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A commentary on the article "The India Way: Lessons for the U.S." by Peter Cappelli, Harbir Singh, Jitendra Singh, and Michael Useem, published elsewhere in the same issue, is presented. The topic is a comparison of the prevailing corporate cultures and business models in the U.S. and India. The argument that Indian firms tend to take a more socially engaged approach, while U.S. companies typically focus narrowly on shareholder value, is discussed. The question of whether U.S. businesses would do well to adopt some of the best practices of successful Indian firms is addressed, and it is said that Indian ideals of corporate governance could well have a salutary effect on U.S. business philosophy.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to study whether adoption of sustainability policies by firms makes their stock market performance resilient to the downside risk during the crisis period. Design/methodology/approach: The paper empirically examines the relationship between environmental, social and governance (ESG) and stock market performance for Indian companies that have consistently been a part of Refinitiv Eikon ESG database. Further, the study examines whether there exist significant differences in stock market performance of high ESG and low ESG-compliant firms during crisis period. The sample was made up of 70 Indian firms studied over the period 2016–2019 defined as "normal period" as well as for the declared COVID-19 crisis period, i.e. January–March 2020, and full year 2020. The authors used multivariate panel data regression, robust least square multivariate regression, pooled OLS model and two-stage least square regression method. Findings: The study extends the existing literature by investigating the impact of ESG performance on market value of firms during the crisis period. Based on the stakeholder and "flight to safety" theory, the authors hypothesized that ESG would have significant positive effect on the stock market performance during crisis period; however, the results provide robust evidence that in a well-specified model capturing the effect of accounting-based measures of performance, Size, Growth, Risk and Dividend yield, ESG had no explanatory power over the stock market performance of ESG-compliant firms during crisis period. Furthermore, no significant difference in stock market performance indicators between high and low ESG-compliant firms was observed during the crisis period of 1Q2020 as well as for full year 2020. On contrary, the study finds dividend yield to be statistically significant in determining stock market performance of Indian firms during crisis period. The study extends the existing literature by coining the term, "ESG irrelevance" during crisis period. Research limitations/implications: The main limitation of this study is its limited sample size because there are very few Indian firms that have secured consistent ESG rating. The study focuses on consistently rated firms to avoid the impact of "greenwashing". Further, the study is focused on India, which limits the generalizability of our findings to other emerging countries. Originality/value: To the best of our knowledge, this is among the first few studies that examines sustainability and stock market performance of Indian firms during COVID-19-led crisis period. Our findings highlight no significant difference between stock market performance of high ESG firms and low ESG firms indicating that investors who wish to create wealth by investing in ESG-compliant stocks in India can do so without worrying about the companies' ESG rating scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management & Innovation is the property of Wyzsza Szkola Biznesu-National Louis University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper aims to propose a new hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework with spherical fuzzy numbers (SFNs). We extend two recently developed algorithms such as level-based weight assessment (LBWA) and MULTIMOOSRAL in spherical fuzzy (SF) domain. We present a case study on six MSME units belonging to engineering cluster for examining their leanness. MSMEs form the backbone of the socioeconomic growth and therefore garner attention of the policy makers. Lean manufacturing (LM) has been a key enabler for the last three decades which help the organizations to achieve business growth. We consider the criteria like leadership, supplier focus, customer focus, process management, waste, culture, human resource focus, technology use and communication, and awareness to compare leanness of the MSMEs using expert opinions. We find that committed leadership, waste reduction, and customer value are given more weightage by the experts for achieving leanness in SMEs. Furthermore, the results show that medium and small units with focused product line score high in terms of leanness. We validate the results obtained by our proposed method by comparing with the same derived by using another widely used approach such as Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). We carry out sensitivity analysis for examining the stability in the solution with the changes in the given condition such as variations in the criteria weights. Our results using SF-LBWA-MULTIMOOSRAL show reasonable accuracy and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexibilities are involved in the process of decision-making. They offer much freedom of choice in terms of the selection of suitable actors who interact with the dynamic environment of the organization. This paper presents a systematic and holistic approach to ranking key actors responsible for the business excellence of an organization. The study highlights the area where the actors of the organization should focus on achieving desired business excellence. It portrays the outcome in the form that top management is the most influential actor since it is responsible for the formulation of the vision/mission of the organization along with the setting of plant quality targets, cost-saving targets, manpower planning, and policy formulation for energy-saving. Top management is followed by cross-function teams (CFTs) and the government of India (GOI) in terms of interaction with the various processes. The novelty of this case study is that it utilizes qualitative and interpretive tools for the analysis, which does not require much statistical knowledge to produce outcomes, and the results are easy to understand. The reported results are in consensus with the results reported by various studies that are conducted using quantitative tools like Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), total interpretive structural modelling (TISM), etc. that require statistical excellence for the calculation, interpretation, and dissemination of results to the general public and shopfloor employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparency and disclosure (T&D) of information trigger the interest of all stakeholders, including investors in a company. Cognizance of the company's financial health before investing is very necessary. Disclosure of information in the firm's financial reports reflects the firm's financial performance. A firm's financial health protects investors' and other stakeholders' interests and the firm's long-term sustainability. Owing to the importance of T&D and a firm's financial health, this paper investigates the impact of T&D on the financial distress (FD) of non-financial firms (NFFs) listed in India. This study examines both linear and nonlinear connectivity of T&D and financial distress (FD). Their association is also investigated in a competitive scenario (under the moderating effect of competition). The panel data analysis is incorporated into the study having 78 NFFs as cross-sectional units with a timeframe from 2016 to 2020. Altman Z-score measures a firm's FD (higher Z-score means low FD). BOS (Berger, Ofek and Swary) and AC (Almeida and Campello) scores are taken to consider investors' perspectives of the firm's FD. The T&D and Lerner indexes are used to assess the level of T&D and competition. The findings reveal that a higher T&D level decreases a firm's financial stability or increases a firm's FD. In nonlinear association, it is found that T&D has an inverted U-curved connection with financial stability or U-curved association with FD. It indicates that initially, higher T&D reduces FD, and after a threshold, it increases FD. However, under competition, T&D is not found to be significantly impactful for FD. The study is novel as no previous study has focused on such association under competition and taking investors' perspective of a firm's FD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Agricultural supply chains witness several challenges, which result in increased cost of operations, high wastages, and low efficiency. In the case of vegetable supply chains (VSCs), the intensity of challenges is very high due to perishability. Literature suggests various operations research tools for supply chain management of perishables, but there is a paucity of research highlighting the real models adopted by real players in the market while making revenue. This paper investigates and presents how a startup can innovate its business model to meet the VSC issues by adopting a single case study methodology. Design: The phenomenon was studied by convergent interviewing with the company's key personnel and gathering information from the company's key documents followed by content analysis. Findings: The study shows real practices adopted by a startup to cater to the challenges of VSCs in India by incorporating various tools of productivity enhancement and waste reduction. It highlights the adoption of a traceability system, production planning mechanism, reduced food miles, and green initiatives contributing to an innovative business model. The study maps the business model of the startup with the business model concept provided by Lindgardt and colleagues [2009] and states two more dimensions, i.e. "Client relationship management" and "Sustainability activities" to expand the mentioned configuration. Originality: The study is the first of its kind to highlight the Business Model Innovation of a startup to address the VSC challenges in the Indian context. Practical contribution: The study has important managerial implications useful for finding our new value propositions in a VSC firm by shortening and effectively integrating the supply chain while minimizing information asymmetry to achieve economies and sustainability. Theoretical contribution: This study has strengthened the methodological advances in the study of business models based upon earlier validated configurations. It contributes to the extant research by adding two more elements "Client relationship management" and "Sustainability activities" in a business model configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine whether perceived innovativeness moderates the relationship between working capital management (WCM) and firm value. The study uses a sample of 200 listed Indian firms for 2015–2019. The firms are classified into innovative and non-innovative categories using the OECD and the EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard 2018. Using OLS and GMM-DPD estimations, the study finds in accordance with the prior literature that a sample of firms exhibits a positive relationship between WCM efficiency and firm value. The original contribution of the paper is finding that low R&D and high R&D firms are treated differently when investors factor WCM into prices. The firms belonging to industries that are perceived to be innovative are not penalised in terms of valuation even if they follow inefficient WCM. However, firms that belong to industry sectors that are perceived to be non-innovative experience a drop in their valuation if their WCM is inefficient. The authors argue that this difference is due to the halo effect of innovative firms. The results imply that the halo effect obscures the true valuation. Hence, investors should learn to avoid valuing innovative firms' WCM based merely on their classification into an innovative industry sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Research Journal of Business Studies is the property of Prasetiya Mulya Publishing, Universitas Prasetiya Mulya and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study gives information on the effect of COVID 19 on Human Resource & employment in India. It also explains about the effect of lockdown on Human Resource i.e. on jobs in different sectors like IT Company's, Production Industry, and Hotel Industry, etc. This study gives new adaptation in HR (Human Resource) department working styles to attain the organizational goal. As In the COVID scenario new style of working is develop i.e. Work from Home. In this remote working style, HR department has to adopt such practices so that will increases the productivity of the employee. This research paper explains about long-term effect of the corona virus i.e. COVID 19 on the Economy and Employment in India. At beginning of the year, 2020 coronavirus attract on china. This results in a fall down of the Chinese economy and many people lose their jobs. Human resource is seriously affected by economic crisis occur due to coronavirus. Within a one or two month, this virus spread in almost all country and which directly affect the world economy. The major effect of COVID is found on the counties like US, UK, India, Pakistan, Germany, Spain, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linear economy model is being transformed into a circular model to positively impact the environment, society, business, and sustainable development goals. However, emerging economies such as India face many significant roadblocks adapting to a circular model. Therefore, this study attempts first to assess and visualize the roadblocks in circular economy adoption in Indian micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSME) and then identify and evaluate the solutions to overcome these roadblocks. This paper explores 31 critical roadblocks and proposes 14 solutions in the pathway of circular economy through extant literature and expert inputs. Graph theory matrix approach (GTMA) is applied to calculate the comprehensive circular economy roadblock index. This value signifies the intensity of roadblocks taken altogether in an industry under consideration. Furthermore, fuzzy stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (fuzzy‐SWARA) is used to compute the weights of individual roadblocks. After that, fuzzy‐weighted aggregated sum product assessment (fuzzy‐WASPAS) is used to rank the identified solutions and efficiently implement a circular economy. Finally, the research presents sensitivity analysis and the theoretical and managerial implications of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Techno-marketing is a unique combination of technology + Marketing. Techno-marketing is a new disruptive way of marketing which is going to change the future of traditional marketing by using technology. It is the effective way to promote a company's products and services. By this, companies can attract their customers and easily interact with them. Technology is the backbone of all the market strategies around the globe. It provides a short time solution to solve complex marketing problems in today's competitive environment. In this paper, we have focused on Techno-marketing techniques such as Technology Marketing Mix (TM mix), Web 2.0, Cloud computing, Mobile computing and Electronic commerce which are commonly used by many companies in India for their promotional activities in the Indian market. As per the findings of the study, out of all Techno-marketing tools, Web 2.0, Mobile computing and Electronic commerce are the most commonly used by pharmaceutical companies. These technologies are fast catching up and have the potential to increase the sales of top global companies in future. It is also recommended that a company should promote its products using Techno-marketing Tools such as Web 2.0, Mobile computing and e-commerce which can be positively effective in Indian market. The study is based on a sample size of 103 retailers representing 8 top global companies in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the structure and semantics of English-language accounting terminology through a close examination of The Company Act, the official legal document regulating the establishment and operation of India's commercial companies. The study aims to explore specific terminology occurring in accounting and audit books in the economic discourse, as well as to identify and analyse culture-marked terminology in the chosen field of study. Study results were used to compile a glossary of commonly used accounting terms constituting a part of a unified terminological system. The author has systemised the main notional classes of accounting terminology thus demonstrating its structural nature in English economic discourse, the semantic organisation and conceptual framework of the field-specific terminology system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the relevance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) expenditure to the firms in the mandatory regime in India. The paper has its theoretical basis from the instrumental aspect of the Stakeholder theory, which assumes a positive influence of CSR over financial performance. Therefore, the study hypothesizes that the firms which fulfil the CSR expenditure requirement will exhibit higher stock returns and lower systematic risk. Since India mandated CSR in the year 2014, the data of four years (2016-2019) for the sample of 426 National Stock Exchange (NSE) listed Indian firms are taken to employ the OLS regression method. The CSR expenditure in the mandatory regime was not found to be relevant to the firms because of an insignificant positive impact of mandatory CSR expenditure on stock returns. Thus, the instrumental aspect is not supported by the findings. However, the findings indicate a decrease in the systematic risk of the firms. Only a few studies in India investigated this phenomenon in the mandatory regime. Further, the contributions of the study to the CSR literature are fairly useful from the perspective of firms, investors, policy-makers, regulators, scholars, and countries that are planning for legislating CSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attempt of this paper is to find an empirical relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and New Firms (Paid up Capital) and Gross Capital Formation (proxy for business growth) and Credit to Commercial Sector and Gross Capital Formation using the test of stationarity (ADF, PP, and KPSS methods), Johansen Cointegration and Granger's Causality. The results show that FDI crowds out creation of new firms and capital formation and it is the Credit flow to the commer-cial sector that causes Gross Capital Formation at current price. It shows domestic flow of credit is more influential in capital formation rather than foreign capital inflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Based on the international human resource management perspective, this paper aims to explore and explain the human resource (HR) practices of Japanese multinational companies (MNCs) operating in India.Design/methodology/approach This paper applies a qualitative methodology. The study is based on 17 semi-structured interviews that were conducted within the subsidiaries of 10 Japanese MNCs in India.Findings The respective HR practices are differently influenced by cultural and institutional factors. Cultural similarity, unique social context and the evolving labor market shape the HR practices of Japanese MNCs in the Indian context.Research limitations/implications The generalizability of findings might be limited because of the nature of methodology. Future research could collect additional qualitative data and conduct quantitative studies to test the findings of this research.Practical implications A unique combination of HR practices could be formed by addressing the changes in the local institutional environment and retaining the core philosophy of the parent company.Originality/value This research adds value to the transfer-adaptation dichotomy by presenting how institutional and cultural factors differently influence the transfer of respective HR practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Organizacija is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of general financial literacy, specific financial literacy and overall financial literacy among the Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) entrepreneurs. The data has been collected from 309 respondents from three districts in the Punjab state of India. Using ordered logit model, the results depict that the age of the entrepreneur has positive and significant effect on different types of financial literacy for the MSEs in Punjab. The findings also show that the micro and small-service enterprises have significantly higher level of financial literacy than its other manufacturing counterparts. The study also found that entrepreneurs with higher level of education have significantly higher level of all types of financial literacy. The most influencing determinant that affects the financial literacy of the entrepreneurs is found to be the level of gross profit ratio of the enterprise. Higher the gross profit ratio of the firm, significantly higher will be the level of all three types of financial literacy of the entrepreneurs. For policy perspectives, the present study recommends that firms should keep some portion of their profits to educate their employees that enhance the financial literacy. Government should help the MSEs to educate the firms to improve their level of financial literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of digitalization in every sector of economy is increasing day by day. In today's world, the increasing role of digital banking cannot be ignored. Digital Banking helps to cope up with the company's strategy and plans. Digitalization in payment of commerce and trade has gained a lot in the present scenario and at the time of global pandemic era. Paper aims to discuss and analyse the increasing role of digital banking, and to increase the use of cashless transactions and to have smooth functioning in trade and commerce. The source of data collection is both i.e., primary as well as secondary. The data is collected from 300 respondents. The investigation was done to examine the similarities and differences of plans and policies, role of digital banking in every sector, and how they cope up with others using of digital banking. The finding of the study is that, the role has become important with digital payment, standards, position in the arrangement of policies to determine available options by digitalization in payment. Through the study, the capacity and competency of employees are acknowledged to be faced by industries and companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to critically analyze the resources and determinants of capabilities and attributes which enable Indian and Chinese firms to develop competitive advantages. The leading research question asks whether the traditional concept of competitiveness can capture Indian and Chinese firms' competitiveness. Design/methodology/approach: A systematic and comprehensive literature review of 62 studies published between 1994 and 2016 with focus on Indian and Chinese firms is conducted to examine the nature and contextual conditions of their competitiveness, as well as the research methods and underlying theories. Findings: Turning disadvantages into advantages and shifting the points of take-off are the most outstanding findings. Moreover, the majority of 88 per cent of the examined studies concludes that Indian and Chinese firms built nontraditional competitive strengths. Research limitations/implications: Because of the unconventional competitiveness of Indian and Chinese firms, existing theoretical perspectives and research settings need revisions and extensions. Originality/value: Unlike most extant research on India and China, which studies country- or industry-level variables using aggregate data, this paper reveals distinct patterns and similarities and differences of firm-level characteristics. In addition, by exclusively focusing on Indian and Chinese firms' competitiveness, conclusions about their uniqueness and generalizability can be drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the underpricing of initial public offers (IPOs), which were announced by Indian firms for the period 2007 through 2009. It is motivated by the fact that a well-developed capital market is a function of economic growth and a reflection of the financial system. Thus, this study investigates aftermarket pricing performance of IPOs during the recent global financial crisis. Design/methodology/approach - This paper studies the underpricing of 133 IPOs in three groups, namely, house-full collections, short-run and long-run periods. To do so, it uses event study method to observe underpricing, which is examined in various window periods. Further, industry- and year-wise offers are analyzed and interpreted. Accordingly, hypotheses are being developed and tested through a static "analysis of variance". Findings - The study explores that post-listing IPOs assure positive returns in the short run, but they tend to plunge and become negative in the long run. In particular, highest returns have been observed in the first week of post-listing. Research limitations/implications - Limitations include, the study does not compute market-adjusted returns to find abnormal performance of stocks, and does not apply regression statistic to examine the factors that affect underpricing. Practical implications - Eventually, conclusions are drawn from India-international results, and thus it would add some new insights on investor perspectives (e.g. price signalling) to the existing IPOs literature, especially from Asian markets context. Originality/value - This paper is an original research that examines the underpricing of Indian IPOs during the recent financial crisis, particularly in three groups: house-full collections, short-run and long-run periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to identify the variables contributing to special payouts considering open market repurchase, tender offer repurchases, and special dividends. A multinomial logit model has been used to investigate the choice of payout out of 754 payout announcements made between 2004 and 2017 in India. The study investigates agency cost, shareholder heterogeneity, clientele effect, distribution size, misvaluation, and takeover threat. The MNL results suggest that open market repurchase is chosen when the takeover threat is high, firms are significant, or in case of undervaluation of firms. Tender offer repurchase is preferred in high agency cost, high takeover threat, low shareholder heterogeneity, and undervaluation. The study further investigates the nature of ownership in terms of a business group affiliated and standalone firms. The result of the study suggests the nature of ownership impacts the choice of dividend payout choice. Group affiliated firms are driven by clientele effect and distribution size, and in standalone firms' agency and shareholder heterogeneity holds. The Bayesian approach which is based on the combination of previous information and the current data available is used in the study for MNL. The findings suggest that payout choices of open market repurchase and tender offer repurchase over special dividends are based on misvaluation and shareholder heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The objective of this paper is to present a broad-based tool primarily for the use of practitioners at the senior and middle management levels, to analyze the innovation management processes within their organizations and assess their impact on innovation and firm performance. It is contended that these processes are dichotomous because of the invariable tension between continuity and change-related aspects to be coped with.Design/methodology/approach – A single case (Moser Baer India Limited, an Indian firm and one of the world's large manufacturers of optical storage media) illustrating the use of a flowing stream strategy framework is presented. The theory that is the basis of the approach is not expounded at length in the interests of the basic target audience.Findings – The paper is an attempt to present a structured approach to strategy making. Realizing the hazards of organizational impediments in the implementation of strategy, only an illustrative approach is been indicated, paving the way for further investigation.Research limitations/implications – The limitations associated with a single case methodology may prevail to some extent. The data are context-bound; however, no attempt to draw general implications has been made. The purpose is more to present the use of a practical tool rather than to advance theoretical knowledge.Practical implications – The tool presented may be useful across a range of organizations, with minor adaptations.Originality/value – The paper is original and adds value in terms of the above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human Resource Management (HRM) effects on firm performance can be examined at the systems architecture (i.e., guiding principles or philosophy), the policy, or practices levels. This paper suggests that, at least for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries, it is the guiding principles that affect a firm's performance. Using a unique dataset of 44 SMEs in Tamil-Nadu, India, this paper presents a regression analysis of the relationship between HRM philosophies and measures of firm performance. It is shown that the attitude of the firm's owner(s) towards its employees is a major determinant of the firm's profitability. The effect of HRM philosophy on productivity is smaller, albeit still highly significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the effect of customer-to-customer (C2C) interaction while using a service on the willingness of consumers to engage in altruistic customer participation (CP) or co-production efforts aimed at helping other customers. It further examines the role of consumer skepticism toward the service category in moderating the effects of C2C interaction on altruistic CP and customer satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach: A survey methodology was used to collect data from 374 consumers of health-care services in India. The data collection involved interviews of patients visiting diabetes clinics and focused primarily on the interaction between customers and their willingness to participate in educating members of the community on diabetic self-care. Findings: The analysis shows that C2C interaction positively affects customer satisfaction and willingness to engage in altruistic CP. Consumer category skepticism does not moderate the effect of C2C interaction on customer willingness to engage in altruistic CP. However, category skepticism does have the moderating effect of significantly reducing the positive effect of C2C interaction on customer satisfaction. Research limitations/implications: Data for this study were collected via interviews of consumers in India. Each consumer was interviewed by a trained interviewer. Although the authors do not detect any systematic influence in the results, the possibility of bias is acknowledged. Regarding the research implications, the finding that category skepticism does not moderate the effect of C2C interaction on willingness to engage in altruistic CP suggest that ultimately consumers may have stronger commitment and loyalty to themselves and that their relationships with the firm's might be peripheral. Practical implications: The study finds that consumer skepticism toward a service category can have adverse effects for service co-creation. The authors advise managers in troubled industries not to focus exclusively on improving brand differentiation but to also consider working with major industry players and regulators to address the deepest fears of consumers. Originality/value: The findings have implications for the service dominant logic of marketing in that it suggests that category skepticism is disruptive to the value integration process on which service co-creation relies for value creation. This has strong implications for how managers should structure their interaction processes with customers and for future research that seeks to them prove customer productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine the factors which affect the financial access of the female-owned informal enterprises (FOIEs) in India. There has been a dearth of studies particularly targeting determinants of credit access by the women-owned informal enterprises. Demand side factors affecting financial access have been studied. The study of major factors affecting access to credit by unorganized women enterprises will be useful for policy making perspectives. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses nationalized micro data set on the non-agricultural informal enterprises and probit estimation has been used to identify the factors which affect the probabilities of access to credit for the FOIEs. Findings: The study highlights what facilitates and hinders the financial access for the FOIEs particularly in India. These enterprises in rural areas have better chances to avail credit from formal sources. Firm size, measured by policy-making size of employment and gross profit, involvement in diversified activities, maintenance of accounting record, has positive and significant impact on access to formal credit. The younger firms and the firms operating in the southern states of the country have higher probabilities to avail credit from institutional sources. Originality/value: The study used the latest data set available on Indian informal enterprises, thus provides important insights about the status of financing of enterprises in India. This study highlights the regional variations and gender disparities that are prevalent in the Indian economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine human resource management (HRM) practices of the top 25 companies identified as “best” in India in 2011. This paper provides insights into HRM practices of a leading country in Asia that is playing a very important role in the global economy.Design/methodology/approach This conceptual paper will use for its research analysis the business reports of the Outlook Business Magazine and AON Hewitt. AON Hewitt is a global human resource consulting company and is an established authority in identifying “best” companies in India since 2004. A qualitative content analysis was done of the business report to identify predominant themes.Findings The analysis identified how the “best” 25 Indian companies offer progressive HRM practices that required careful investment and collaboration. This research showcases seven specific HRM themes that include elaborate staffing, investment in learning, work–life balance, egalitarian practices, developmental performance culture, generous benefits and engagement initiatives.Practical implications This paper provides preliminary guidelines for global practitioners who may be interested in doing business in India. It also provides a model of “best” HRM practices adopted by 25 companies that could help other organizations identify successful HRM practices in India. Among the 25 companies, 16 are Indian companies and 9 are subsidiaries of multinationals.Originality/value This paper outlines HRM “best” practices of organizations in an emerging Asian economy that has not been addressed before. This paper hopes to bridge this paucity in the extant literature by showcasing the “best” HRM practices from 25 “best” companies in India. It also provides an Indian model of “best” HRM practices that can be tested by other scholars for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family firms and business groups play an important role in many emerging economies. In this paper we study how different aspects of family involvement influence technological innovation in a firm. Arguments drawn from agency theory and particularly the principal-principal agency hypothesize a negative influence of family involvement with respect to technological innovation. In contrast, stewardship theory predicts a positive influence of family involvement on technological innovation. Drawing on these theoretical lenses with contrasting directionalities with regard to the impact of family involvement on technological innovation, we study how family involvement in ownership, management and board of directors, and business group affiliation influence R&D investments and patents obtained by the firm. The hypotheses are empirically tested on a seven-year panel of 172 firms from the pharmaceutical industry in India. Our results indicate that family shareholding and family control over both CEO and chairperson positions have a positive and significant influence on the firm's R&D investments, broadly lending support to stewardship theory. We also find a positive influence of business group affiliation on R&D investments and patents applied by the firm. Our conjecture is that the high technology opportunity environment in the Indian pharmaceutical industry facilitates stewardship behavior which in turn promotes innovation in these firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the motivations behind Indian firms’ outward investment, i.e. whether these firms are investing abroad in search of market, resource, technology, strategic-assets, efficiency, etc. Outward FDI by Indian firms has increased considerably in recent years. Such investments have gone to more than hundred host countries and into various sectors. The higher volume of outward FDI following policy reforms requires examination of factors that have motivated Indian firms to invest in different host countries. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical analysis is done for the period from 2008-2009 to 2011-2012 using firm-destination panel data with appropriate adjustment for clustering. Findings – The analysis provides evidence of the existence of multiple motives behind such investments. Indian firms are found to have invested abroad in search of resource, technology (strategic-assets) and efficiency, whereas the evidence on market-seeking motive is found to be at best weak in the empirical analysis. The results are robust to the use of alternative sample of outward investing firms. Practical implications – This analysis of firm-level motivation of outward FDI by Indian multinationals has pertinent policy implications as well. The presence of multiple motives implies that Indian firms could bring multiple benefits to the Indian economy through outward FDI. Originality/value – The link between outward FDI and host country factors is examined at the firm level as against at the aggregative level using a comprehensive and unique official database on actual outward FDI made by Indian firms, originating from both manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors, in the form of equity and loan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper covers the issue of foreign collaboration in the Indian Business Education and its implications on professionalism and development of competence among the budding managers. The issue of foreign collaboration in Indian Business Education is considerably significant issue in the light of India as an emerging economic power and business. Already there is considerable flow of foreign collaboration in Indian business education witnessed by the institutional partnership. The existing institutional partnership and the future intension of foreign players are entering in business educations have been impacting in the new professional development as well as to develop professional competence in the arena of management education in India. Impacts on the new array of professionalism and competence in the country due to foreign collaboration need a fresh re-look and assessment. This paper has three sections. Section -1 deals the historical snapshot of global alliances of business education, modes of alliances; section-II deals on the quotients analysis for spread of global alliances, and in final the section the section-III analyses perceptions of stakeholders on the global alliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How private firms can overcome their unique governance challenges remains an important but understudied topic. Using novel data on more than 28,000 private firms in India from 1988 to 2017, we examine whether private firms can improve their survival prospects by having board interlocks with public firms and, specifically, interlocks whereby a public firm director subsequently joins the private firm's board. In our data, we found a U-shaped relationship between the number of incoming board interlocks and the probability of private firm exit. We also found that board interlocks formed by public firm directors of public firms audited by Big Four companies improve private firms' survival more than other interlocks, consistent with the notion that such interlocks improve monitoring at private firms. Overall, our study points toward the importance of considering the role of incoming board interlocks when explaining private firm survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports one of the first investigations to analyze inter-partner perceptions of psychic distance between two countries. Its empirical focus is British and Indian SMEs engaged in business with each other. It examines different dimensions of psychic distance, their impact and modes of coping with them. Potential firm-level and individual influences are also taken into account. The paper aims to transcend some of the conceptual and methodological limitations of previous research on the subject and to identify the theoretical and practical implications that arise. A 'mirror' approach is applied, accessing both partners' perceptions. These are assessed through a 'mixed' method combining quantitative measurement with qualitative interpretations. Psychic distance dimensions are found to vary in their impact on doing business with the other country, and there is also variation according to the firm's sector. There is considerable asymmetry in British and Indian partners' perceptions of psychic distance but the degree of difference between their psychic distance evaluations lacks predictive power. Culturally embedded psychic distance dimensions tend to have less impact and to be easier to cope with than institutionally embedded dimensions. Four categories of coping are identified. The principal theoretical implication of this study is that a contingency perspective needs to be adopted in the field of 'distance' research, taking account of factors such as a firm's sector, and that this will require a more complex analytical framework that hitherto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – In developing countries like India, changing economic and social condition necessitated working of women irrespective of their religion, class or social status. But at the same time, it raised number of related issues like managing for family adjustment, working environment, etc. The purpose of this paper is to study gender issues like gender stereotype, gender discrimination and sexual harassment in the context of Indian environment. Design/methodology/approach – A structured questionnaire was developed to collect primary data from 500 firms in India. The data collected through questionnaire was coded and tabulated keeping in context with the objective of the study and was analysed by calculating frequencies, factor analysis and one way analysis of variance. Findings – Results elucidate seven job-related factors (infrastructure, HR functions, organisational climate, legal pursuit, empowerment, training and development and ethical concerns) and two individual factors (interpersonal and mindset) that are considered essential for women employees in Indian organisations. Analysis indicates that though age and level of management has no significant effect on these factors but male and female respondents differ significantly on their opinion regarding these issues. Research limitations/implications – The respondents in present study have been taken mainly from service sector, manufacturing sector and education sector, thus the study looks at only organised sector. The research work suffers from the usual limitations of survey research method. Practical implications – With women becoming an integral part of the workforce, managers must examine their reliance on stereotypical views concerning women. Gender is a socio-cultural phenomenon and organisations are a key aspect of a given culture. Organisational analysis needs to take into account the relationship between gender, gender stereotypes and organisational life. Originality/value – The paper studies gender issues of gender stereotype, gender discrimination and sexual harassment on a pan India basis covering various sectors and contribute to the subject from Indian perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare the importance and performance of managerial training in India among different industrial sectors in the light of asynchronous industrial growth in last two decades which has unevenly touched various business organizations. Design/methodology/approach – For the purpose of analysis organizations are divided at two levels. At the first level, they are divided between multinational and Indian origin category and at the second level between service and manufacturing category. A 2×2 full factorial design with unequal numbers is used to analyze main as well as interaction impacts. A sample size of 542 is taken which comprises training professionals, top/general managers and trainee employees. Findings – Study concludes that Indian origin organizations fall short in terms of importance given and performance of training function compared to multinational companies. Further, it is found that service companies have an edge over manufacturing companies in terms of importance and performance of training. Research limitations/implications – Study is mainly focussed on large organizations in India and may not be representative of small organizations. The major implication is that Indian origin organizations as well as manufacturing organizations have to devote more time and financial resources to training to compete in the era of globalization. Practical implications – It is implied from the findings that a concerted effort by training professionals in Indian and manufacturing companies is required to improve the content as well as image of the training function to get the due attention and resources within the organization. Originality/value – The paper presents an original perspective on situation of training function in Indian organizations and will be of importance to training professionals and other stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand and map the global competitiveness of firms in emerging markets. The authors refine a framework (called the “strategic control map”, or SCM) that looks at market capitalization – using two parameters of book equity (size) and price to book ratio (performance) – as a key driver of the competitiveness of firms. However, the SCM has limited value in the context of smaller and largely domestic firms, as is the case in emerging markets. To develop a more comprehensive understanding, additional vital metrics such as the degree of internationalization need to be considered.Design/methodology/approach – The authors compare top 100 Indian firms against global firms on four dimensions – i.e. market price to book ratio, book equity, scope and scale of international operations. The authors consider data for the year 2009-2010 to make comparisons.Findings – The SCM, formulated with a developed market focus, is not suitable in the context of emerging markets as it fails to consider internationalization as essential to compete at the global level. Accordingly, the authors propose a new conceptual framework, referred to as the “strategic positioning map” (SPM).Originality/value – In this paper, the authors argue that “international intensity” and “market capitalization” can be two important dimensions to map the relative paths of growth for firms from emerging markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship of social capital with new venture creation, and whether self-efficacy plays a role in mediating the association between social capital and new venture creation.Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 375 entrepreneurs through cross-sectional survey in India. The study used partial least square path modeling to assess the relationships among the variables.Findings Findings reveal that social capital is positively related to new venture creation. The association of social capital and new venture creation is fully mediated by entrepreneurs’ self-efficacy.Originality/value The role of social capital in the success of new venture creations through self-efficacy is useful to the potential entrepreneurs and people who facilitate new venture creation in Indian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role of non-violent protest (satyagraha) in a multinational automobile plant in India that has suffered from considerable employee relations problems. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs a case study of a Japanese-owned company using data obtained from 30 personal interviews and from internet media sources. Findings – It is found that workers initially pursued their protests through satyagraha-style methods before taking on a more violent posture when company management refused to accept any notion of jointly seeking a new harmony. The reasons for these developments are explored. Practical implications – The paper has implications for the manner in which scholars and practitioners view the respective roles, significance, and management of satyagraha and non-satyagraha protest in Indian companies. Originality/value – The importance of satyagraha in Indian employee relations is under-researched in comparison with other factors, and is especially significant for culturally-unaware multinational companies in successfully understanding and managing protest in the workplace context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the impact of competitive intelligence (CI) practices on the firm's performance in the emerging market context of India. The paper seeks to answer the following questions: do CI activities have an impact on the market performance of Indian firms? If so, what are the macro and micro environmental drivers of CI for Indian firms? How are CI activities organized within Indian firms? How is the usage and dissemination of CI taking place within Indian firms? Design/methodology/approach – The study used a stratified sample developed from a variety of mailing lists focusing on Indian firms. The study employed a cross-sectional, survey-based methodology. Findings – The study identifies two key aspects: Indian firms that exhibit higher levels of CI activities indeed achieve better financial performance results; and the current level of CI activities in Indian firms is at a moderate level, thereby suggesting an opportunity for using and implementing more sophisticated CI techniques. Practical implications – The findings of this study should assist local and foreign managers in having a more informed understanding of CI activities in the Indian marketplace. Additionally, these findings provide directives to managers regarding the untapped opportunities and potential that CI can offer in a highly volatile and rapidly changing market scenario. Originality/value – This is the first study that empirically investigates the relationship between the level of CI activities and firm performance in an emerging market context. It is also the first study of its kind that explores the current state of CI practices in the Indian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This paper's aim is to identify structural and relational factors influencing the upstream channel management of organized retailers in India. Design/methodology/approach – In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 organized retailers and two manufacturers in India. Data were analyzed using the thematic network analysis technique from qualitative research. The authors use the framework of institutional theory to guide the discussion. Findings – The findings suggest that government regulations influence the supply chain structure in India. Relational bonds offset the uncertainty borne of weak institutions. Informational transparency and long-term orientation foster trust between channel partners. This trust, in turn, leads to collaborative partnerships. Research limitations/implications – The findings have implications for multinationals planning to enter the Indian retail industry. There is a need to understand complex regulatory and social institutions in India. The uniqueness of these institutions calls for adaptive strategies toward channel management. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the literature on the supply chain structure in India. Despite growing interest in the Indian retailing industry, not many studies reflect on the specific B2B exchange structure in India. The paper fills this gap and also provides several marketing implications for multinational retailers planning to enter the Indian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we use new venture creation in Indian family firms to explore the family firm as an inter-institutional system. We argue that in societies where the traditional family dominates social and economic life, the relationship between the two institutions, the firm and the family, is managed via inter-institutional logics. These inter-institutional logics help reconcile the tensions that often arise in the family firms during strategic decision making. We use archival and interview data on 36 new ventures in eight Indian family firms to identify these logics. Our analysis shows that the interaction between firm and family institutional logics in Indian family firms generates four sub-logics: economic, expertise, reputation and attachment. These four logics are used to frame and screen new venture opportunities and justify resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine both the direct effects and the interactive effects of job insecurity and job embeddedness on unethical pro-organizational behavior.Design/methodology/approach Data were collected, using established scales, from employees of different Indian organizations. In all, 346 responses were collected. The data were analyzed using a stepwise multiple regression technique.Findings The results of the analysis reveal that both job insecurity and job embeddedness are positively linked to unethical pro-organizational behavior. Further, the relationship between job insecurity and unethical pro-organizational behavior is moderated by job embeddedness.Research limitations/implications The study’s results indicate that managers should be aware that employees who run the risk of losing their jobs might be inclined to perform pro-organizational behavior that could be unethical. Intrinsically, such acts could be detrimental to the organization’s long-term health and therefore managers should be vigilant and timely in discouraging this behavior.Originality/value Unethical pro-organizational behavior as a means used by employees to combat job insecurity has not previously been addressed by researchers. Thus, this study contributes to the literature through its empirical examination of the role of job insecurity and job embeddedness as factors influencing unethical pro-organizational behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This paper aims to report the findings from a longitudinal study of Indian business groups responding to the pro-market reforms that the government had initiated. It explores their diversification choices at the group level and the group performance consequences of these choices during a period of institutional changes (1990-2008).Design/methodology/approach Ordinary least squares regressions were used to analyze data spanning the 1988-2008 study period for 98 Indian business groups.Findings Results show that business groups that focused their portfolios in the early stages of institutional reforms tended to perform worse than their counterparts that did not do so. However, as market reforms became more established, business groups that made the transition from an unfocused to a more focused portfolio experienced superior performance consequences.Originality/value The findings underscore the temporal dimension of focusing and suggest that both changing strategy by refocusing business portfolio too early or waiting too long to refocus can hurt performance outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian industries in the context of environmental protection do not have clear policies at the national or industrial level in order to ensure compliance to environmental norms. Thus, there is a growing concern for Indian industry to comply with the environmental reporting with regard to environmental protection. To address this gap, this paper proposes a framework which can be very effective to develop strategies for Indian industries environmental legal framework with regard to environmental protection. Researchers have understood the linkage based on extant literature review which is supported through ISM and MICMAC joined with the inter-relationship between the varied elements. Our study is unique and innovative as we have focused on exploring the different effects of the relationship between environmental accounting, industry and sustainability. The framework proposed in this paper can be utilized to develop strategies towards sustainable development which are focused, practical and effective. The primary challenge of environmental accounting legal framework is the absence of standards in identifying all that needs to be measured and deciding how it is to be measured. The conclusion drawn from the ISM hierarchy shows a high interrelationship and interconnectivity between GRI and CERES for sustainability reporting. Environmental awareness and environmental accounting leads to sustainable reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to follow the internationalisation of an Indian company, Bharat Forge Limited. It studies how a small company from India becomes one of the leading players in the global forging industry. Design/methodology/approach: This is a case study approach for studying the process of internationalisation in one particular firm. Findings: Bharat Forge Limited has followed the traditional stages model of internationalisation. It started global foray with exports and continued with that for more than three decades before going for acquisitions way. The company has gone for related-diversified using its strengths in technology to diversify its products, markets and customers over the years and today has a global footprints in terms of sales and manufacturing locations. Practical implications: It shows the way for companies even small ones and from developing countries, that how one can go for internationalisation and emerge as a leading global player. Originality/value: India is one of the fastest emerging markets and there is growing interests in Indian economy and Indian firms. But there are few case studies on internationalisation of Indian firms and this study tries to fill that gap. Bharat Forge Limited is an Indian multinational company and has become a leading player in global forging industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose — This paper sets out to explore the trends of social responsibility of the corporate sector in India. Design/methodology/approach — The methodology being followed in the paper is exploratory in nature as data are scanty. An analysis has been done on an overall score drawn from a structured questionnaire being administered. Findings — Trends in socially responsible initiatives are both positive and crucial in nature in India. Research limitations/implications — The vastness of the corporate activities in a big country like India, on the one hand, and the scanty data availability, on the other, lead to issues being restricted in some sectors. Practical implications — This research has a tremendous effect on society with respect to the CSR approach being conceived, adopted and initiated by UN Global Compact. Originality/value — The paper has touched on the cutting-edge research initiatives in the field of CSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose — This paper seeks to give an idea about the role of ethics and values in the Indian economy and business in ancient times and the changed nature of these factors in the contemporary period. Design/methodology/approach — Books and writings from ancient times are used for discussions related to the earlier periods. Studies by the author and other scholars are used to analyze the contemporary situation. Findings — Ethics and values have guided the Indian economy and business since ancient times. With the large-scale destruction of the native systems in the eighteenth century, and the failure to recognize and revive them after independence, ethics and noble values ceased to guide the economic and business systems. At the local business and society levels, higher human qualities such as help, faith-based business transactions and basic norms are present even today, especially at the non-corporate level. Research limitations/implications — This paper does not discuss different aspects of ethics and values in detail. For contemporary times, it takes up only a few higher human values such as help, faith and broad-based norms in business promotion and transactions. Practical implications — It highlights the contribution of higher human values such as help, faith and unwritten norms to the business and economy of contemporary India. Originality/value — It presents that, even in contemporary times, higher values such as help, goodwill and faith-based transactions help in the economic and business development of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the literature on the early-modern Asian commercial world, the lack of historical longevity of mercantile wealth has been accepted as a major attribute. This paper establishes that some merchant families of Surat did experience longevity and family fortunes were kept up for five or six generations. It analyzes the institutional dimensions of trade and examines the ways in which these merchants articulated commercial strategies to ensure a long span of their family businesses. The paper demonstrates that fortunes were built and sustained primarily through trade and that the association with the European Companies was an important but additional means of achieving commercial affluence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased globalisation has also seen increased scrutiny of corporate behaviour by the communities. Clearly managers are under increased pressure from stakeholders not only to outperform their competitors, but also are expected to do so in an ethical manner. In order to act ethically an individual is expected to have a well-developed moral imagination and moral reasoning. Literature on ethical reasoning research indicates a positive relationship between higher levels of moral reasoning and ethical behaviour. This paper presents the findings of a study of the moral reasoning/moral development of managers working in large manufacturing enterprises situated in the state of Punjab in India. Kohlberg’s theory of Cognitive Moral Development forms the basis of the study. Moral Judgement Interview (MIG) developed by Weber, on the basis of Kohlberg’s theory was used for the study. Moral Reasoning Scores were calculated using Abbreviated Scoring Guide. More than half of the managers scored at post-conventional level of reasoning while assessing the moral dilemmas. The reasoning scores varied for the three dilemmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]