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The yield of grain crops by 25% depends on the quality of soil tillage. The working elements of plough-cultivators that exist today are not able to deal with solid and over-dried soil. This is because a flat ploughshare has a constant cutting angle along its entire length that spalls large pieces of soil. Therefore, to improve the crumbling of soil a wedge-shaped working element with a variable cutting angle is developed. The proposed form of ploughshares for plough-cultivators working elements with increasing cutting angles on each part activates additional forces inside the tilled soil layer. This ensures a greater interaction of soil and its better crumbling; the innovative working element with repeated variable cutting angles activates the internal potential of soil. As a result, it changes its inner structure, and its nutrients are better digestible by plants. The developed working element is 20-50 % more efficient than the series ones as it ensures better crumbling of soil. It is patented in the Russian Federation.

NSLS-II is now one of the brightest synchrotron light sources worldwide, in user operations since 2014. Currently, 20 light-generating insertion devices (IDs) are installed: 3 damping wigglers and 17 undulators of various types. These devices introduce significant distortions into the magnet lattice of the storage ring. For each ID, the distortions have been locally corrected using quadrupole magnets located nearby the ID. The insertion devices have also a significant impact on the electron beam emittance. Precise measurements of the emittance were carried out at the Coherent Hard X-ray beamline for three different lattices: without IDs, with 3 pairs of damping wigglers only, and with all IDs. A minimum horizontal emittance of 0.76 nm was achieved. The radiation energy loss and relative energy spread were also measured using a streak-camera. The measured data show good agreement with analytical formulas and numerical simulations.

This paper deals with a way of universalizing of ploughshare-moldboard surfaces (PMS) due to spatial rotation to work on different soil types and at various speeds. The paper presents a newly developed way to compare the topology of two ploughshare-moldboard surfaces (PMS) using the filter-function criterion and original methods to input data on the PMS topology and to approximate these data with polynomial dependencies for smoothing and providing the unimodality of the objective function of optimization when using the Hooke-Jeeves method. Thus, the optimal angles of rotation and movement to obtain the minimum deviation of the PMS for comparison and the basic one are found, with the practical results of using the method developed for PMS universalization being presented.

One of the important issues of the in-vacuum undulator design is the coupling impedance of the vacuum chamber, which includes tapered transitions with variable gap size. To get complete and reliable information on the impedance, analytical estimate, numerical simulations and beam-based measurements have been performed at Diamond Light Source, a forthcoming upgrade of which includes introducing additional insertion device (ID) straights. The impedance of an already existing ID vessel geometrically similar to the new one has been measured using the orbit bump method. The measurement results in comparison with analytical estimations and numerical simulations are discussed in this paper. © 2014 Published by the American Physical Society.

The National Synchrotron Light Source II at Brookhaven National Lab is a third-generation synchrotron radiation facility that has been commissioned in 2014. The facility is based on a 3 GeV electron storage ring, which will circulate 500 mA of beam current at 1 nm rad horizontal emittance. The storage ring is 792 meters in circumference and will accommodate more than 60 beamlines in the final built-out. The beamline sources range from insertion-devices located in straight sections, bending magnets or three-pole-wigglers configured in multiple branches. The NSLS-II storage ring commissioning was successfully completed in July 2014 and the facility delivered the first user light on October 23, 2014. Currently the storage ring reached 300 mA beam current and achieved 1 nm rad of horizontal emittance with 3 sets of Damping Wigglers. At this point six NSLS-II project beamlines are routinely taking photons with beam current at 150 mA. This paper reviews the NSLS-II accelerator design and commissioning experience.

The National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) is a state of the art 3 GeV third generation light source at Brookhaven National Laboratory. During spring/ summer of 2014, the storage ring was commissioned up to 50 mA without insertion devices. In the fall of 2014, we began commissioning of the project beamlines, which included seven insertion devices on six ID ports. Beamlines IXS, HXN, CSX-1, CSX-2, CHX, SRX, and XPD-1 consist of elliptically polarized undulator (EPU), damping wigglers (DW) and in-vacuum undulators (IVU) covering from VUV to hard x-ray range. In this paper, experience with commissioning and operation is discussed. We focus on reaching storage ring performance with IDs, including injection, design emittance, compensation of orbit distortions caused by ID residual field, source point stability, beam alignment and tools for control, monitoring and protection of the ring chambers from ID radiation.

We consider the longitudinal point-charge wakefield, w(s), for an axisymmetric collimator having inner radius b, outer radius d, inner length g, and taper length L. The taper angle {alpha} is defined by tan {alpha} = (d-b)/L. Using the electromagnetic simulation code ECHO, we explore the dependence of the wakefield on a collimator's geometric parameters over a wide range of profiles: from small-angle tapers to step-function transitions. The point-charge wakefield is determined using an approximation introduced by Podobedov and Stupakov. We have found it useful to exhibit the wakefield as a function of the scaled variable s/d{alpha}. For small taper angles, our results illustrate the satisfaction of the longitudinal scaling found by Stupakov, Bane, and Zagorodnov; and for larger taper angles, the breaking of this longitudinal scaling is clearly depicted. The use of the scaled variable s/d{alpha} turns out to be especially well suited to describing the wakefield for a collimator with step-function profile ({alpha} = {pi}/2).

We use the program ECHO to study numerically the loss factor of axisymmetric cavities and collimators with and without tapering. We consider a Gaussian driving bunch of length $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, and structures with inner radius $b$, outer radius $d$, cavity gap (or collimator inner length) $g$, and taper length $L$. In all cases we consider a short bunch with $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\ll}b$. For the untapered structures ($L=0$), in certain regimes, we describe our numerical results using the known expressions for a step transition and for the diffraction model. In addition, we identify new regimes where $gl\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and/or $d\ensuremath{-}bl\ensuremath{\sigma}$, for which the data must be described by new phenomenological expressions. For a tapered collimator with $d\ensuremath{-}bgb$, we present a phenomenological formula which accurately describes the dependence of the loss factor on the parameters $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, $b$, $d$, and $L$. This formula also holds for a tapered cavity with $gg{d}^{2}/\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and $d\ensuremath{-}bgb$.

A new high-brightness synchrotron light source (NSLS-II) is under design at BNL. The 3-GeV NSLS-II storage ring has a double-bend achromatic lattice with damping wigglers installed in zero-dispersion straights to reduce the emittance below 1 nm. In this paper, we present an overview of the impact of collective effects upon the performance of the storage ring. Subjects discussed include instability thresholds, Touschek lifetime and intra-beam scattering.

In this paper we discuss computation of the coupling impedance of the vacuum chambers for the NSLS-II storage ring using the electromagnetic simulator GdfidL [1]. The impedance of the vacuum chambers depends on the geometric dimensions of the cross-section and height of the slot in the chamber wall. Of particular concern is the complex geometry of the infrared extraction chambers to be installed in special large-gap dipole magnets. In this case, wakefields are generated due to tapered transitions and large vertical-aperture ports with mirrors near the electron beam.

This paper describes plans to upgrade insertion devices (IDs) at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS), Brookhaven National Laboratory, U.S.A. The aging wiggler (W120) at X25 is being replaced by a 1 m long in-vacuum mini-gap undulator (MGU-X25) optimized for a dedicated macromolecular crystallography program. A new, 1/3 m long, undulator (MGU or SCU-X9), will be installed between a pair of RF cavities at X9, and will serve a new beamline dedicated for small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). Both IDs will have provision for cryocooling the NdFeB hybrid arrays to 150K to raise the field and K-value and to obtain better spectral coverage. Design issues of the devices and other considerations, especially magnetic measurement at low temperature, will be discussed.

NSLS-II is a 3 GeV ultra-high brightness storage ring planned to succeed the present NSLS rings at BNL. Ultra-low emittance combined with short bunch length means that it is critical to minimize the effects of Touschek scattering and coherent instabilities. Improved lifetime and stability can be achieved by including a third-harmonic RF cavity in the baseline design. This paper describes the required harmonic RF parameters and the expected system performance.

We propose an approach to the optimization of segmented in-vacuum undulators, in which different segments along an undulator may have different gaps and periods. This enables close matching between the gaps and the vertical "envelope" of electron beam motion in a storage ring straight section (carefully satisfying the associated vertical "stay clear" constraint) and, at the same time, precise tuning of all the segments to the same fundamental photon energy. Placing together undulator segments with different periods may introduce small kicks to electron trajectories at the segment junctions, which can be easily compensated, without introducing any significant radiation phase error, by active correction magnets or by special design of terminating magnets in the segments. Thanks to this, the entire multi-segment structure can operate as one long undulator. On the other hand, since the vertical gaps in segments located close to straight section center can be smaller than at extremities, such structure can offer better magnetic performance, compared to the case of a standard undulator with constant gap (and period) over its length. We present magnetic field, radiation flux and brightness calculation results for such segmented adaptive-gap in-vacuum undulators if used in low-beta straight sections of NSLS-II, and demonstrate their gain in spectral performance, especially in hard X-ray range, over standard room-temperature and even cryo-cooled in- vacuum undulators.