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Bimetal composites have wide applications due to their excellent overall performance and relatively low cost. In this study, the formability of stainless/carbon steel bimetal medium-thick composite in the stamping process without blank holder was investigated by finite element (FE) simulations and experiments. Uniaxial tensile tests on substrate metal (carbon steel) and clad metal (stainless steel) were first conducted, respectively, in order to obtain the material properties of each metal layer required in the FE simulation. Processing variables, including the layer stacking sequence, relative thickness ratios of two layers and friction conditions, were considered, and their effects on the magnitude of press load and distributions of thickness strain for predicting the high-risk region of necking during stamping were discussed. Experimental tests were carried out to verify the simulation results. It is indicated that simulation results can be used as an evaluation indicator to ensure the bimetal medium-thick composite can be safely formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A developed analytical model of bending characteristics for bimetal composite was presented. • The movement behaviour of bonding interface relative to neutral and unelongated planes was studied. • Analytical, FE and experimental investigations were conducted on the bending behaviours of bimetal composite. Abstract Analytical, numerical and experimental investigations were conducted on the bending characteristics of duplex stainless steel (2205) and low carbon steel (AH36) bimetal composite in this study, with the aim of providing a reference for the bending and forming processing optimisation of laminated metal composite. An analytical model was developed to predict the deformation behaviour of each segment and particular planes, such as neutral plane, unelongated plane and bonding interface, across thickness section under the plane strain condition during the bending process. The movement track of segments presents that it is better for the bonding interface to avoid experiencing the reverse loaded zone (RLZ) in forming fabrications for less potential defects, and the neutral plane is discontinuous while coinciding with the bonding interface. The thickness change and bending moment of bimetal plate were calculated as a function of the increasing bending curvature by the proposed theoretical model under four conditions classified by different thickness ratios and relative positions of component steel layers. The predicted results show that the relative position affects the thickness change of bent composite plate, but the thickness ratio has a more significant effect on the magnitude of bending moment, as confirmed by finite element (FE) simulation and bending experiments. Graphical abstract Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hot deformation behaviour and interfacial microstructure evolution have a critical influence on the hot workability and mechanical properties of bimetal composite. This study investigated the flow performance and interfacial characteristics of 2205 duplex stainless steel/AH36 low carbon steel bimetal composite (2205/AH36 BC) at elevated temperatures, based on the hot tensile tests over the temperature range of 950–1250 °C and strain rate range of 0.01–1 s−1. The results indicate that the deformation behaviour of 2205/AH36 BC is similar to that of AH36 low carbon steel at high temperatures, and the softening mechanism of bimetal composite significantly depends on the imposed working temperatures and strain rates, which has been verified by the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) observation of microstructure evolution. Extra geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) were observed to accumulate in AH36 carbon steel layer adjacent to the interface after the hot working test at relatively low strain rates, resulting from the different thermal expansions and hot ductility between the 2205 stainless steel and AH36 carbon steel, and some existing defects on the interface from the previous hot rolling process. These observations can be employed as a reference to make the medium-thick bimetal composite be fabricated to the final products with hot working process in practice. • The deformation behaviours of 2205/AH36 bimetal composite are controlled by DRX at high temperatures or low strain rates. • The GND density of 2205 steel and AH36 steel layers reduces after the hot tensile test at the relatively low strain rates. • The interfacial GND density and nano hardness value of 2205/AH36 bimetal composite show a peak after hot tensile tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The unique hot flow behaviour of bimetal composite different from that of a single material was analysed. • A physically-based constitutive model considering DRV and DRX softening mechanisms for bimetal composite was established. • A mixture law of bimetal composite considering the strain and stress partitioning was developed. • Analytical, FE and experimental investigations were conducted on the flow behaviour of bimetal composite. The flow behaviour and strain partitioning of 2205 duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steel/AH36 low carbon steel bimetal composite (2205/AH36 BC) were investigated at elevated temperatures in this study. A physically-based constitutive model was established to describe the flow behaviour of bimetal composite based on the stress–strain relationships obtained from hot tensile tests, which were performed on a Gleeble 3500 thermal-mechanical test simulator over the temperature range of 950–1250 °C and strain rate range of 0.01–1 s−1. The stress and strain partitioning of bimetal composite was analysed to develop a mixture law of flow stress under those hot working conditions, due to the different strain contributions of each material on the total flow behaviour of bimetal composite. The developed constitutive model and the mixture law considering strain partitioning were both adopted to predict the stress–strain curves and used in finite element (FE) simulation model to calculate the peak loads of 2205/AH36 BC at 1000 °C. It is found that the softening mechanisms of 2205/AH36 BC changes depending on the externally imposed working temperatures and strain rates. The contribution of AH36 carbon steel layer on total stress is relatively more than that of 2205 stainless steel layer at high temperatures, as a result of the occurrence of stress partitioning. The proposed constitutive model, instead of the mixture law, is recommended to be used in the FE simulation of practical hot working of bimetal composite due to its high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]