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Abstract Torrefaction is a thermal pretreatment method to increase the energy density and to decrease the grinding energy of biomass. In this study, the torrefaction of two types of commercially available wood pellets was carried out in the temperature range of 230–290 °C for 30 min residence time. Torrefaction produces both the solid fuel known as torrefied pellets and the volatile stream known as torgas. The torgas was further separated into condensable liquids, known as tor-liquid and non-condensable gases. The products yield, its compositions and fuel properties at various torrefaction temperatures were also determined. The increase in temperature reduced the torrefied pellet yield from 89 to 52%, while increased the condensable liquid yield from 5 to 23% within the torrefaction study condition. The heating value (24 MJ kg−1) and the volumetric energy density (12.5 GJ m−3) of torrefied pellets at 270 °C were comparable to that of coal for biopower. The increase in torrefaction temperature improved the hydrophobicity (resistance to water uptake), but adversely reduced the pellet density, hardness, and durability of torrefied pellets causing high susceptibility to breakage and fine generation during handling, transport, and storage. Further research is required to improve the quality of torrefied pellets for safe handling and storage. The non-condensable fraction of torgas was mainly composed of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and traces of methane. The condensable liquid was rich in organic acids, ketones, furfural, and levoglucosan, which could be potentially transformed into high-value chemicals and other commercially viable products. Highlights • Torrefied pellet yield reduced from 89 to 52% between 230 and 290 °C. • Torrefied pellets produced at 270 °C had similar fuel properties as coal. • TAP pathway improved the hydrophobicity of wood pellets. • Pellet hardness and durability decreased with increased torrefaction temperature. • Tor-liquid was rich in organic acids, and levoglucosan and can be a co-product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Economic feasibility of portable systems to utilize forest residues was investigated. • Forest residues were processed into raw and torrefied briquettes and biochar. • Minimum selling price (MSP) of biochar was estimated to $1044/ODMT. • MSP of raw and torrefied-briquettes were $162 and $274/ODMT respectively. • MSPs could be reduced by at least 50% with improved portable systems. Abstract Wildfires are getting extreme and more frequent because of increased fuel loads in the forest and extended dry conditions. Prevention of wildfire by fuel treatment methods will generate forest residues in large volumes, which in addition to available logging residues, can be used to produce biofuels and bioproducts. In this study, the techno-economic assessment of three portable systems to produce woodchips briquettes (WCB), torrefied-woodchips briquettes (TWCB) and biochar from forest residues were evaluated using pilot-scale experimental data. A discounted cash flow rate of return method was used to estimate minimum selling prices (MSPs) for each product, to conduct sensitivity analyses, and to identify potential cost-reduction strategies. Using a before-finance-and-tax 16.5% nominal required return on investment, and a mean transport distance of 200 km, the estimated delivered MSPs per oven-dry metric ton (ODMT) of WCB, TWCB, and biochar were $162, $274, and $1044 respectively. The capital investment (16–30%), labor cost (23–28%), and feedstock cost (10–13%) without stumpage cost were the major factors influencing the MSP of solid biofuels and biochar. However, the MSPs of WCB, TWCB, and biochar could be reduced to $65, $145, and $470/ODMT respectively with technologically improved portable systems. In addition, the MSPs of solid biofuels and biochar could be further reduced by renewable energy and carbon credits, if the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction potentials are quantified and remunerated. In conclusion, portable systems could be economically feasible to use forest residues and make useful products at current market prices while simultaneously reducing potential wildfires and GHG emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mountain pine beetle (MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) has become a serious infestation problem in Western Canada. The infested lodgepole pine (Pinus concorta Douglas) becomes host to blue staining fungi and the infested trees die in 4-6 years. The dead trees gradually lose their suitability for dimension lumber and pulp chips due to excessive cracking and spoilage. Recovering the killed wood and processing it to pellets for bioenergy and other applications could partially avert the economic loss, and reduce overloading ofthe forest floor and potential for forest fires. In this study, heating value, density, and chemical composition ofpellets made from MPB-infested Pine wood were measured and compared with those measured for pellets made from uninfested pine. Chemical analysis showed minor decrease in lignin and sugar contents of pellets made from MPB wood. The mean density of pellets manufactured from MPB (about 975 kg m-3) was slightly higher than the density of pellets from uninfested wood (934 kg m-3).' This difference was not statistically significant (α=0.05) due to a large variation in the measured data. The high heating value (HHV) ofMBP at a mean 19.20 MJ kg-1 was not significantly different from 19.05 MJ kg-1 measured for pellets made from uninfested pine. Biologically cultured MPB pellets did not show any staining fungi growth. The overall conclusion is that MBP infested wood can be used to produce comparable pellets to noninfested wood pellets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]