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Simple Summary: The conditions and management practices imposed during mating can influence the success of a sheep production enterprise. However, the impact of mating practices across southern Australian sheep production systems are relatively unknown. Mating liveweight and body condition score data were collected at mating from four sheep breeds and during three seasons of mating across southern Australia. Further, the seasonal conditions during mating were ranked by the producers and ram percentage and region were also recorded. Bayesian Network analysis was used to explore the relationships between these variables and pregnancy and fetal number at scanning. The results of this survey study emphasize the interrelatedness of the explored mating conditions and practices and the importance of understanding their interactions for optimizing sheep reproduction and nutrition from mating. Sheep production in southern Australia may vary by breed, time of year, production output (wool, meat, or both), region and seasonal influence. Sheep producers with flocks of approximately 300–500 ewes (n = 58) were recruited across southern Australia to take part in a survey and mating variables were collected from over 30,000 ewes between October 2020 and August 2021. A Bayesian Network (BN) was developed to identify the interrelatedness and most influential variable on pregnancy and fetal number (of pregnant ewes) outcomes under different scenarios. The BN analysis indicated a low association between the variables explored, however, were breed dependent. In wool-based breeds a mating liveweight of 60–69.5 kg predicted the lowest non-pregnant and greatest number of fetuses, and in shedding ewes 70–79.5 kg predicted the lowest non-pregnant rate and 90–99.5 kg the greatest number of fetuses. Pregnancy rate and fetuses per ewe were optimized at ram percentages of 1.5% for Composite and Merino ewes and 2% for Maternal ewes. A mating BCS 4 resulted in greatest pregnancy rate and number of fetuses across all breeds. Curvilinear relationships between mating liveweight, BCS and ram percentage were observed with pregnancy rate and fetal number. Practically, reproductive potential is best managed on a breed basis and with consideration of all variables explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]