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Based on the ERA5 reanalysis dataset, we analyzed the changes in extreme climate indices on the MP from 1981 to 2020, and the relationship between the extreme climate indices and atmospheric circulation indices. The results showed that (1) for temperature, (a) in terms of hot events, the inter-annual variation trends of summer days, warm days, and warm nights have significantly increased across the entire MP, with the central region experiencing a higher probability of extreme hot events. The inter-decadal variation of extreme hot indices showed a considerable increase from the period of 1991 to 2000 to the period of 2001 to 2010. (b) In terms of cold events, a substantial decrease in extreme cold events was revealed, with a great decrease from the period of 1981 to 1990 to the period of 1991 to 2000. (2) For precipitation, there was a decrease in extreme wet indices from 1981 to 2020. The simple precipitation intensity index (SDII) and total precipitation in wet days (PRCPTOT) exhibited a significant descending trend in the northern and northeastern MP. Decadal variations showed a decrease in extreme precipitation events, with a significant decline observed between the period of 1991 to 2000 and the period of 2001 to 2010. (3) For the relationship between the extreme climate indices and atmospheric circulation indices, extreme temperature indices are likely influenced by polar vortices, with the Asian polar vortex area index (APVAI) negatively correlated with extreme hot indices and the Asian polar vortex intensity index (APVII) positively/negatively correlated with most extreme hot and cold indices. Asian zonal circulation index (AZCI) showed significant correlations with most extreme hot and cold indices. Extreme precipitation indices only showed significant negative correlations with the Atlantic Meridional mode (AMM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]