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1. Ambient seismic noise imaging of the lowermost mantle beneath the North Atlantic Ocean

Author: Pierre Boué, Lise Retailleau, Michel Campillo, Lei Li, Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (OVPF), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), Department of Geophysics [Stanford], Stanford EARTH, Stanford University-Stanford University, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and The data set was downloaded and processed using python and the seismological community scientific library obspy (Krischer et al. 2015). The figures were produced using Python and MATLAB and the Python module basemap was used to produce the map. The facilities of IRIS Data ervices, and specifically the IRIS Data Management Center, were used for access to waveforms, related metadata, and/or derived products used in this study. IRIS Data Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-abstract/222/2/1339/5827640 by CNRS user on 23 June 2020Services are funded through the Seismological Facilities for the Advancement of Geoscience (SAGE)Award of theNational Science Foundation under Cooperative Support Agreement EAR-1851048.The computation of the correlation functions presented in this paper was performed performed using the GRICAD infrastructure (https://gricad.univ-grenoble-alpes.f r), which is partly supported by the Equip@Meso project (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29–01) of the programme Investissements d’Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. This work has been supported by a grant from Labex OSUG@2020 (Investissements d’avenir—ANR10 LABX56) and Fondation Simone et Cino Del Duca, Institut de France (Prix scientifique 2013). We acknowledge the support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grantagreement No 742335, F-IMAGE). The research of LR was supported by Pacific Gas and Electric. We thank K. Schaukowitch and the Hume centre for writing and speaking at Stanford for useful comments that helped us to improve the manuscript. We thank the Editor, Michael Ritzwoller, St´ephanie Durand and two anonymousreviewers for their comments and suggestions which helped to improve the quality of this paper
Subjects: Composition and structure of the mantle, Seismic noise, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Frequency band, Body waves, Cosmic microwave background, body waves, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), Physics::Geophysics, Core-Mantle-Boundary, Geochemistry and Petrology, Time-series analysis, Core–mantle boundary, 14. Life underwater, Atlantic Ocean, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ambient noise correlations, Microseism, Reflectivity, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Seismology, Geology
Abstract: SUMMARY Body waves can be extracted from correlation functions computed from seismic records even at teleseismic distances. Here we use P and PcP waves from the secondary microseism frequency band that are propagating between Europe and the Eastern United States to image the core–mantle boundary (CMB) and D” structure beneath the North Atlantic. This study presents the first 3-D image of the lower mantle obtained from ocean-generated microseism data. Robustness of our results is evaluated by comparing images produced by propagation in both directions. Our observations reveal complex patterns of lateral and vertical variations of P-wave reflectivity with a particularly strong anomaly extending upward in the lower mantle up to 2600 km deep. We compare these results with synthetic data and associate this anomaly to a Vp velocity increase above the CMB. Our image aims at promoting the study of the lower mantle with microseism noise excitations.
Published: 2020

2. Production-based pollution versus deforestation: optimal policy with state-independent and-dependent environmental absorption efficiency restoration process

Author: Marc Leandri, Eugene Khmelnitsky, Fouad El Ouardighi, ESSEC Business School [Cergy-Pontoise], Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Centre d'études sur la mondialisation, les conflits, les territoires et les vulnérabilités (Cemotev), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Tel Aviv University, TAU, and The authors acknowledge helpful comments from one anonymous referee. This research was supported by ESSEC Business School (France) and Tel Aviv University (Israel). The first author dedicates this paper to the memory of Mohamed El Houari, a wonderful mentor and friend.
Subjects: Pollution, Natural resource economics, Process (engineering), media_common.quotation_subject, 0211 other engineering and technologies, General Decision Sciences, Social Welfare, 02 engineering and technology, Management Science and Operations Research, History dependence, Deforestation, 11. Sustainability, Restoration process, Production (economics), 10. No inequality, Environmental absorption efficiency, media_common, 021103 operations research, [INFO.INFO-RO]Computer Science [cs]/Operations Research [cs.RO], 15. Life on land, 13. Climate action, Sustainability, Environmental science, Optimal pollution, Absorption efficiency
Abstract: International audience; An important yet largely unexamined issue is how the interaction between deforestation and pollution affects economic and environmental sustainability.This article seeks to bridge the gap by introducing a dynamic model of pollution accumulation where polluting emissions can be mitigated and the absorption efficiency of pollution sinks can be restored. We assume that emissions are due to a production activity, and we include deforestation both as an additional source of emissions and as a cause of the exhaustion of environmental absorption efficiency. To account for the fact that the switching of natural sinks to a pollution source can be either possible, and in such a case even reversible, or impossible, we consider that restoration efforts can be either independent from or dependent on environmental absorption efficiency, i.e., state-independent versus state-dependent restoration efforts. We determine (i) whether production or deforestation is the most detrimental from environmental and social welfare perspectives, and (ii) how state-dependent restoration process affects pollution accumulation and deforestation policies and the related environmental and social welfare consequences.
Published: 2020

3. Recent ozone trends in the Chinese free troposphere: role of the local emission reductions and meteorology

Author: G. Dufour, D. Hauglustaine, Y. Zhang, M. Eremenko, Y. Cohen, A. Gaudel, G. Siour, M. Lachatre, A. Bense, B. Bessagnet, J. Cuesta, J. Ziemke, V. Thouret, B. Zheng, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), GD managed the study from its conception,the analysis of data, the preparation of the paper, and the fundingacquisition, ANR-15-CE04-0005,PolEASIA,Pollution en Asie de l'Est: vers une meilleure prévision de la qualité de l'air et une meilleure évaluation de son impact(2015), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Ozone Monitoring Instrument, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Physics, QC1-999, 010501 environmental sciences, Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Microwave Limb Sounder, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Chemistry, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Tropospheric ozone, Emission inventory, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, QD1-999, NOx, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Free tropospheric ozone (O3) trends in the Central East China (CEC) and export regions are investigated for 2008–2017 using the IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) O3 observations and the LMDZ-OR-INCA model simulations, including the most recent Chinese emission inventory. The observed and modelled trends in the CEC region are −0.07 ± 0.02 and −0.08 ± 0.02 DU yr−1, respectively, for the lower free troposphere (3–6 km column) and −0.05 ± 0.02 and −0.06 ± 0.02 DU yr−1, respectively, for the upper free troposphere (6–9 km column). The statistical p value is smaller to 0.01 for all the derived trends. A good agreement between the observations and the model is also observed in the region, including the Korean Peninsula and Japan and corresponding to the region of pollution export from China. Based on sensitivity studies conducted with the model, we evaluate, at 60 % and 52 %, the contribution of the Chinese anthropogenic emissions to the trend in the lower and upper free troposphere, respectively. The second main contribution to the trend is the meteorological variability (34 % and 50 %, respectively). These results suggest that the reduction in NOx anthropogenic emissions that has occurred since 2013 in China led to a decrease in ozone in the Chinese free troposphere, contrary to the increase in ozone at the surface. We designed some tests to compare the trends derived by the IASI observations and the model to independent measurements, such as the In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) or other satellite measurements (Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)/Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)). These comparisons do not confirm the O3 decrease and stress the difficulty in analysing short-term trends using multiple data sets with various sampling and the risk of overinterpreting the results.
Published: 2021

4. Correlating Indoor and Outdoor Temperature and Humidity in a Sample of Buildings in Tropical Climates

Author: Linsey C. Marr, Miguela A. Caniza, Hong Kai Lee, Alejandra Nava Ruiz, Yuguo Li, Julian Tang, Chun Kiat Lee, Carlos Francisco Santillan-Salas, Jean-Michel Heraud, Jin Pan, Evelyn Siew-Chuan Koay, Virginia Tech [Blacksburg], University of Leicester, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), National University of Singapore (NUS), Agency for science, technology and research [Singapore] (A*STAR), National University Health System [Singapore] (NUHS), The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hospital de Especialidades Pediátricas, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja, This research was supported by a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation as part of its Microbiology of the Built Environment program. The authors thank Kaisen Lin for helpful discussions, Julia Gohlke, Archit Manuja, and AJ Prussin II for handling sensors, and and the reviewers for their detailed feedback that helped strengthen this paper.
Subjects: Wet season, bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Environmental Engineering, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, bepress|Engineering, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, outdoor, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering, medicine, Temperate climate, Relative humidity, indoor, climate, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tropical Climate, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Environmental Engineering, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, humidity, Humidity, Tropics, temperature, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Building and Construction, Seasonality, medicine.disease, respiratory virus, engrXiv|Engineering, bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering, 13. Climate action, Air conditioning, Air Pollution, Indoor, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Respiratory virus, Environmental science, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Seasons, business
Abstract: Posté sur engrXiv le 13 juin 2021.; The incidence of several respiratory viral infections has been shown to be related to climate. Because humans spend most of their time indoors, measures of indoor climate, rather than outdoor climate, may be better predictors of disease incidence and transmission. Therefore, understanding the relationship between indoor and outdoor climate will help illuminate their influence on the seasonality of diseases caused by respiratory viruses. Indoor-outdoor relationships between temperature and humidity have been documented in temperate regions, but little information is available for tropical regions, where seasonal patterns of respiratory viral diseases differ. We have examined indoor-outdoor correlations of temperature, relative humidity (RH), and absolute humidity (AH) over a 1-year period in each of seven tropical cities. Across all cities, the average monthly indoor temperature was 25±3°C (mean ± standard deviation) with a range of 20–30°C. The average monthly indoor RH was 669% with a range of 50–78%, and the average monthly indoor AH was 153 g/m3 with a range of 10–23 g/m3. Indoor AH and RH were linearly correlated with outdoor AH when the air-conditioning (AC) was off, suggesting that outdoor AH may be a good proxy of indoor humidity in the absence of AC. All indoor measurements were more strongly correlated with outdoor measurements as distance from the equator increased. Such correlations were weaker during the wet season, especially when AC was in operation. These correlations will provide insight for assessing the seasonality of respiratory viral infections using outdoor climate data, which is more widely available than indoor data, even though transmission of these diseases mainly occurs indoors.
Published: 2021

5. Halving food-related greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved by redistributing meat consumption: progressive optimization Results of the NutriNet-Santé cohort

Author: Julia Baudry, Denis Lairon, Alison Dussiot, Philippe Pointereau, Brigitte Langevin, Benjamin Allès, Pauline Rebouillat, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Mathilde Touvier, Joséphine Brunin, Serge Hercberg, François Mariotti, Hélène Fouillet, Equipe 3: EREN- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (CRESS - U1153), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord-Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153)), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire (PNCA (UMR 0914)), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SOLAGRO, Solagro, Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), Centre recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition = Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition research (C2VN), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Association Solagro (Solagro), The NutriNet-Sante study is funded by FrenchMinistry of Health and Social Affairs, Sante Publique France, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, and Sorbonne Paris Nord University. The BioNutriNet project was supported by the French National Research Agency (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) in the context of the 2013 Programme de Recherche Systemes Alimentaires Durables (ANR-13-ALID-0001). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of data, preparation of the manuscript, and decision to submit the paper., ANR-13-ALID-0001,BioNutriNet,Consommation d'aliments issus de l'agriculture biologique: déterminants et motivation vis-à-vis de la durabilité, impact nutritionnel, économique, environnemental et toxicologique(2013), Kesse-guyot, Emmanuelle, and Systèmes Alimentaires Durables - Consommation d'aliments issus de l'agriculture biologique: déterminants et motivation vis-à-vis de la durabilité, impact nutritionnel, économique, environnemental et toxicologique - - BioNutriNet2013 - ANR-13-ALID-0001 - ALID - VALID
Subjects: Adult, Male, Meat, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Animal food, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Food Supply, Nutrition Policy, Greenhouse Gases, Nutrient, Animal science, Ruminant, Animals, Humans, Environmental Chemistry, Waste Management and Disposal, Aged, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Consumption (economics), [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, biology, business.industry, Intensive farming, greenhouse gas emissions, Middle Aged, biology.organism_classification, co-product tradeoffs, Pollution, Diet, [SDV.AEN] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, [SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, diet sustainability, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Cohort, Food processing, Environmental science, Female, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, optimization modelling, Energy Intake, business, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition
Abstract: Background Diet-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) mainly comes from animal-sourced foods. As progressive changes are more acceptable for a sustainable food transition, we aimed to identify nutritionally adequate and culturally acceptable optimized diets ensuring a gradual reduction in GHGe, using observed diet from a large sample of French adults, while considering the mode of food production (organic vs conventional farming) and the co-production link between milk and beef. Material and method Based on the consumption of 257 organic and conventional foods among 29,413 participants (75% women, age: 53.5 ± 14.0y) of the NutriNet-Sante study, we modelled optimal diets according to GHGe reduction scenarios in 5% steps, from 0 to 50% with nutritional, acceptability, and coproduct constraints, for men, premenopausal and menopausal women separately. Results Gradual GHGe decrease under these constraints led to optimal diets with an overall decrease in animal foods, with marked reductions in dairy products (up to −83%), together with a stable but largely redistributed meat consumption in favor of poultry (up to +182%) and pork (up to +46%) and at the expense of ruminant meat (down to −92%). Amounts of legumes increases dramatically (up to +238%). The greater the reduction in diet-related GHGe, the lower the cumulative energy demand (about −25%) and land use (about −43%). The proportion of organic food increased from ~30% in the observed diets to ~70% in the optimized diets. Conclusion Our results suggest that meeting both nutrient reference value and environmental objectives of up to 50% GHGe reduction requires the reduction of animal foods together with important substitutions between animal food groups, which result in drastic reductions in beef and dairy products. Further research is required to explore alignment with long-term health value and conflict with acceptability, in particular for even greater GHGe reductions.
Published: 2021

6. Different photocatalytic levels of organics in papermaking wastewater by flocculation-photocatalysis and SBR-photocatalysis: Degradation and GC–MS experiments, adsorption and photocatalysis simulations

Author: Xiaoquan Chen, Zhifeng Lin, Jiao Li, Hongxia Xi, Wenhao Shen, Jean-Pierre Corriou, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), South China University of Technology [Guangzhou] (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering [Guangzhou]
Subjects: Flocculation, General Chemical Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Industrial wastewater treatment, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adsorption, [CHIM.GENI]Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering, Glycerol monostearate, Environmental Chemistry, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Effluent, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Pollutant, Chemistry, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 6. Clean water, 0104 chemical sciences, Wastewater, Chemical engineering, 13. Climate action, Photocatalysis, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Refractory pollutants often exist in wastewater after photocatalysis. Here, experiments, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and density functional theory (DFT) simulations were used to explain the different levels of photocatalytic degradation of organics in papermaking wastewater associated with two photocatalytic processes with the goal of improving environmental sustainability. The photocatalytic experiments of flocculation and SBR effluents of papermaking wastewater were studied in a reactor with nano-TiO2 colloid, followed by GC–MS analysis, and the different degradation levels of organics were explained based on DFT adsorption and photocatalysis simulations. The experimental results show that the total COD removal rates were 65.8% and 90.8% for the flocculation-photocatalysis and SBR-photocatalysis processes, and the resin acids and fatty acids in wastewater were classified as easily degradable pollutants and esters as refractory pollutants. The adsorption and photocatalysis simulations show that compared with dehydroabietic acid and pentadecanoic acid, the adsorption of glycerol monostearate by nano-TiO2 colloid is difficult, the reaction pathways for photocatalysis are complex and the band gap of TiO2 photocatalyst after adsorption is wide. The experimental and simulation results indicate that the different degradation levels are attributed to the difficulty of the adsorption and photocatalytic reactions of glycerol monostearate compared with the reactions of the other two easily degradable pollutants. Thus, the different photocatalytic degradation levels of organic pollutants in the two photocatalytic processes of papermaking wastewater indicate that sustainable photocatalytic technology could be applied to different types of industrial wastewater.
Published: 2021

7. Les émissions de N2O peuvent-elles compenser les avantages du stockage du carbone organique dans le sol ?

Author: David S. Powlson, Frédéric Rees, Victoria Naipal, Jérôme Balesdent, Rémi Cardinael, Julien Fouché, Emanuele Lugato, Elisa Bruni, Stefan Frank, Philippe Ciais, Dominique Arrouays, Catherine Hénault, Benoit Gabrielle, Hanqin Tian, Thomas Nesme, Sylvain Pellerin, Hugo Valin, Bertrand Guenet, Jean-Pierre Caliman, Michael Obersteiner, Claire Chenu, Feng Zhou, Yang Su, Jean-François Soussana, Dominique Desbois, Songchao Chen, Daniel P. Rasse, Martial Bernoux, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), InfoSol (InfoSol), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Smart Research Institute [Indonésie] (SMARTRI), SMART agribusiness and food [Jakarta] (SMART), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), University of Zimbawe [Harare] (UZ), University of Zimbawe, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Economie Publique (ECO-PUB), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Rothamsted Research, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Auburn University (AU), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], This paper stemmed from a workshop 'Emerging challenges in large scale soil carbon sequestration' held in Paris on 8-10 October 2018. The workshop was financially supported by the French government under the ANR 'Investissements d'avenir' program with the reference CLAND ANR-16-CONV-0003. F.Z. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41671464), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Norsk institutt for bioøkonomi=Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41671464), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Atténuation de l'effet de serre, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Travail du sol, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, greenhouse gases emissions, Agroforesterie, Carbone dans le sol, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, agroforestry, Interactions biologiques, Environmental protection, Biochar, organic amendment, General Environmental Science, 2. Zero hunger, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, greenhouse gas emissions, land based mitigation, erosion, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Tillage, Gaz a effet de serre, séquestration du carbone, Cycle de l'azote, réduction des émissions, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, tillage, Culture de couverture, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Labour, Land management, Climate change, érosion, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, 010603 evolutionary biology, 12. Responsible consumption, Matière organique du sol, Fertilité du sol, Environmental Chemistry, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, biochar, Occupation des sols, émissions de gaz à effet de serre, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, cover crops agroforestry, Oxyde nitreux, Global warming, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, soil organic carbon, land-based mitigation, Amendement organique, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Soil water, Environmental science, cover crops, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Cycle du carbone
Abstract: This paper stemmed from a workshop 'Emerging challenges in large scale soil carbon sequestration' held in Paris on 8-10 October 2018; International audience; To respect the Paris agreement targeting a limitation of global warming below 2°C by 2100, and possibly below 1.5°C, drastic reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are mandatory but not sufficient. Large‐scale deployment of other climate mitigation strategies are also necessary. Among these, increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is an important lever because carbon in soils can be stored for long periods and land management options to achieve this already exist and have been widely tested. However, agricultural soils are also an important source of nitrous oxide (N$_2$O), a powerful greenhouse gas, and increasing SOC may influence N$_2$O emissions, likely causing an increase in many cases, thus tending to offset the climate change benefit from increased SOC storage. Here, we review the main agricultural management options for increasing SOC stocks. We evaluate the amount of SOC that can be stored as well as resulting changes in N$_2$O emissions to better estimate the climate benefits of these management options. Based on quantitative data obtained from published meta‐analyses and from our current level of understanding, we conclude that the climate mitigation induced by increased SOC storage is generally overestimated if associated N$_2$O emissions are not considered but, with the exception of reduced tillage, is never fully offset. Some options (e.g, biochar or non‐pyrogenic C amendment application) may even decrease N$_2$O emissions.; Pour respecter l'accord de Paris visant à limiter le réchauffement climatique à moins de 2°C d'ici 2100, et éventuellement à moins de 1,5°C, des réductions drastiques des émissions de gaz à effet de serre sont obligatoires mais pas suffisantes. Le déploiement à grande échelle d'autres stratégies d'atténuation du climat est également nécessaire. Parmi celles-ci, l'augmentation des stocks de carbone organique du sol (SOC) est un levier important car le carbone dans les sols peut être stocké pendant de longues périodes et les options de gestion des terres pour y parvenir existent déjà et ont été largement testées. Toutefois, les sols agricoles sont également une source importante d'oxyde nitreux (N$_2$O), un puissant gaz à effet de serre, et l'augmentation du SOC peut influer sur les émissions de N$_$O, provoquant probablement une augmentation dans de nombreux cas, tendant ainsi à compenser le bénéfice du changement climatique résultant du stockage accru du SOC. Nous passons ici en revue les principales options de gestion agricole pour l'augmentation des stocks de SOC. Nous évaluons la quantité de SOC qui peut être stockée ainsi que les changements qui en résultent dans les émissions de N$_2$O afin de mieux estimer les avantages climatiques de ces options de gestion. Sur la base des données quantitatives obtenues à partir de méta-analyses publiées et de notre niveau de compréhension actuel, nous concluons que l'atténuation du climat induite par un stockage accru du SOC est généralement surestimée si l'on ne tient pas compte des émissions de N$_2$O associées, mais, à l'exception du travail réduit du sol, n'est jamais totalement compensée. Certaines options (par exemple, le biochar ou l'application d'un amendement C non pyrogène) peuvent même réduire les émissions de N$_2$O.
Published: 2021

8. Pathways and pitfalls in extreme event attribution

Author: Roop Singh, Julie Arrighi, Karin van der Wiel, Andrew D. King, Sarah F. Kew, Robert Vautard, Fraser C. Lott, Friederike E. L. Otto, Sjoukje Philip, Geert Jan van Oldenborgh, Maarten van Aalst, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), University of Oxford, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth Sciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, University of Twente, Australian Research Council, ARC: DE180100638 European Commission, EC, This paper builds on results from the Copernicus COP 039 and C3S 62 contracts lead by KNMI, which focused on the development of a prototype for extreme events and attribution service within the context of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) implemented by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and funded by the European Union. The Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre authors were partly supported by the Partners for Resilience program. AK was funded by the Australian Research Council (DE180100638)., University of Oxford [Oxford], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Twente [Netherlands], Department of Earth Systems Analysis, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, and UT-I-ITC-4DEarth
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, Extreme weather, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Vulnerability, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, Extreme event attribution, 01 natural sciences, Hazard, Data science, Public interest, ITC-HYBRID, Detection and attribution, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Climate model, Attribution, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Event (probability theory)
Abstract: The last few years have seen an explosion of interest in extreme event attribution, the science of estimating the influence of human activities or other factors on the probability and other characteristics of an observed extreme weather or climate event. This is driven by public interest, but also has practical applications in decision-making after the event and for raising awareness of current and future climate change impacts. The World Weather Attribution (WWA) collaboration has over the last 5 years developed a methodology to answer these questions in a scientifically rigorous way in the immediate wake of the event when the information is most in demand. This methodology has been developed in the practice of investigating the role of climate change in two dozen extreme events world-wide. In this paper, we highlight the lessons learned through this experience. The methodology itself is documented in a more extensive companion paper. It covers all steps in the attribution process: the event choice and definition, collecting and assessing observations and estimating probability and trends from these, climate model evaluation, estimating modelled hazard trends and their significance, synthesis of the attribution of the hazard, assessment of trends in vulnerability and exposure, and communication. Here, we discuss how each of these steps entails choices that may affect the results, the common problems that can occur and how robust conclusions can (or cannot) be derived from the analysis. Some of these developments also apply to other attribution methodologies and indeed to other problems in climate science.
Published: 2021

9. A high-resolution downscaled CMIP5 projections dataset of essential surface climate variables over the globe coherent with theERA5 reanalysis for climate change impact assessments

Author: Thomas Noël, Mathieu Vrac, Guillaume Levavasseur, Dimitri Defrance, Harilaos Loukos, the Climate Data Factory, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Fondation de l'École Polytechnique, FX Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, The activities described in this paper were funded by the Copernicus Climate Change Service. ECMWF implements the Copernicus Climate Change Service and the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service on behalf of the European Commission. To process the data, this study benefited from the IPSL mesocenter ESPRI facility that is supported by CNRS , SU , and Ecole Polytechnique partly funded by IS-ENES3 project. We also thank the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace for assistance with the Synda software and the Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum for the Quality Assurance tool., The Climate Data Factory, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Science (General), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7, Climate change, Wind speed, Q1-390, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Downscaling, CMIP5, Impact modeling, Precipitation, Adaptation, Data Article, 030304 developmental biology, Projections, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Impact assessment, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Climatology, Environmental science, ERA5, Climate model, High-resolution, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Quantile
Abstract: International audience; A high-resolution climate projections dataset is obtained by statistically downscaling climate projections from the CMIP5 experiment using the ERA5 reanalysis from the Copernicus Climate Change Service. This global dataset has a spatial resolution of 0.25°x 0.25°, comprises 21 climate models and includes 5 surface daily variables at monthly resolution: air temperature (mean, minimum, and maximum), precipitation, and mean near-surface wind speed. Two greenhouse gas emissions scenarios are available: one with mitigation policy (RCP4.5) and one without mitigation (RCP8.5). The downscaling method is a Quantile Mapping method (QM) called the Cumulative Distribution Function transform (CDF-t) method that was first used for wind values and is now referenced in dozens of peer-reviewed publications. The data processing includes quality control of metadata according to the climate modeling community standards and value checking for outlier detection.
Published: 2021

10. A dedicated robust instrument for water vapor generation at low humidity for use with a laser water isotope analyzer in cold and dry polar regions

Author: C. Leroy-Dos Santos, M. Casado, F. Prié, O. Jossoud, E. Kerstel, M. Farradèche, S. Kassi, E. Fourré, A. Landais, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique [Saint Martin d’Hères] (LIPhy ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR Institut Polaire Français Paul Emile Victor, IPEV: 1110, 1205 Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation: 2487, Financial support. This research has been supported by the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation: 2487, Acknowledgements. The development presented in this paper was largely inspired by the initial PhD work of Janek Landsberg, which we gratefully acknowledge here. The research leading to these results has received funding from the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation 'ANTARCTIC-SNOW' program, the ANR 'EAIIST' project and the ADELISE 'CNRS-LEFE' program. The deployment of this instrument in the field was made possible by the logistic support from the 'NIVO2' and ADELISE 'IPEV' programs. We thank the two reviewers for their useful comments which greatly improved the article., ANR-16-CE01-0011,EAIIST,Projet International d'exploration de la calotte polaire de l'Antarctique de l'Est(2016), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, Spectrum analyzer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, δ18O, lcsh:TA715-787, 010401 analytical chemistry, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Humidity, Atmospheric sciences, Laser, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, lcsh:Environmental engineering, 13. Climate action, law, Environmental science, Polar, Precipitation, lcsh:TA170-171, Spectroscopy, Water vapor, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Obtaining precise continuous measurements of water vapor isotopic composition in dry places (polar or high-altitude regions) is an important challenge. The current limitation is the strong influence of humidity on the measured water isotopic composition by laser spectroscopy instruments for low humidity levels (below 3000 ppmv). This problem is addressed by determining the relationships between humidity and measured δ18O and δD of known water standards. Here, we present the development of a robust field instrument able to generate water vapor, down to 70 ppmv, at very stable humidity levels (average 1σ lower than 10 ppmv). This instrument, operated by a Raspberry interface, can be coupled to a commercial laser spectroscopy instrument. We checked the stability of the system as well as its accuracy when expressing the measured isotopic composition of water vapor on the VSMOW–SLAP (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water – Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation) scale. It proved to be highly stable during autonomous operation over more than 1 year at the East Antarctic Concordia and Dumont d'Urville stations.
Published: 2021

11. Projecting Exposure to Extreme Climate Impact Events Across Six Event Categories and Three Spatial Scales

Author: Yoshihide Wada, Fang Zhao, Yasushi Honda, Thomas Hickler, Jörg Steinkamp, Nikolay Khabarov, Tobias Stacke, Lila Warszawski, David N. Bresch, Tobias Geiger, Wim Thiery, Kazuya Nishina, Jonas Jägermeyr, Sebastian Ostberg, Hannes Müller Schmied, Manolis Grillakis, Iliusi Vega, Kerry Emanuel, Akihiko Ito, Philippe Ciais, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Stefan Lange, Naota Hanasaki, Jinfeng Chang, Jan Volkholz, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Christian Folberth, Matthias Büchner, Christopher P. O. Reyer, Minoru Yoshikawa, Sven Willner, Christoph Müller, Katja Frieler, Hong Yang, Jacob Schewe, Simon N. Gosling, Alexandra Henrot, Dieter Gerten, Marie Dury, Veronika Huber, Chao Yue, Wenfeng Liu, Ted Veldkamp, Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency, ERCA 821010 641816 SAW‐2016‐PIK‐1, 603864 Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF: 01LA1829A, 01LS1201A2, 01LS1711F Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, METI Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, ETH: Fel‐45 15‐1 Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, MINECO: PCIN‐2017‐046, We thank the editor and two anonymous reviewers for constructive feedback. We thank three other anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper submitted to a different journal. This research was supported in part by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant numbers 01LS1201A2, 01LS1711F, and 01LA1829A) and the EU FP7 HELIX project (grant number 603864). Some authors acknowledge support from the Leibniz Competition projects SAW‐2013‐PIK‐5 (EXPACT) and SAW‐2016‐PIK‐1 (ENGAGE). Some authors acknowledge funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement number 821010 (CASCADES). N. H., K. N., and Y. H. acknowledge support from the ERTD Funds 2RF‐1802 and S‐14 of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan. W. T. was supported by an ETH Zurich postdoctoral fellowship (Fel‐45 15‐1). V. H. was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO, grant number PCIN‐2017‐046). P. C. acknowledges support from the CLAND ANR Convergence Institute. S. L. acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement number 641816 (CRESCENDO). Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL., Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Water and Climate Risk
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, HYDROLOGICAL MODELS, Population, 0207 environmental engineering, FLOOD RISK, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, 02 engineering and technology, Subtropics, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, 01 natural sciences, Population density, Latitude, Climate-related extreme events, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), SDG 13 - Climate Action, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, BURNED AREA, GLOBAL CROP PRODUCTION, Geosciences, Multidisciplinary, 020701 environmental engineering, education, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Event (probability theory), education.field_of_study, Science & Technology, Land use, Global warming, VEGETATION MODEL ORCHIDEE, Geology, 15. Life on land, TERRESTRIAL CARBON BALANCE, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Physical Sciences, TROPICAL CYCLONE ACTIVITY, HURRICANE INTENSITY, Environmental science, Tropical cyclone, INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Environmental Sciences, INCORPORATING SPITFIRE
Abstract: Summarization: The extent and impact of climate‐related extreme events depend on the underlying meteorological, hydrological, or climatological drivers as well as on human factors such as land use or population density. Here we quantify the pure effect of historical and future climate change on the exposure of land and population to extreme climate impact events using an unprecedentedly large ensemble of harmonized climate impact simulations from the Inter‐Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project phase 2b. Our results indicate that global warming has already more than doubled both the global land area and the global population annually exposed to all six categories of extreme events considered: river floods, tropical cyclones, crop failure, wildfires, droughts, and heatwaves. Global warming of 2°C relative to preindustrial conditions is projected to lead to a more than fivefold increase in cross‐category aggregate exposure globally. Changes in exposure are unevenly distributed, with tropical and subtropical regions facing larger increases than higher latitudes. The largest increases in overall exposure are projected for the population of South Asia. Presented on: Earth's Future
Published: 2020

12. Study Protocol: A Cross-Sectional Examination of Socio-Demographic and Ecological Determinants of Nutrition and Disease Across Madagascar

Author: Christopher D. Golden, Benjamin L. Rice, Hervet J. Randriamady, Arisoa Miadana Vonona, Jean Frederick Randrianasolo, Ambinintsoa Nirina Tafangy, Mamy Yves Andrianantenaina, Nicholas J. Arisco, Gauthier N. Emile, Faustin Lainandrasana, Robuste Fenoarison Faraniaina Mahonjolaza, Hermann Paratoaly Raelson, Vololoniaina Ravo Rakotoarilalao, Anjaharinony Andry Ny Aina Rakotomalala, Alex Dominique Rasamison, Rebaliha Mahery, M. Luciano Tantely, Romain Girod, Akshaya Annapragada, Amy Wesolowski, Amy Winter, Daniel L. Hartl, James Hazen, C. Jessica E. Metcalf, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Madagascar Health and Environmental Research [Maroantsetra, Madagascar] (MAHERY), Princeton University, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Harvard University [Cambridge], Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Catholic Relief Services [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (CRS), Catholic Relief Services [Baltimore] (CRS), and We are grateful for the support from the United States Agency for International Development (Grant No. AID-FFP-A-14-00008) implemented by Catholic Relief Services (CRS) in consortium with four local implementing partners in Madagascar. The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily the views and opinions of the United States Agency for International Development. We also thank the Wellcome Trust Our Planet, Our Health program (grant 106866/Z/15/Z) for providing funding to CM for this research.
Subjects: Environmental change, infectious disease, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, malaria, Distribution (economics), planetary health, Disease, migration, MESH: Madagascar, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental health, MESH: Child, disease ecology, MESH: Family Characteristics, MESH: Ecosystem, 030212 general & internal medicine, Clinical Study Protocol, education, Disease burden, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, Food security, MESH: Humans, business.industry, seasonality, 030503 health policy & services, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, lcsh:RA1-1270, food security, 15. Life on land, MESH: Nutritional Status, MESH: Male, General Social Survey, Geography, 13. Climate action, micronutrient nutrition, Observational study, Public Health, 0305 other medical science, business, MESH: Female
Abstract: International audience; Madagascar has experienced significant environmental change since 1960, particularly through forest clearing for agricultural expansion. Climatic patterns are undergoing change in Madagascar as well, with increasing temperatures, droughts, and cyclonic activity. The impact of these environmental and climatic changes will pose threats to food availability, income generation, and local ecosystems, with significant potential effects on the spatial and temporal distribution of disease burden. This study seeks to describe the health status of a large sample of geographically and socially diverse Malagasy communities through multiple clinical measurements, detailed social surveys, and paired data on regional variation in local ecologies. With an increased understanding of the current patterns of variation in human health and nutrition, future studies will be better able to identify associations with climate and anticipate and mitigate the burdens expected from larger, longer-term changes. Our mixed-method approach included an observational cross-sectional study. Research subjects were men, women, and children from 1,125 households evenly distributed across 24 communities in four ecologically and socio-demographically distinct regions of Madagascar. For these 1,125 households, all persons of both sexes and all ages therein (for a total of 6,292 individuals) were recruited into the research study and a total of 5,882 individuals were enrolled. Through repeated social survey recalls and focus group meetings, we obtained social and demographic data, including broad categories of seasonal movements, and characterized the fluctuation of income generation, food production and dietary consumption. Through collection of clinical and biological samples for both point-of-care diagnoses and laboratory analyses, we obtained detailed occurrence (and importantly co-occurrence) data on micronutrient nutritional, infectious disease, and non-communicable disease status. Our research highlights the highly variable social, cultural, and environmental contexts of health conditions in Madagascar, and the tremendous inter-regional, inter-community, and intra-community variation in nutritional and disease status. More than 30% of the surveyed population was afflicted by anemia and 14% of the population had a current malaria infection. This type of rich metadata associated with a suite of biological samples and nutritional and disease outcome data should allow disentangling some of the underlying drivers of ill health across the changing landscapes of Madagascar.
Published: 2020

13. Assessment of Ba/Ca in Arctica islandica shells as a proxy for phytoplankton dynamics in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean

Author: Philippe Archambault, Laurent Chauvaud, Pierre Poitevin, Pascal Lazure, Julien Thébault, Justine Doré, Gwénaëlle Chaillou, André Poirier, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences de la MER de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Centre de recherche sur la dynamique du système Terre (GEOTOP), Université de Montréal (UdeM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Departement de Biologie [Québec], Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), This research is a contribution of LIA-BeBEST, an international collaboration between French (IUEM-UBO, LEMAR - Brest) and Canadian (ISMER-UQAR, Rimouski) academic institutions. We thank the LEMAR and the DFO for their help. We are sincerely grateful to Dr. Virginie Roy (MLI, Quebec-Canada) for her relevant advice and her kindness. In addition, we express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Simon B.elanger (UQAR) and Dr. Peter Galbraith (MLI) for their help to disentangle the information and Herl.e Goraguer (Ifremer delegate in SPM) for his commitment to the preparation and sending of a part of the samples. We show our appreciation to Laure Devine and Hannah Whitby for their useful comments. We also thank Eric Dabas for his technical assistance in the sclerochronology process. Finally, we would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions in a previous version of the manuscript. This research was supported by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (to G.C.) and the Canada Research Chair Program (to G.C.) as well as the Region Bretagne and the Cluster of Excellence LabexMER. This research was carried out as part of the Ph.D. thesis of Justine Dore for the University of Western Brittany. All the data used to produce the results of this paper may be obtained by contacting the corresponding author., ANR-10-LABX-0019,LabexMER,LabexMER Marine Excellence Research: a changing ocean(2010), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-Université de Montréal (UdeM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT)-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Chlorophyll, Chlorophyll a, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Global climate, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Proxy (climate), Cross-dating, chemistry.chemical_compound, Food chain, Northwestern Atlantic, Phytoplankton, A. islandica, 14. Life underwater, Master chronology, Arctica islandica, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, ACL, biology.organism_classification, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Ba/Ca, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Geology, Chronology
Abstract: International audience; Despite its major role as a global climate regulator, little is known about the recent evolution of the North Atlantic Ocean, especially prior to the fifties, principally because of the lack of long-term instrumental data. Moreover, the North Atlantic Ocean is undergoing rapid changes at the physical scale leading to modifications at the biological scale increasing interest to monitor the environment. The phytoplankton is the base of the ocean life and its perturbation can lead to further changes in the food chain. Recording its dynamics implies to observe both its spatial and temporal variations. This study brings forward the use of the Ba/Ca ratio from shells of the long-living bivalve Arctica islandica collected in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean near Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (SPM) as a recorder of the past and present phytoplankton dynamics. A high inter and intra-reproducibility and synchrony between Ba/Cashell profiles were demonstrated allowing the reconstruction of a 124 years annually-resolved Ba/Cashell master chronology (from 1893 to 2016). This master chronology was positively correlated to the surface chlorophyll a measured by satellite sensor at regional (around SPM) and global scales (Northwestern Atlantic).
Published: 2020

14. Climate change impact on future wildfire danger and activity in southern Europe: a review

Author: Javier Madrigal, Jean-Luc Dupuy, Carmen Hernando, Julien Ruffault, François Pimont, Nicolas Martin-StPaul, Hélène Fargeon, Paulo Fernandes, Mercedes Guijarro, Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centro de Investigacion Forestal (INIA-CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Universidade do Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-Ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro [Portugal] (UTAD), This paper has been prepared under the framework of the project MedWildFireLab (‘Global Change Impacts on Wildland Fire Behaviour and Uses in Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems, towards a «wall less» Mediterranean Wildland Fire Laboratory’) funded by ERANET FORESTERRA, and project UID/AGR/04033/2019 funded by the FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia)., European Project: 138533,FCT::,FORESTERRA/2014,FORESTERRA/0001/2014(2014), Spanish National Research Council [Madrid] (CSIC), and Portuguese Foundation for Science and TechnologyUID/AGR/04033/2019
Subjects: environmental_sciences, 0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Forest management, Climate change, Climate-fire relationship, FWI, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Forest fuels, Mediterranean forests, Burnt areas, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, 11. Sustainability, Ecosystem, Projections, Ecology, Global warming, Forestry, 15. Life on land, Arid, Disturbance (ecology), 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Environmental science, Physical geography, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Wildfire is the main disturbance in forested ecosystems of southern Europe and is due to complex interactions between climate-weather, fuels and people. Warmer and drier conditions projected in this region are expected to profoundly affect wildfires, which will impact ecosystems and humans. We review the scientific literature addressing the assessment of climate change impacts on wildfires in southern Europe, with a twofold objective: (i) report the trends in wildfire danger and activity projected under warming climate in southern Europe and (ii) discuss the limitations of wildfire projections under the specific biogeographical context of southern Europe.We identified 22 projection studies that examined future wildfire danger or wildfire activity at local, regional or continental scale. Under the scenario with the highest greenhouse gas emissions, we found that projections studies estimate an increase in future fire danger and burnt areas varying, on average, from 2 to 4 % and from 15 to 25 % per decade, respectively. Fire-prone area expansion to the north and to Mediterranean mountains is a concern, while climate-induced burnt area increase might be limited by fuel availability in the most arid areas. While all studies agreed on the direction of changes, further comparisons on the magnitude of increase remained challenging because of heterogeneous methodological choices between projections studies (climate models, projection period, spatial scale and fire metrics). We then described three main sources of uncertainty that may affect the reliability of wildfire projections: climate projections, climate-fire models, and the influences of fuel load/structure and human related factors on the climate-fire relationships. We finally suggest research directions to address some of these issues for the purpose of refining fire danger and fire activity projections in southern Europe.
Published: 2020

15. The Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2: Large-scale climate features and climate sensitivity

Author: A. M. Haywood, J. C. Tindall, H. J. Dowsett, A. M. Dolan, K. M. Foley, S. J. Hunter, D. J. Hill, W.-L. Chan, A. Abe-Ouchi, C. Stepanek, G. Lohmann, D. Chandan, W. R. Peltier, N. Tan, C. Contoux, G. Ramstein, X. Li, Z. Zhang, C. Guo, K. H. Nisancioglu, Q. Zhang, Q. Li, Y. Kamae, M. A. Chandler, L. E. Sohl, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, R. Feng, E. C. Brady, A. S. von der Heydt, M. L. J. Baatsen, D. J. Lunt, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 17189 University of Toronto, U of T Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2013-06476, 2017-04232 Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, EPSRC: EP/M008.363/1 University of Leeds Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, NSERC: A9627 Government of Ontario Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, MECD: 024.002.001 National Science Foundation, NSF: 1418411, 1852977 National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR Seventh Framework Programme, FP7 China Scholarship Council, CSC: 201804910023 China Postdoctoral Science Foundation: 2015M581154 Netherlands Earth System Science Centre, NESSC European Research Council, ERC: 278636 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKEN: 17H06104 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Monbusho: 17H06323 Canada Foundation for Innovation U.S. Geological Survey, USGS Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, EPSRC: EP/M008.363/1, Acknowledgements. We acknowledge the use of NOAA_ERSST_V5 data provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their website at https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/ (last access: 12 September 2019). Alan M. Haywood, Julia C. Tindall, Aisling M. Dolan, Stephen J. Hunter and Daniel J. Hill acknowledge the FP7 Ideas programme: European Research Council (grant no. PLIO-ESS, 278636), the Past Earth Network (EPSRC grant no. EP/M008.363/1) and the University of Leeds Advanced Research Computing service. Julia C. Tindall was also supported through the Centre for Environmental Modelling and Computation (CEMAC), University of Leeds. Harry J. Dowsett and Kevin M. Foley acknowledge support from the USGS Climate Research and Development Program. This research used samples and/or data provided by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther C. Brady and Ran Feng acknowledge that material for their participation is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (cooperative agreement no. 1852977 and NSF OPP grant no. 1418411). The CESM project is supported primarily by the National Science Foundation. Computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR. NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Ning Tan, Camille Contoux and Gilles Ramstein were granted access to the HPC resources of TGCC under the allocations 2016-A0030107732, 2017-R0040110492 and 2018-R0040110492 (gencmip6) and 2019-A0050102212 (gen2212) provided by GENCI. The IPSL-CM6 team of the IPSL Climate Modelling Centre (https://cmc.ipsl.fr, last access: 16 September 2020) is acknowledged for having developed, tested, evaluated and tuned the IPSL climate model, as well as per- formed and published the CMIP6 experiments. Christian Stepanek acknowledges funding from the Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM. Christian Stepanek and Gerrit Lohmann acknowledge funding via the Alfred Wegener Institute’s research programme Marine, Coastal and Polar Systems. Qiong Zhang acknowledge support from the Swedish Research Council (2013-06476 and 2017-04232). Simulations with EC-Earth were performed on resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the National Supercomputer Centre (NSC). Wing-Le Chan and Ayako Abe-Ouchi acknowledge funding from JSPS (KAKENHI grant no. 17H06104 and MEXT KAKENHI grant no. 17H06323). Their simulations with MIROC4m were performed on the Earth Simulator at JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan. The work by Anna S. von der Heydt and Michiel L. J. Baatsen was carried out under the program of the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (NESSC), financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW grant no. 024.002.001). Simulations with CCSM4-Utr were performed at the SURFsara Dutch national computing facilities and were sponsored by NWO-EW (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Exact Sciences) (project no. 17189). W. Richard Peltier and Deepak Chandan were supported by Canadian NSERC Discovery Grant A9627, and they wish to acknowledge the support of SciNet HPC Consortium for providing computing facilities. SciNet is funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation under the auspices of Compute Canada, the Government of Ontario, the Ontario Research Fund – Research Excellence, and the University of Toronto. Xiangyu Li acknowledges financial support from the China Scholarship Council (201804910023) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (project no. 2015M581154). The NorESM simulations benefitted from resources provided by UNINETT Sigma2 – the National Infrastructure for High Performance Computing and Data Storage in Norway. The authors would also like to thank Tim Herbert and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper., Financial support. This research has been supported by the Past Earth Network (EPSRC grant no. EP/M008.363/1)., Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Environmental protection, Stratigraphy, Climate change, Zonal and meridional, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Environmental pollution, Pliocene climate, lcsh:TD169-171.8, Precipitation, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Paleontology, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, lcsh:TD172-193.5, Polar amplification, Environmental science, Climate sensitivity, Climate model, Ice sheet
Abstract: The Pliocene epoch has great potential to improve our understanding of the long-term climatic and environmental consequences of an atmospheric CO2 concentration near ∼400 parts per million by volume. Here we present the large-scale features of Pliocene climate as simulated by a new ensemble of climate models of varying complexity and spatial resolution based on new reconstructions of boundary conditions (the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2; PlioMIP2). As a global annual average, modelled surface air temperatures increase by between 1.7 and 5.2 ∘C relative to the pre-industrial era with a multi-model mean value of 3.2 ∘C. Annual mean total precipitation rates increase by 7 % (range: 2 %–13 %). On average, surface air temperature (SAT) increases by 4.3 ∘C over land and 2.8 ∘C over the oceans. There is a clear pattern of polar amplification with warming polewards of 60∘ N and 60∘ S exceeding the global mean warming by a factor of 2.3. In the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, meridional temperature gradients are reduced, while tropical zonal gradients remain largely unchanged. There is a statistically significant relationship between a model's climate response associated with a doubling in CO2 (equilibrium climate sensitivity; ECS) and its simulated Pliocene surface temperature response. The mean ensemble Earth system response to a doubling of CO2 (including ice sheet feedbacks) is 67 % greater than ECS; this is larger than the increase of 47 % obtained from the PlioMIP1 ensemble. Proxy-derived estimates of Pliocene sea surface temperatures are used to assess model estimates of ECS and give an ECS range of 2.6–4.8 ∘C. This result is in general accord with the ECS range presented by previous Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Reports.
Published: 2020

16. Forest production efficiency increases with growth temperature

Author: Alessandro Cescatti, Alessio Collalti, Andreas Ibrom, Giorgio Matteucci, Marcos Fernández-Martínez, Ramdane Alkama, Daniel S. Goll, Julia Pongratz, Philippe Ciais, Anders Stockmarr, Vanessa Haverd, Stephen Sitch, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Iain Colin Prentice, Pierre Friedlingstein, Almut Arneth, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FOE-2019 College of Natural Resources, University of California Berkeley, CNR: DTA.AD003.474, We thank R.H. Waring, S. Vicca, M. Campioli, F. Pagani and E. Grieco for early constructive comments and thoughtful suggestions, S. Noce for the map of data points. We thank efforts from all site investigators and their funding agencies. This paper contributes to the AXA Chair Programme in Biosphere and Climate Impacts and the Imperial College initiative Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment. A.C. and G.M. are partially supported by resources available from the Ministry of University and Research (FOE-2019), under the project 'Climate Change' (CNR DTA.AD003.474), M.F.-M. is a postdoctoral fellow of the Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO), AXA Research Fund, and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, adaptation, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Nutrient, Forest production efficiency, ddc:550, SDG 13 - Climate Action, gpp, lcsh:Science, Plant ecology, chemistry.chemical_classification, forest productivity, Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, Biomass (ecology), Multidisciplinary, Climate-change ecology, Biogeography, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Engineering sciences. Technology, primary production, biomass production efficienty, Science, carbon use efficiency, chemistry.chemical_element, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Latitude, Organic matter, Ecosystem, Precipitation, Biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Computer. Automation, npp, Primary production, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, Earth sciences, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Forest ecology, Carbon, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Forest production efficiency (FPE) metric describes how efficiently the assimilated carbon is partitioned into plants organs (biomass production, BP) or—more generally—for the production of organic matter (net primary production, NPP). We present a global analysis of the relationship of FPE to stand-age and climate, based on a large compilation of data on gross primary production and either BP or NPP. FPE is important for both forest production and atmospheric carbon dioxide uptake. We find that FPE increases with absolute latitude, precipitation and (all else equal) with temperature. Earlier findings—FPE declining with age—are also supported by this analysis. However, the temperature effect is opposite to what would be expected based on the short-term physiological response of respiration rates to temperature, implying a top-down regulation of carbon loss, perhaps reflecting the higher carbon costs of nutrient acquisition in colder climates. Current ecosystem models do not reproduce this phenomenon. They consistently predict lower FPE in warmer climates, and are therefore likely to overestimate carbon losses in a warming climate., Many models assume a universal carbon use efficiency across forest biomes, in contrast to assumptions of other process-based models. Here the authors analyse forest production efficiency across a wide range of climates to show a positive relationship with annual temperature and precipitation, indicating that ecosystem models are overestimating forest carbon losses under warming.
Published: 2020

17. Organophosphate and brominated flame retardants in Australian indoor environments: Levels, sources, and preliminary assessment of human exposure

Author: Xianyu Wang, Andrew P.W. Banks, Phong K. Thai, Christie Gallen, Jochen F. Mueller, Chang He, Christine Baduel, Paul Bainton, Karin English, QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland Univ Technol, Int Lab Air Qual & Hlth, TRACES - Technologie et Recherche en Analyse Chimique pour l'Environnement et la Santé, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (ISA), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, This work was financially supported by the Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy and the University of Queensland (C02183). The authors would like to thank the owners of private houses and workers of offices who participated in this research. The authors also thank Dr. Daniel Drage for his experimental guidance, Dr. Michael Gallen and Dr. Laurence Hearn for their instrumental support, and the anonymous reviewers for their critical comments that helped to improve the quality of our paper. Mr. Chang He is supported by an International Postgraduate Research Scholarship granted by the Australian Government and a University of Queensland Centennial Scholarship granted by UQ. Prof. Jochen Mueller is funded by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FF120100546). Dr. Phong K. Thai is funded by a QUT VC Research Fellowship. Dr. Christine Baduel is funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR-16-ACHN-0026). Ms. Karin English is funded by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship., and ANR-16-ACHN-0026,ACHILE,Evaluation de l'exposition environnementale enfantine via des techniques analytiques ciblees et non ciblees.(2016)
Subjects: Adult, Adolescent, Halogenation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Indoor air, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 010501 environmental sciences, Toxicology, Body weight, 01 natural sciences, Young Adult, chemistry.chemical_compound, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Ingestion, Child, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Aged, Flame Retardants, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Inhalation, Organophosphate, Australia, Infant, Dust, Environmental Exposure, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Pollution, Organophosphates, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Human exposure, Air Pollution, Indoor, Child, Preschool, Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: Concentrations of nine organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in samples of indoor dust (n = 85) and air (n = 45) from Australian houses, offices, hotels, and transportation (buses, trains, and aircraft). All target compounds were detected in indoor dust and air samples. Median ∑9OPFRs concentrations were 40 μg/g in dust and 44 ng/m3 in indoor air, while median ∑8PBDEs concentrations were 2.1 μg/g and 0.049 ng/m3. Concentrations of FRs were higher in rooms that contained carpet, air conditioners, and various electronic items. Estimated daily intakes in adults are 14000 pg/kg body weight/day and 330 pg/kg body weight/day for ∑9OPFRs and ∑8PBDEs, respectively. Our results suggest that for the volatile FRs such as tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and TCIPP, inhalation is expected to be the more important intake pathway compared to dust ingestion and dermal contact.
Published: 2018

18. {3D} Morphable Face Models -- Past, Present and Future

Author: Sami Romdhani, Michael Zollhoefer, William A. P. Smith, Volker Blanz, Adam Kortylewski, Thabo Beeler, Thomas Vetter, Florian Bernard, Christian Theobalt, Bernhard Egger, Ayush Tewari, Timo Bolkart, Stefanie Wuhrer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of York [York, UK], Max Planck Institute for Informatics [Saarbrücken], Capture and Analysis of Shapes in Motion (MORPHEO), Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann (LJK), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Stanford University, Disney Research, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Idemia, Universität Siegen [Siegen], University of Basel (Unibas), This survey paper was initiated at the Dagstuhl Seminar 19102 on 3D Morphable Models [Egger et al. 2019] and contains ideas resulting from discussions at this seminar. This survey paper was partially funded by Early PostDoc Mobility Grant, Swiss National Science Foundation P2BSP2_178643, ERC Consolidator Grant 4DRepLy and the Max Planck Center for Visual Computing and Communications (MPC-VCC). We thank Barış Geçer for his help on the teaser figure, and Haiwen Feng for providing the FLAME texture space. We thank the anonymous reviewers whose comments have greatly improved this manuscript., Capture and Analysis of Shapes in Motion [2016-2019] (MORPHEO [2016-2019]), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann [2016-2019] (LJK [2016-2019]), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Stanford University [Stanford], and University of Siegen
Subjects: FOS: Computer and information sciences, Image formation, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer science, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV), Analysis-by-Synthesis, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 02 engineering and technology, Statistical Modelling, Machine Learning (cs.LG), Computer graphics, Computer Science - Graphics, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Computer Graphics, Generative Models, Graphics, [INFO.INFO-CV]Computer Science [cs]/Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition [cs.CV], 020207 software engineering, Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design, Data science, Graphics (cs.GR), [INFO.INFO-GR]Computer Science [cs]/Graphics [cs.GR], 3D Computer Vision, 13. Climate action, Face (geometry), 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing
Abstract: In this paper, we provide a detailed survey of 3D Morphable Face Models over the 20 years since they were first proposed. The challenges in building and applying these models, namely capture, modeling, image formation, and image analysis, are still active research topics, and we review the state-of-the-art in each of these areas. We also look ahead, identifying unsolved challenges, proposing directions for future research and highlighting the broad range of current and future applications., ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
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19. Pools, channel form, and sediment storage in wood-restored streams: potential effects on downstream reservoirs

Author: Jon Molinero, José Ramón Díez, Arturo Elosegi, Lorea Flores, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, University College of Teacher Training, University of the Basque Country (University of the Basque Country), Ecologie Comportementale et Biologie des Populations de Poissons (ECOBIOP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), Escuela de Gestion Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, and This paper was supported by the Project ‘Complextream: effects of channel complexity on stream communities and ecosystemfunctioning’, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project CGL2007- 65176/HID)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Drainage basin, STREAMS, 01 natural sciences, Riparian forest, Ecosystem, Organic matter, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Hydrology, chemistry.chemical_classification, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, stream, Sediment, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, Siltation, ecosystem service, Habitat, chemistry, 13. Climate action, reservoir siltation, channel accretion, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Geology, wood
Abstract: A complèter : pagination et WOS; International audience; Large wood (LW, or pieces of dead wood longer than 1 m and thicker than 10 cm in diameter) is a key element in forested streams, but its abundance has decreased worldwide as a result of snagging and clearing of riparian forests. Therefore, many restoration projects introduce LW into stream channels to enhance geomorphology, biotic communities, and ecosystem functioning. Because LW enhances the retention of organic matter and sediments, its restoration can reduce siltation in receiving reservoirs, although so far little information on this subject is available. We studied the effects of restoring the natural loading of LW in four streams in the Aiako Harria Natural Park (the Basque Country, Spain) in pool abundance, channel form, and storage of organic matter and sediments. In all reaches log jams induced the formation of new geomorphic features and changes in physical habitat, especially an increase in the number and size of pools and in the formation of gravel bars and organic deposits. The storage of organic matter increased 5- to 88-fold and streambed level rose 7 ± 4 to 21 ± 4 cm on average, resulting in the storage of 35.2 ± 19.7 to 711 ± 375 m3 (733–1400 m3 ha− 1 y− 1) of sediment per reach. Extrapolation of these results to the entire drainage basin suggests that basinwide restoration of LW loading would enhance the retention potential of stream channels by 66,817 ± 27,804 m3 (1075 m3 ha− 1 y− 1) of sediment and by 361 t (5.32 T ha− 1 y− 1) of organic matter, which represents 60% of the estimated annual inputs of sediments to the downstream Añarbe Reservoir and almost twice as much as the annual input of organic matter to the entire river network. Therefore, basinwide restoration of LW loading is a potentially important tool to manage catchments that feed reservoirs, where retention of sediments and organic matter can be considered important ecosystem services as they reduce reservoir siltation.
Published: 2017

20. The effects of catalysts on the conversion of organic matter and bio-fuel production in the microwave pyrolysis of sludge at different temperatures

Author: Xianghua Zhang, Xiaofei Huang, Rui Ma, Yang Zhou, Xuxin Zhao, Peixin Zhang, Shichang Sun, Lin Fang, Shenzhen Univerisity [Shenzhen], Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), This paper was supported by the China National Natural Science Foundation (50906058), the Natural Science Foundation of SZU (No. 827-000037), and the Shenzhen Science and Technology Planning Project (Grant Nos. JCYJ20150828113927076, JCYJ20130329113322731)., Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Materials science, Hot Temperature, 020209 energy, Bio-fuel, Catalytic microwave pyrolysis, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, Activation energy, 010501 environmental sciences, Fluid catalytic cracking, CaO catalyst, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Ferric Compounds, Sludge, Catalysis, [CHIM.GENI]Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Organic matter, Microwaves, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, chemistry.chemical_classification, Waste management, Sewage, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Temperature, General Medicine, [CHIM.CATA]Chemical Sciences/Catalysis, Cracking, chemistry, Chemical engineering, 13. Climate action, Biofuel, Yield (chemistry), Biofuels, Pyrolysis, Fe(2)O(3) catalyst
Abstract: International audience; Adding catalyst could improve the yields and qualities of bio-gas and bio-oil, and realize the oriented production. Results showed that the catalytic gas-production capacities of CaO were higher than those of Fe2O3, and the bio-gas yield at 800°C reached a maximum of 35.1%. Because the polar cracking active sites of CaO reduced the activation energy of the pyrolysis reaction and resulted in high catalytic cracking efficiencies. In addition, the quality of bio-oil produced by CaO was superior to that by Fe2O3, although the bio-oil yield of CaO was relatively weak. The light bio-fuel oriented catalytic pyrolysis could be realized when adding different catalysts. At 800°C, CaO was 45% higher than Fe2O3 in aspect of H2 production while Fe2O3 was 103% higher than CaO in aspect of CH4 production. Therefore, CaO was more suitable for H2 production and Fe2O3 was more suitable for CH4 production.
Published: 2017

21. Genome-scale rates of evolutionary change in bacteria

Author: Jane Hawkey, David J. Edwards, Simon Le Hello, Kathryn E. Holt, Mathieu Fourment, Edward C. Holmes, François-Xavier Weill, Sebastián Duchêne, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Centre for Systems Genomics, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre National de Référence - National Reference Center Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella (CNR-ESS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), This research was funded by the NHMRC (Australia Fellowship#AF30 to E. C. H., Career Development Fellowship #1061409 toK. E. H.). S. D. was supported by a McKenzie fellowship from the University of Melbourne.This paper was supported by the following grant(s):National Health and Medical Research Council 1061409.National Health and Medical Research Council GNT1037231., and Institut Pasteur [Paris]
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, 0106 biological sciences, Mechanisms of Evolution, Evolutionary change, Genome scale, Bacterial genome size, phylogeny, Genome, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Orders of magnitude (bit rate), Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, Phylogenetics, evolution, Molecular clock, Evolutionary dynamics, 030304 developmental biology, Whole genome sequencing, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, biology, Bacteria, Models, Genetic, molecular clock, Genetic Variation, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Biological Evolution, 030104 developmental biology, Ancient DNA, 13. Climate action, Evolutionary biology, time-dependency, Microbial Evolution and Epidemiology, Mutation, Human genome, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, substitution rates, Genome, Bacterial, Research Paper
Abstract: Estimating the rates at which bacterial genomes evolve is critical to understanding major evolutionary and ecological processes such as disease emergence, long-term host-pathogen associations, and short-term transmission patterns. The surge in bacterial genomic data sets provides a new opportunity to estimate these rates and reveal the factors that shape bacterial evolutionary dynamics. For many organisms estimates of evolutionary rate display an inverse association with the time-scale over which the data are sampled. However, this relationship remains unexplored in bacteria due to the difficulty in estimating genome-wide evolutionary rates, which are impacted by the extent of temporal structure in the data and the prevalence of recombination. We collected 36 whole genome sequence data sets from 16 species of bacterial pathogens to systematically estimate and compare their evolutionary rates and assess the extent of temporal structure in the absence of recombination. The majority (28/36) of data sets possessed sufficient clock-like structure to robustly estimate evolutionary rates. However, in some species reliable estimates were not possible even with “ancient DNA” data sampled over many centuries, suggesting that they evolve very slowly or that they display extensive rate variation among lineages. The robustly estimated evolutionary rates spanned several orders of magnitude, from 10−6 to 10−8 nucleotide substitutions site-1 year-1. This variation was largely attributable to sampling time, which was strongly negatively associated with estimated evolutionary rates, with this relationship best described by an exponential decay curve. To avoid potential estimation biases such time-dependency should be considered when inferring evolutionary time-scales in bacteria.
Published: 2016

22. Silicon isotopes reveal recycled altered oceanic crust in the mantle sources of Ocean Island Basalts

Author: Paul S. Savage, Matthew G. Jackson, Manuel Moreira, James M.D. Day, Emily A. Pringle, Frédéric Moynier, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [St Louis], Washington University in Saint Louis (WUSTL), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), University of St Andrews [Scotland], Department of Earth Sciences [Durham], Durham University, Department of Earth Science [Santa Barbara] (GEOL-UCSB), University of California [Santa Barbara] (UCSB), University of California-University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), We thank the three anonymous reviewers as well as the Associ-ate Editor Fangzhen Teng for their thorough reviews and com-ments, which have greatly improved this paper. EP thanks theChateaubriand STEM fellowship program for funding. FM thanksthe European Research Council under the European Community’sH2020 framework program/ERC grant agreement #637503 (Pris-Fig. 5. Plot of OIBd30Si as a function of the fraction of recycled component present in the melt derived from the mantle source. The dashedline and shaded box represent the average Si isotopic composition (±2 se) of the light-isotope enriched OIB measured in this study (Iceland,Mangaia, Cape Verde). The BSE reservoir is considered to have an elemental Si concentration [Si] = 0.21 andd30Si =0.29 (Savage et al.,2014). The recycled component is modeled with a nearly identical bulk [Si] = 0.23 but variabled30Si values. Here0.50,0.75, and1.00 areused as illustratived30Si values for the bulk recycled component, these values are consistent with altered oceanic crust (An et al., 2016)oramixture of altered oceanic crust with a few percent of sediments (d30Si values between2‰and4‰, see text for details). The Si isotopecompositions of the anomalous OIB localities are consistent with the incorporation of 10–30% recycled material in the plume source melt.292E.A. Pringle et al. / Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 189 (2016) 282–295tine) and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche for a chaired’Excellence Sorbonne Paris Cite ́(IDEX13C445) and for the Uni-vEarthS Labex program (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02). PS thanks the support of the Marie Curie FP7-IOF fellowship ‘‘Isovolc', ANR-11-IDEX-0005,USPC,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité(2011), European Project: 637503,H2020,ERC-2014-STG,PRISTINE(2015), European Project: 328772,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IOF,ISOVOLC(2013), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of California [Santa Barbara] (UC Santa Barbara), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of St Andrews. School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews. St Andrews Isotope Geochemistry, and University of St Andrews. Earth and Environmental Sciences
Subjects: Ocean Island Basalts, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, NDAS, Geochemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, Silicon isotopes, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), Cape verde, chemistry.chemical_compound, Isotope fractionation, Geochemistry and Petrology, Oceanic crust, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Recycling, 14. Life underwater, Mantle heterogeneity, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Basalt, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), GE, Stable isotope ratio, Silicate, Igneous rock, chemistry, 13. Climate action, BDC, Geology, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, GE Environmental Sciences
Abstract: The study of silicon (Si) isotopes in ocean island basalts (OIB) has the potential to discern between different models for the origins of geochemical heterogeneities in the mantle. Relatively large (several per mil per atomic mass unit) Si isotope fractionation occurs in low-temperature environments during biochemical and geochemical precipitation of dissolved Si, where the precipitate is preferentially enriched in the lighter isotopes relative to the dissolved Si. In contrast, only a limited range (tenths of a per mil) of Si isotope fractionation has been observed from high-temperature igneous processes. Therefore, Si isotopes may be useful as tracers for the presence of crustal material within OIB mantle source regions that experienced relatively low-temperature surface processes in a manner similar to other stable isotope systems, such as oxygen. Characterizing the isotopic composition of the mantle is also of central importance to the use of the Si isotope system as a basis for comparisons with other planetary bodies (e.g., Moon, Mars, asteroids). Here we present the first comprehensive suite of high-precision Si isotope data obtained by MC-ICP-MS for a diverse suite of OIB. Samples originate from ocean islands in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Ocean basins and include representative end-members for the EM-1, EM-2, and HIMU mantle components. On average, Si isotope compositions of OIB are in general agreement with previous estimates for the Si isotope composition of bulk silicate Earth. Nonetheless, some small systematic variations are present; specifically, most HIMU-type (Mangaia; Cape Verde; La Palma, Canary Islands) and Iceland OIB are enriched in the lighter isotopes of Si, consistent with recycled altered oceanic crust and lithospheric mantle in their mantle sources., Comment: 23 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables
Published: 2016

23. Historical summer distribution of the endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis): a hypothesis based on environmental preferences of a congeneric species

Author: Tim D. Smith, Maria Grazia Pennino, David M. Kaplan, Sophie Monsarrat, Ana S. L. Rodrigues, Randall R. Reeves, Christine N. Meynard, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM), UMR 212 EME 'écosystèmes marins exploités' (EME), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), World Whaling History, Okapi Wildlife Associates, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), College of William and Mary [Williamsburg] (WM), The MORSE project funded this project (Agence Nationale de la Recherche, CEP&S 2011 – Project ANR-11-CEPL-006). This paper benefited from discussions with members of the CESAB (Center for Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity) PELAGIC project, financed by the 'Fondation pour la diversité' (FRB) and the Fondation TOTAL., ANR-11-CEPL-0006,MORSE,Gestion de ressources marines sous des attendus changeants : amener la perspective historique dans la conservation de mammifères marins(2011), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: Range (biology), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Species distribution, Population, Endangered species, Distribution (economics), historical distribution, Latitude, Whaling, Boosted regression trees, 14. Life underwater, education, species distribution models, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, education.field_of_study, biology, Ecology, business.industry, whaling, right whale, biology.organism_classification, Geography, 13. Climate action, Right whale, business, Eubalaena
Abstract: International audience; Aim To obtain a plausible hypothesis for the historical distribution of North Atlantic right whales (NARWs) (Eubalaena glacialis) in their summer feeding grounds. Previously widespread in the North Atlantic, after centuries of hunting, these whales survive as a small population off eastern North America. Because their exploitation began before formal records started, information about their historical distribution is fragmentary. Location North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. Methods We linked historical records of North Pacific right whales (E.japonica; from 19th-century American whaling logbooks) with oceanographic data to generate a species distribution model. Assuming that the two species have similar environmental preferences, the model was projected into the North Atlantic to predict environmental suitability for NARWs. The reliability of these predictions was assessed by comparing the model results with historical and recent records in the North Atlantic. Results The model predicts suitable environmental conditions over a wide, mostly offshore band across the North Atlantic. Predictions are well supported by historical and recent records, but discrepancies in some areas indicate lower discriminative ability in coastal, shallow-depth areas, suggesting that this model mainly describes the summer offshore distribution of right whales. Main conclusions Our results suggest that the summer range of the NARW consisted of a relatively narrow band (width c.10 degrees in latitude), extending from the eastern coast of North America to northern Norway, over the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, south of Greenland and Iceland, north of the British Isles and in the Norwegian Sea. These results highlight possibilities for additional research both on the history of exploitation and on the current summer distribution of this species. In particular, better survey coverage of historical whaling grounds could help inform conservation efforts for this endangered species. More generally, this study illustrates the challenges and opportunities in using historical data to understand the original distribution of highly depleted species.
Published: 2015

24. Does Economic Growth Matter? Technology-Push, Demand-Pull and Endogenous Drivers of Innovation in the Renewable Energy Industry

Author: Masini Andrea, Basher Syed Abul, Aflaki Sam, Institut Européen d'administration des Affaires (INSEAD), Groupement de Recherche et d'Etudes en Gestion à HEC (GREGH), Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales (HEC Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), HEC Paris Research Paper Series, and Haldemann, Antoine
Subjects: Technology push, 020209 energy, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, Competition (economics), Nonstationary Panel, Kuznets curve, Deployment policy, JEL: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth/O.O3 - Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights/O.O3.O38 - Government Policy, JEL: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth/O.O3 - Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights/O.O3.O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes, 11. Sustainability, 0502 economics and business, Environmental Kuznets Curve, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Economics, media_common.cataloged_instance, Renewable Energy, 050207 economics, European union, Aggregate demand, media_common, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C2 - Single Equation Models • Single Variables/C.C2.C23 - Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models, Public economics, Technological change, 05 social sciences, International economics, Per capita income, Technological innovation, 13. Climate action, JEL: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth/O.O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity/O.O4.O44 - Environment and Growth, [SHS.GESTION]Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration, JEL: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth/O.O3 - Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights/O.O3.O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, [SHS.GESTION] Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration, Panel data
Abstract: This paper aims to contribute to the longstanding technology-push vs. demand-pull debate and to the literature on renewable energy policy assessment. We argue that in addition to the traditional push–pull dichotomy, the drivers of technological change must be differentiated by whether they are exogenous or endogenous to the economic system and must be assessed with respect to their contribution to both the creation and the diffusion of innovation. We apply this perspective to study innovation in the renewable energy (RE) industry in 15 European Union countries from 1990 to 2012. Using different panel data estimators, we find that public R&D investments, policies supporting RE and per capita income all have a positive effect on either innovation creation or diffusion, whereas the variability of policy support has a negative impact on diffusion. However, impacts are heterogeneous and differ depending on the innovation dimension considered. Most importantly, we find that economic growth is a stronger driver of RE diffusion than technology-push or exogenous demand-pull mechanisms, whereas it is relatively ineffective at stimulating innovation creation. The effect of economic growth on RE diffusion exhibits a nonlinear, U-shaped pattern that resonates with the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. RE penetration remains negligible at low levels of growth whereas it increases sharply only after income per capita has reached a given threshold. This effect has both a direct cause (with increased affluence demand for environmental quality rises) and an indirect cause (with increased affluence expensive RE policies become more affordable and get implemented more extensively). Our findings have implications for policy making. They suggest that for RE diffusion to increase, innovation policies should be carefully balanced. Government action should be directed not only at shielding renewables from competition with fossil fuel technologies, but also at stimulating aggregated demand and economic growth.
Published: 2015

25. Variability in fluence and spectrum of high-energy photon bursts produced by lightning leaders

Author: Wei Xu, Sebastien Celestin, Victor P. Pasko, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Communications and Space Sciences Laboratory [PennState] (CSSL), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, and Part of the simulation results presented in this paper has been obtained using the computer cluster at the Centre de Calcul Scientifique en région Centre (CCSC).
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Photon, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Gamma ray, Electron, Astrophysics, Photon energy, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Fluence, Lightning, Spectral line, Corona (optical phenomenon), Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; In this paper, we model the production and acceleration of thermal runaway electrons during negative corona flash stages of stepping lightning leaders and the corresponding terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) or negative cloud-to-ground (−CG) lightning-produced X-ray bursts in a unified fashion. We show how the source photon spectrum and fluence depend on the potential drop formed in the lightning leader tip region during corona flash and how the X-ray burst spectrum progressively converges toward typical TGF spectrum as the potential drop increases. Additionally, we show that the number of streamers produced in a negative corona flash, the source electron energy distribution function, the corresponding number of photons, and the photon energy distribution and transport through the atmosphere up to low-orbit satellite altitudes exhibit a very strong dependence on this potential drop. This leads to a threshold effect causing X-rays produced by leaders with potentials lower than those producing typical TGFs extremely unlikely to be detected by low-orbit satellites. Moreover, from the number of photons in X-ray bursts produced by −CGs estimated from ground observations, we show that the proportionality between the number of thermal runaway electrons and the square of the potential drop in the leader tip region during negative corona flash proposed earlier leads to typical photon fluences on the order of 1 ph/cm2 at an altitude of 500 km and a radial distance of 200 km for intracloud lightning discharges producing 300 MV potential drops, which is consistent with observations of TGF fluences and spectra from satellites.
Published: 2015

26. Influence of past and future climate changes on the distribution of three Southeast Asian murine rodents

Author: Serge Morand, Christine N. Meynard, Johan Michaux, Vincent Herbreteau, Alice Latinne, Surachit Waengsothorn, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Botanique, Université de Liège, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA), Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), This work was supported by a Belgian FRS-FNRS fellowship to A.L. (mandat ‘aspirant’) and to J.R.M. (mandat ‘Ma^ıtre de recherches’) and financial grants from the Belgian FRS-FNRS [‘credits pour brefs sejours a l’etranger’ to A.L. and J.R.M. and credits from the ‘Fonds de la Recherche Fondamentale Collective (FRFC)’ to J.R.M.], the University of Li ege and the Communaute franc aise de Belgique. A.L. was funded by a Marie Curie COFUND postdoctoral fellowship when writing this paper. This study is part of the ‘CERoPath project’, ANR Biodiversity ANR07 BDIV012, and the ‘BiodivHealthSEA project’, ANR CP&ES11 CPEL002, funded by the French National Agency for Research. Th, ANR-07-BDIV-0012,CEROPATH,Ecologie des communautés rongeurs - pathogènes en Asie du Sud-Est : effets des changements de biodiversité et implications pour l'écologie de la santé(2007), ANR-11-CEPL-0002,BiodivHealthSEA,Impacts et perceptions locales des changements globaux : santé, biodiversité et zoonoses en Asie du Sud-Est(2011), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université des Antilles (UA)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (Cirad-Bios-UPR 22 AGIRs), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), ANR-07-BDIV-0012,BDIV,Ecologie des communautés rongeurs - pathogènes en Asie du Sud-Est : effets des changements de biodiversité et implications pour l'écologie de la santé(2007), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 01 natural sciences, Species distribution modelling, Dynamique des populations, Climate change, Leopoldamys sabanus, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, biology, Last Glacial Maximum, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, Southeast Asia, Pleistocene, Geography, rodents, Interglacial, L20 - Écologie animale, Leopoldamys neilli, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Distribution géographique, Évaluation du risque, Froid, Southeast asian, 010603 evolutionary biology, Last Interglacial, Rodents, modelling, 03 medical and health sciences, Leopoldamys, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Changement climatique, L60 - Taxonomie et géographie animales, Modèle de simulation, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Environmental niche modelling, 13. Climate action, Écologie animale, species distribution, Rongeur, Murinae, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; Aim We tested the influence of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations and the potential effect of future climate change on Southeast Asian small mammal dis- tributions using two forest-dwelling (Leopoldamys herberti and Leopoldamys sabanus) and one karst (Leopoldamys neilli) endemic rodent species as models.Location Southeast Asia.Methods We used presence–absence data of genetically identified individuals, bioclimatic variables and species distribution modelling techniques to predict potential distributions of the three studied species under current, past [Last Interglacial (LIG) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)] and future conditions. We applied a variety of modelling techniques and then used consensus tech- niques to draw up robust maps of potential distribution ranges at all stages.Results According to our models, these three Leopoldamys species did not experience significant range contraction during the LGM. Our models revealed substantial range contraction during the LIG for L. herberti in northern Indo- china, while its distribution expanded in southern Indochina. Evidence of a southward range expansion during that period was also obtained for L. neilli, whereas L. sabanus remained widely distributed in insular Southeast Asia but experienced a range contraction on the Thai-Malay Peninsula. The two future climate change scenarios used predicted that large climatically suitable areas would still be available in the future for the three species.Main conclusions Our model predictions contradict the well-established hypothesis that Southeast Asian forest-dwelling species were confined to small refugia during the LGM. Moreover, our results suggest that some Southeast Asian taxa may have been distributed in their refugial state during the LIG rather than the LGM. This could be because of vegetation changes that may have occurred at that time as a result of the increased seasonality observed dur- ing the LIG. These Pleistocene refugia may have been localized in northern Indochina but our study also revealed that southern Indochina could provide major potential refugia.
Published: 2015

27. Vortex cycles at the inner edges of dead zones in protoplanetary disks

Author: S. Fromang, Heloise Meheut, Julien Faure, Henrik N. Latter, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), J.F., S.F., and H.M. acknowledge funding from the European Research Council underthe European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Grant agreement No. 258729. HL acknowledges support via STFC grant ST/G/002584/1. The simulations presented in this paper were granted access to the HPC resources of Cines under the allocation x2013042231 and x2014042231 made by GENCI (Grand Equipement National de Calcul Intensif)., European Project: 258729,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-StG_20091028,PETADISK(2011), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), and Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics / Centre for Mathematical Sciences (DAMTP/CMS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics, Protoplanetary disk, 01 natural sciences, Instability, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, 0103 physical sciences, planets and satellites: formation, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Computer simulation, Turbulence, protoplanetary disks, Rossby wave, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Laminar flow, Mechanics, Vortex, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: In protoplanetary disks, the inner boundary between the turbulent and laminar regions is a promising site for planet formation because solids may become trapped at the interface itself or in vortices generated by the Rossby wave instability. The disk thermodynamics and the turbulent dynamics at that location are entwined because of the importance of turbulent dissipation on thermal ionization and, conversely, of thermal ionisation on the turbulence. However, most previous work has neglected this dynamical coupling and have thus missed a key element of the physics in this region. In this paper, we aim to determine how the the interplay between ionization and turbulence impacts on the formation and evolution of vortices at the interface between the active and the dead zones. Using the Godunov code RAMSES, we have performed a 3D magnetohydrodynamic global numerical simulation of a cylindrical model of an MRI--turbulent protoplanetary disk, including thermodynamical effects as well as a temperature-dependant resistivity. The comparison with an analogous 2D viscous simulation has been extensively used to help identify the relevant physical processes and the disk's long-term evolution. We find that a vortex formed at the interface, due to Rossby wave instability, migrates inward and penetrates the active zone where it is destroyed by turbulent motions. Subsequently, a new vortex emerges a few tens of orbits later at the interface, and the new vortex migrates inward too. The sequence repeats itself, resulting in cycles of vortex formation, migration, and disruption. This behavior is successfully reproduced using two different codes. In this paper, we characterize this vortex life cycle and discuss its implications for planet formation at the dead/active interface. Our simulations highlight the importance of thermodynamical processes for the vortex evolution at the dead zone inner edge., Comment: 13 pages, 15 figures
Published: 2015

28. Comparison of the Effects of Two Herbicides and an Insecticide on Tropical Freshwater Plankton in Microcosms

Author: Philippe Cecchi, Laurence Amalric, Christophe Leboulanger, G. Sarazin, Agnès Bouchez, Marc Bouvy, Marc Pagano, Claire Carré, Ecosystèmes lagunaires : organisation biologique et fonctionnement (ECOLAG), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de géochimie des Eaux (LGE), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques et Ecosystèmes Limniques (CARRTEL), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Cyanobactéries des milieux aquatiques tropicaux peu profonds. Rôles et contrôles (CYROCO), This paper is a contribution to the ECOMET project, funded by the French Ministry of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development, and Sea (MEEDDM), grant no. CV070000783. The authors would like to thank the Forestry and Agriculture Office at Mamoudzou (DAF Mayotte) and SOGEA-Mayotte for their help with fieldwork. We are grateful to the staff of the Gite du Mont Combani for their support during our stay. Anonymous referees are acknowledged for improvement of an earlier version of the manuscript., and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: Paraquat, 0106 biological sciences, Insecticides, Food Chain, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Zooplankton, Fenitrothion, chemistry.chemical_compound, Phytoplankton, Animals, Biomass, Mozambique, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Herbicides, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, fungi, General Medicine, Bacterioplankton, Plankton, Pesticide, environmental monitoring/analysis, Pollution, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, 6. Clean water, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Diuron, Environmental chemistry, environmental sciences and ecology, Microcosm, natural plankton communities, tropical freshwater reservoir, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Environmental Monitoring, toxicology
Abstract: International audience; Natural plankton communities from a tropical freshwater reservoir (Combani Reservoir, Mayotte Island, Mozambique Channel) were exposed, in 20-l nutrient-enriched microcosms, to two nominal concentrations of three pesticides: the herbicides diuron (2.2 and 11 mu g/l) and paraquat (10 and 40.5 mu g/l) and the insecticide fenitrothion (10 and 100 mu g/l), commonly used in the tropics for agriculture and disease vector control. Bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, and zooplankton communities were monitored for 5 days after exposure, and the concentrations of toxicant and major nutrients were measured. Bacterioplankton growth was noticeable in all systems and was slightly affected by pesticide at any concentration. A transitory increase in thymidine-based bacterial production was observed in diuron- and fenitrothion-treated microcosms, followed by a marked decrease in all microcosms after 5 days. The functional diversity of bacterioplankton, evaluated using BIOLOG ECO (R) microplates, was reduced by exposure to the highest pesticide concentrations. Phytoplankton was affected by pesticides in different ways. Chlorophyll biomass and biovolumes were increased by diuron addition and decreased by paraquat, whereas fenitrothion-treated microcosms remained unaffected relative to controls. Phytoplankton taxonomic diversity was decreased by paraquat and high doses of fenitrothion but was unaffected by addition of diuron. The decrease in diversity was due to a reduction in the number of species, whereas the density of small cells increased, especially after addition of paraquat. Heterotrophic flagellates were sensitive to paraquat and to the highest diuron concentration; a reduction in biomass of up to 90% was observed for 40.5 mu g/l paraquat. Zooplankton, dominated by Thermocyclops decipiens and Diaphanosoma excisum, was slightly sensitive to diuron, and very sensitive to paraquat. High concentrations of the insecticide fenitrothion were effective only on young stages. The potential direct and indirect effects of pesticide contamination on such a simplified plankton food web, typical of newly constructed reservoirs, appear to differ significantly depending on the biological compartment considered. The overall sensitivity of tropical plankton is comparable to the sensitivity for temperate systems, and direct and indirect effects appeared rapidly, within 5 days of exposure.
Published: 2011

29. Future surface mass balance and surface melt in the Amundsen sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet

Author: Christoph Kittel, Charles Amory, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Mondher Chekki, Marion Donat-Magnin, Hubert Gallée, Cécile Agosta, Gerhard Krinner, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 869304 Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020 Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR: ANR-15-CE01-0005-01, Acknowledgements. The present work is a contribution to the TROIS-AS project, and is PROTECT contribution number 6. All the computations presented in this paper were performed using the GRICAD infrastructure (https://gricad.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr, last access: 20 January 2021), which is supported by Grenoble research communities., ANR-15-CE01-0005,TROIS-AS,Vers un système de modélisation régionale océan / calotte / atmosphère(2015), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: lcsh:GE1-350, Coupled model intercomparison project, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Firn, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Antarctic ice sheet, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Snow, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Ice shelf, lcsh:Geology, Glacier mass balance, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental science, Ice sheet, Sea level, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: We present projections of West Antarctic surface mass balance (SMB) and surface melt to 2080–2100 under the RCP8.5 scenario and based on a regional model at 10 km resolution. Our projections are built by adding a CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) multi-model-mean seasonal climate-change anomaly to the present-day model boundary conditions. Using an anomaly has the advantage to reduce CMIP5 model biases, and a perfect-model test reveals that our approach captures most characteristics of future changes despite a 16 %–17 % underestimation of projected SMB and melt rates. SMB over the grounded ice sheet in the sector between Getz and Abbot increases from 336 Gt yr−1 in 1989–2009 to 455 Gt yr−1 in 2080–2100, which would reduce the global sea level changing rate by 0.33 mm yr−1. Snowfall indeed increases by 7.4 % ∘C−1 to 8.9 % ∘C−1 of near-surface warming due to increasing saturation water vapour pressure in warmer conditions, reduced sea-ice concentrations, and more marine air intrusion. Ice-shelf surface melt rates increase by an order of magnitude in the 21st century mostly due to higher downward radiation from increased humidity and to reduced albedo in the presence of melting. There is a net production of surface liquid water over eastern ice shelves (Abbot, Cosgrove, and Pine Island) but not over western ice shelves (Thwaites, Crosson, Dotson, and Getz). This is explained by the evolution of the melt-to-snowfall ratio: below a threshold of 0.60 to 0.85 in our simulations, firn air is not entirely depleted by melt water, while entire depletion and net production of surface liquid water occur for higher ratios. This suggests that western ice shelves might remain unaffected by hydrofracturing for more than a century under RCP8.5, while eastern ice shelves have a high potential for hydrofracturing before the end of this century.
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30. Regional trends and drivers of the global methane budget

Author: Naveen Chandra, Akihiko Ito, Philippe Ciais, Peter A. Raymond, Jurek Müller, Ann R. Stavert, Joe R. Melton, Marielle Saunois, Phillipe Bousquet, Adrian Gustafson, Yosuke Niwa, Robert B. Jackson, Shushi Peng, Qianlai Zhuang, Hanqin Tian, Aki Tsuruta, George H. Allen, Benjamin Poulter, Joe McNorton, Bo Zheng, Yi Yin, Prabir K. Patra, Thomas Kleinen, Pierre Regnier, Peter Bergamaschi, Ronny Lauerwald, Shamil Maksyutov, Misa Ishizawa, Arjo Segers, William J. Riley, Josep G. Canadell, Zhen Zhang, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), This paper is the result of a collaborative international effort under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project, a Global Research Project of Future Earth and a research partner of the World Climate Research Programme. We acknowledge primary support for the methane budget from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through Grant GBMF5439 'Advancing Understanding of the Global Methane Cycle' to Stanford University (P.I. Rob Jackson, co- P.I.s Philippe Bousquet, Marielle Saunois, Josep Canadell, Gustaf Hugelius, and Ben Poulter). Josep Canadell acknowledges the support of the Australian National Environmental Science Program – Earth Systems and Climate Change. Prabir K Patra and Neveen Chandra acknowledge support from Environment Research and Technology Development Funds of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan (JPMEERF20182002, JPMEERF20172001). Jurek Müller thanks for support by the Swiss National Science Foundation (#200020_172476). Peter Bergamaschi acknowledges the support of ECMWF providing computing resources under the special project 'Improve European and global CH4 and N2O flux inversions (2018-2020)'. Pierre Regnier acknowledges the support from the VERIFY project under European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program grant agree-ment no. 776810. The TM5-CAMS inversions are available from https://atmos phere.copernicus.eu, Arjo Segers acknowledges the support from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, implemented by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts on be-half of the European Commission (grant no. CAMS73). William Riley acknowledges support by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research, Regional and Global Climate Modeling Program through the RUBISCO Scientific Focus Area under contract DE-AC02- 05CH11231 to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The authors gratefully acknowledge those re-sponsible for the global network of atmospheric observations used in this study including Donald R Blake and Isobel Simpson, University of California Irvine, USA, Gordon Brailsford, NIWA, Cyril Crevosier, LMD, France, New Zealand, Paul Krummel and Ray Langenfelds, CSIRO, Australia, Toshinobu Machida, Yasunori Tohjima and Yukio Yoshida, NIES, Japan, Ronald Prinn, MIT, USA, Simon O’Doherty, University of Bristol, UK, Michel Ramonet, LSCE-IPSL, France, Atsushi Takizawa, JMA, Japan, Ray Weiss, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, USA and Doug Worthy, Environment Canada, Canada. We would also like to thank Lena Höglund-Isaksson, IIASA, Austria, Greet Janssens- Maenhout EC-JRC, Italy and Steven Smith, PNNL-JGCR, USA for their assistance with the anthropogenic inventory data. The authors also acknowledge the significant contribution of Goulven G. Laruelle, Department Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium who, with P. Regnier, developed the re-gionally distributed estuarine flux data set., and European Project: 776810,H2020,H2020-SC5-2017-OneStageB,VERIFY(2018)
Subjects: China, Municipal solid waste, Livestock, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, methane emissions, Oceans and Seas, 010501 environmental sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Methane, 12. Responsible consumption, bottom-up, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Enteric fermentation, Environmental protection, source sectors, Environmental Chemistry, Animals, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, regional, Ecology, business.industry, Coal mining, Biological Sciences, Climate Action, natural emissions, Carbon project, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, top-down, Environmental science, anthropogenic emissions, business, Environmental Sciences
Abstract: The ongoing development of the Global Carbon Project (GCP) global methane (CH4 ) budget shows a continuation of increasing CH4 emissions and CH4 accumulation in the atmosphere during 2000-2017. Here, we decompose the global budget into 19 regions (18land and 1 oceanic) and five key source sectors to spatially attribute the observed global trends. A comparison of top-down (TD) (atmospheric and transport model-based) and bottom-up (BU) (inventory- and process model-based) CH4 emission estimates demonstrates robust temporal trends with CH4 emissions increasing in 16 of the 19 regions. Five regions-China, Southeast Asia, USA, South Asia, and Brazil-account for >40% of the global total emissions (their anthropogenic and natural sources together totaling >270Tg CH4 yr-1 in 2008-2017). Two of these regions, China and South Asia, emit predominantly anthropogenic emissions (>75%) and together emit more than 25% of global anthropogenic emissions. China and the Middle East show the largest increases in total emission rates over the 2000 to 2017 period with regional emissions increasing by >20%. In contrast, Europe and Korea and Japan show a steady decline in CH4 emission rates, with total emissions decreasing by ~10% between 2000 and 2017. Coal mining, waste (predominantly solid waste disposal) and livestock (especially enteric fermentation) are dominant drivers of observed emissions increases while declines appear driven by a combination of waste and fossil emission reductions. As such, together these sectors present the greatest risks of further increasing the atmospheric CH4 burden and the greatest opportunities for greenhouse gas abatement.
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30. Regional trends and drivers of the global methane budget

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