview of the Council on East Asian Libraries (CEAL) Statistics in 2009-2010, which is an annual publication of statistical data on East Asian libraries and museum collections in North America. It says that the 22 million collection of CEAL in 2010 from the report of 49 libraries show that the electronic (e)-books have been added rapidly by almost 30 libraries. Moreover, several charts and graphs including CEAL monographs additions from 1999-2010 are also presented.

The article offers information on a study related to prey preference by the Lady beetles, predators of aphids. It further informs that the pest management system reduces interspecies competition between native and non native lady beetles including Coccinella trifasciata (C. trifasciata) and Coccinella septempunctata (C. septempunctata) by providing non-overlapping prey preference. It presents charts describing the statistical results of the study involving the mean consumption of aphids.

The article focuses on a study which was conducted in Mexico to determine the host-feeding preferences of Culex quinquefaciatus (Cx. quinquefaciatus), vector of West Nile Virus (WNV). It further informs that the findings of the study suggest that Cx. quinquefaciatus preferably feeds on birds. It presents charts and tables showing the blood meal proportions from different mammalian species and forage ratios indicating humans as the least host feeding preference.

The article presents information on the integrated pest management program which uses the product Align, a commercial formulation of Azadirachtin, to inhibit the development of the grape berry moth, Lobesia botrana (L. botrana). It further informs that azadirachtin interferes with the synthesis of vitellogenin and its uptake by the eggs. It also presents charts and tables which shows the dose concentration effect of azadirachtin on fertility of the moth.

The article presents information on the effect of oostatic pentapeptide (5P) on the vitellogenic stages of Neobelliera bullata, a flesh fly, with the help of radiolabeled peptide. It further informs that the accumulation of radioactive oostatic 5P metabolites is slower in the ovaries having low amounts of yolk. It also presents charts and figures indicating the statistics related to the radioactivity in the ovaries in different stages under in vivo and in vitro conditions.

Abstract: In this paper we study a mapping from permutations to Dyck paths. A Dyck path gives rise to a (Young) diagram and we give relationships between statistics on permutations and statistics on their corresponding diagrams. The distribution of the size of this diagram is discussed and a generalization given of a parity result due to Simion and Schmidt. We propose a filling of the diagram which determines the permutation uniquely. Diagram containment on a restricted class of permutations is shown to be related to the strong Bruhat poset. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents information on a unitary model which considers household as a single decision maker which tries to attain goals corresponding to the household budget constraints. It also presents diagrams to indicate the revealed preferences characterization of the unitary model. It focuses on the statistical observations to define the rational consumption behavior where the data needs to satisfy the Generalized Axiom of Revealed Preference (GARP).