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This paper draws upon research with mothers of diverse Muslim backgrounds in London to explore how these women use 'conservative' interpretations of Islamic beliefs and practices to underpin their parenting strategies. In particular the paper looks at how mothers use religion as a frame to make sense of and give meaning to their experiences and encounters in Britain. We suggest that the women use Islam in four key ways: (i) as a framework for teaching their children right and wrong, (ii) as a means of protecting children from the 'moral' dangers of British society, (iii) as an authoritative voice that reinforces parenting and (iv) as a means of critiquing specific aspects of both the traditional and British culture in which they live and daily negotiate their different cultural and religious belonging. In attempting to instil religious values in their Londonbased children, these mothers have to negotiate the hostility that Islam increasingly provokes in British society's public arenas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses aspects of maximizing the use of public research in Great Britain. He states that the most significant policy moves in open access in 2012 came from Research Councils UK (RCUK) and the Wellcome Trust. He mentions that from April 2013, papers arising from RCUK funding must be made free to access.

Purpose – The main aims of this paper are to determine the extent to which experienced traders in investment banks based in London are learning by informal methods, which methods are to the fore, and whether HRD staff are providing support for informal learning. It also seeks to find evidence that such investment banks were attempting to become learning organisations. Design/methodology/approach – Empirical research was conducted involving in-depth semi-structured interviews with experienced traders, line managers of traders, and HRD professionals involved in the training of traders in London based investment banks. Findings – Most of the ongoing learning conducted by traders was informal, and on-the-job in nature. This informal learning was ad hoc, poorly recorded, and limited in scope. Support of line managers to learning by their subordinate traders was patchy, with little accountability. HRD professionals were almost entirely concerned with organising formal training courses, and had little knowledge of, or involvement with, informal learning by traders. There was very little evidence of investment banks striving to become learning organisations. Research limitations/implications – The research study was limited to those investment banks willing to take part in the study, and by the banks selecting those to be interviewed. Practical implications – Investment banks have become a powerful component of the UK economy, and the ways in which their traders learn, or could learn, effectively in terms of competence improvement is key to the performance of these banks. Originality/value – Informal learning by traders in investment banks in the UK has been little researched to date. This paper addresses this inadequacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In England, influenza and pertussis vaccination has been recommended for all pregnant women since 2010 and 2012 respectively. However, in some areas, vaccination uptake rates have been low. A qualitative study was conducted to gain a contextualised understanding of factors influencing vaccination acceptance during pregnancy in Hackney, a borough in north-east London, UK. This paper draws on in-depth insights gained from the above study, to provide recommendations for increasing long-term maternal vaccination acceptance.Methods: Hackney was chosen as the study site because it has one of the lowest vaccination coverage rates in pregnancy in the UK. A maximum variation sampling method was used to recruit 47 pregnant and recently pregnant women from a wide range of backgrounds, as well as ten healthcare professionals from three general practices; two community antenatal clinics; nine parent-toddler groups; and four community centres. In-depth interviews and a video-recording of a pregnant patient's consultation, explored experiences of care within the National Health Service during pregnancy, and women's views about maternal vaccination. In-depth interviews with healthcare professionals explored their views towards, and how they discuss and provide maternal vaccination. Study data were analysed both deductively, through drawing on insights from anthropological works that address diverse conceptualisations and practices around vaccination; and inductively, with a thematic analysis approach.Results: The findings of this study and the recommendations based on them were divided into five broad themes: access to maternal vaccination; healthcare institution rhetoric and its effect on maternal vaccination acceptance; community and family influences on maternal vaccination decisions; healthcare professionals' views towards maternal vaccination; and the influence of patient-healthcare professional relationships on maternal vaccination acceptance.Conclusions: The strategies to improve maternal vaccination acceptance recommended in this paper would engender a more open and democratised healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper about the importance of urban gardens to biodiversity is presented. It highlights that the garden space in London, England is not proportionate to the other cities in Great Britain. Noted are the benefits associated urban gardens which include providing habitat for wildlife and adapting to impacts of climate change. It cites several native plant and animal species supported by urban gardens such as black redstart, stag beetle and garden trees.

The article presents a research paper which describes a postcode lottery effect in relation to the national health services (NHS) Health Checks Programme in eight Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) in the North West sector of London, England. It mentions that postcode lotteries in health refer to differences in health care between different geographic areas. It reports that the program provides tools which are used to identify and measure risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Using a new source of evidence we explore the mobility of mid-nineteenth century seamen. Among seamen born outside London, the tall, the literate and those who could remember the exact day, month and year when they were born, characteristics that we suggest mark them out as men with more choices in life, were more likely to migrate to London. Contrary to what might be inferred from contemporary descriptions of urban disamenities or from persistent differentials in mortality, London appears as a desirable destination for those who could choose. The conclusion must be that London was not so bad, and we should adjust our perception of the problems of urbanisation accordingly, with implications for the wider debate on the standard of living during the industrial revolution. The paper’s methodological interest is the use of height as an explanatory variable in the analysis of migration. Although correlated with other variables that are routinely used in anthropometric studies to indicate life chances, such as literacy and the ability to know and recall date of birth, height has empirical advantages over these alternatives in that it exhibits higher levels of significance. Moreover while literacy and heaping are in essence binary variables, height is a (near) continuous one, and one that allows us to test for linear and non-linear responses, as we do with interesting results in this paper. Perhaps the most fruitful use of height in historical analyses may turn out to be as an explanatory variable; at the very least such a research strategy provides anthropometric historians with further opportunities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper was transcribed from a talk presented by David Kynaston at a seminar on Social Science Data Archives for Social Historians: creating, depositing and using qualitative data, organised jointly by the Economic and Social Data Service (ESDS) and the Institute of Historical Research (IHR), held at the Institute of Historical Research, University of London on 25 November 2003. This paper presents the author's experience of doing research for a social history of Britain between 1945 and 1979 using data and documentary evidence drawn from some of the classic sociology studies archived at ESDS Qualidata (University of Essex). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remnant of once-famous “London Stone” stands almost unnoticed today in Cannon Street, in the City of London. Speculation about its origin began as early as the sixteenth century. This paper considers in particular the identification of the Stone as London's talisman (a view embodied in an invented “ancient saying” that linked it to the city's legendary Trojan foundation), or as a prehistoric “fetish stone” set up when London was first settled. The mythologising of London Stone continues, and at the turn of the twenty-first century it is regarded by some as an essential element in London's indefinable “sacred geometry.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been claimed that high social capital contributes to both positive public health outcomes and to climate change adaptation. Strong social networks have been said to support individuals and collective initiatives of adaptation and enhance resilience. As a result, there is an expectation that social capital could reduce vulnerability to risks from the impacts of climate change in the health sector. This paper examines evidence on the role social networks play in individuals’ responses to heat wave risk in a case study in the UK. Based on interviews with independently living elderly people and their primary social contacts in London and Norwich, we suggest that strong bonding networks could potentially exacerbate rather than reduce the vulnerability of elderly people to the effects of heat waves. Most respondents interviewed did not feel that heat waves posed a significant risk to them personally, and most said that they would be able to cope with hot weather. Bonding networks could perpetuate rather than challenge these narratives and therefore contribute to vulnerability rather than ameliorating it. These results suggest a complex rather than uniformly positive relationship between social capital, health and adaptation to climate change. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on a research on Victorian and Edwardian time-distribution networks and the distribution of time in Greenwich, London, England. The study concentrates on the period between 1875 and 1915 and examines the construction of a standard time network. It discusses the role of railways and telegraph networks in the development of standardized time and time-distribution networks. It talks about the different contexts that existed from the Victorian period onwards in Great Britain. An overview of the use of time as a tool to control and standardize aspects of daily life is offered. The study centres on the work of Standard Time Co. (STC), which promoted an automated time-distribution network across London based on telegraphic communication.

The Cenotaph was one of a number of temporary structures erected on the route of the Peace Day Parade in London on 19 July 1919 to officially celebrate the end of World War I. Immediately after the unveiling ceremony, the base of the memorial was covered with flowers. For weeks after the parade there were queues of people waiting to place wreaths there. Pressure from the public to retain this memorial mounted. By the end of July the cabinet decided to recreate the structure in permanent materials and designate it Britain's official war memorial. This is a rare example of public acclaim for a design and of government acknowledging and responding to this expression of approval. The paper describes the history of the Cenotaph, charts the development of the design, and attempts to understand why it evokes such a positive public response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ethnic inequalities in health outcomes are often explained by socioeconomic status and concentrated poverty. However, ethnic disparities in psychotic experiences are not completely attenuated by these factors.Aims: We investigated whether disparities are better explained by interactions between individual risk factors and place-based clustering of disadvantage, termed a syndemic.Method: We performed a cross-sectional survey of 3750 UK men, aged 18-34 years, oversampling Black and minority ethnic (BME) men nationally, together with men residing in London Borough of Hackney. Participants completed questionnaires covering psychiatric symptoms, substance misuse, crime and violence, and risky sexual health behaviours. We included five psychotic experiences and a categorical measure of psychosis based on the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire.Results: At national level, more Black men reported psychotic experiences but disparities disappeared following statistical adjustment for social position. However, large disparities for psychotic experiences in Hackney were not attenuated by adjustment for social factors in Black men (adjusted odds ratio, 3.24; 95% CI 2.14-4.91; P < 0.002), but were for South Asian men. A syndemic model of joint effects, adducing a four-component latent variable (psychotic experiences and anxiety, substance dependence, high-risk sexual behaviour and violence and criminality) showed synergy between components and explained persistent disparities in psychotic experiences. A further interaction confirmed area-level effects (Black ethnicity × Hackney residence, 0.834; P < 0.001).Conclusions: Syndemic effects result in higher rates of non-affective psychosis among BME persons in certain inner-urban settings. Further research should investigate how syndemics raise levels of psychotic experiences and related health conditions in Black men in specific places with multiple deprivations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws on quantitative and descriptive data from Robert Campbell's manual for prospective apprentices, The London tradesman (1747), to demonstrate the responsiveness of apprenticeship premiums in mid-eighteenth-century London to market forces of supply and demand. It first shows that Campbell's data on mid-eighteenth-century journeymen wages, apprenticeship premiums, and masters' set-up costs in London are consistent with other sources. It then applies instrumental variable regressions to estimate the elasticity of apprenticeship premiums with respect to journeymen wages and set-up costs, using Campbell's education and ability requirements by trade to instrument for wages. We find an elasticity of one with respect to wages, and of 0.25 with respect to set-up costs, both statistically significant at a p-value less than 0.1%. We interpret these findings as supporting the thesis that apprenticeship played an important role in adapting the English workforce to the skill requirements of the industrial revolution in its early stages, insofar as the institution of apprenticeship in London was representative of other parts of England. Furthermore, by demonstrating the internal and external consistency of Campbell's observations, our findings should encourage their use as an unparalleled source of detailed, trade-specific wage data from the early years of the industrial revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses newspaper advertisements to chart the changes in speeds and fares of stage coaches, identifying the main periods of increasing speeds among London coaches as the 1760s-80s and 1810s-20s, separated by a period when speeds declined. It then measures productivity growth. Fares of London coaches in 1835-6 were about 27 per cent of what they would have been but for improvements in horses, vehicles, and roads from 1750, and the two main periods of productivity growth correspond to those of rising speeds. Speeds and productivity of regional coaches increased more smoothly. The rising productivity firmly identifies road transport as one of the modernizing sectors of the economy. New figures are put forward for the growing number of London and regional coaches, indicating rapid growth in passenger miles. While turnpike trusts had little impact before the 1750s, their increasing effectiveness, together with the use of steel springs and improved horses, was crucial to the rising productivity of the 1760s-80s, and even more so to that of the 1810s-20s. The cross roads were apparently poorer than London roads in the late eighteenth century, but thereafter the gap narrowed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant riots occurred in London in August 2011. The riots took place in highly localised geographical areas, with crime going up hugely in the affected sub-wards. The criminal justice response was to make sentencing for rioters much more severe. We show a significant drop in riot crimes across London in the six months after the riots, consistent with a deterrence effect from the tougher sentencing. More evidence of general deterrence comes from the observation that crime also fell in the post-riot aftermath in areas where rioting did not take place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses public events and ceremonies, including exhibitions and ceremonies involving British royalty, in London, England from the 18th century through the early 21st century. An overview of coronations held in London, including the coronation of British King George IV in 1830 and King Edward VII in 1902, is provided. An overview of London's architecture, including of Buckingham Palace, is also provided.

the article states that four of London's hospitals and the University College London have united to form Europe's largest Academic Health Science Centre (AHSC). The partnership is known as UCL Partners and will employ thousands of scientists, medical consultants and senior researchers. Quotes from Chad Whitehead, the London partner of Ernst and Young, are presented.

Exploiting hitherto unexamined London port book data, this article shows that during the last quarter of the seventeenth century the coastal metropolitan corn import trade was twice the size that historians relying on the work of Gras have assumed it to have been. More significantly, it demonstrates that Gras's failure to examine the capital's grain trade other than in terms of aggregate corn imports has disguised the nature and extent of its contribution to the development of the London economy. By the 1680s, the coastal trade comprised two distinct strands of roughly equal size: one providing food and drink for the London population, the other fuelling the overland trade of the capital. It is argued that the former was unnecessary for the provision of the city other than in barren years, but that the latter may have been indispensable for the development of the overland transport infrastructure of the metropolitan region at the height of the late seventeenth-century commercial revolution. Thanks largely to the agency of southern English mariners commanding large coasters, London's demand for fodder crops after the mid-1670s drew most of the coast stretching from Berwick to Whitehaven into the orbit of the metropolitan corn market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smallpox was probably the single most lethal disease in eighteenth-century Britain, but was a minor cause of death by the mid-nineteenth century. Although vaccination was crucial to the decline of smallpox, especially in urban areas, from the beginning of the nineteenth century, it remains disputed the extent to which smallpox mortality declined before vaccination. Analysis of age-specific changes in smallpox burials within the large west London parish of St Martin-in-the-Fields revealed a precipitous reduction in adult smallpox risk from the 1770s, and this pattern was duplicated in the east London parish of St Dunstan's. Most adult smallpox victims were rural migrants, and such a drop in their susceptibility is consistent with a sudden increase in exposure to smallpox in rural areas. We investigated whether this was due to the spread of inoculation, or an increase in smallpox transmission, using changes in the age patterns of child smallpox burials. Smallpox mortality rose among infants, and smallpox burials became concentrated at the youngest ages, suggesting a sudden increase in infectiousness of the smallpox virus. Such a change intensified the process of smallpox endemicization in the English population, but also made cities substantially safer for young adult migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a reponse to Davenport, Schwarz, and Boulton's article, 'The decline of adult smallpox in eighteenth-century London'. It introduces new data on the parish of St Mary Whitechapel which casts doubt on the pattern of the age incidence of smallpox found by Davenport et al. However, it is concluded that there was a decline in adult smallpox in London, accompanied by a concentration of the disease among children under the age of five. Davenport et al.'s argument that the shift in the age incidence was due to the endemicization of smallpox in England is challenged, with an alternative view that these age changes can be accounted for by the practice of inoculation, both in the hinterland southern parishes of England and in London itself. A detailed discussion is carried out on the history of inoculation in London for the period 1760-1812. It is suggested that inoculation became increasingly popular in this period, rivalling in popularity the practice of vaccination. This was associated with a class conflict between the medical supporters of Jenner and the general population, with many of the latter being practitioners of the old inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most studies of early modern north-western Europe, England is regarded as the successor of the Netherlands in terms of economic leadership. Whereas related topics like institutional and technological change or changes in trade and capital flows have been incorporated into the research on the comparison of these two rival states, labour migration is usually omitted. This article aims to fill this lacuna by focusing on labour migration to the two core regions of the Netherlands and England: the Randstad and London. Two main research questions are raised in this article. First of all, in what way did the two cores and their hinterlands differ with regard to their demographic, economic, and spatial structures, and how did this contribute to different trends in labour migration over time? Secondly, what was the effect of the configuration of the demand and supply factors of London and the Randstad for their economies and for those who lived in them? By trying to answer these two questions this article aims not only to shed light on a hitherto largely unexplored topic in the comparative geographic, economic, and demographic history of the two countries, but also to contribute to the understanding of migration as a factor in the promotion of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a discussion of the allocation of merchants' capital in early Tudor London among household furnishings, business inventories, debts, orphans' estates, landed property, and other forms of income. Previously, historians had to rely on either goods or income summary assessments in the enrolled subsidy returns to estimate wealth. These newly discovered valuations for 1535 provide quantitative evidence for the enormous importance of credit in trade, and show that merchants, as soon as they could, invested much of their wealth in property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers an examination of the patterns and motivations behind parish apprenticeship in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century London. It stresses continuity in outlook from parish officials binding children, which involved placements in both the traditional and industrializing sectors of the economy. Evidence on the ages, employment types, and locations of 3,285 pauper apprentices bound from different parts of London between 1767 and 1833 indicates a variety of local patterns. The analysis reveals a pattern of youthful age at binding, a range of employment experiences, and parish-specific links to particular trades and manufactures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial bazaars were a short-lived retail innovation of the first half of the nineteenth century, mainly in London. Rather like fairs had done earlier, they offered a wide range of clothing, household and fancy goods and entertainment. Like fairs they were about both shopping and leisure. But, unlike fairs, they were a controlled environment, permanent and fashionable. The norm was for counters to be let out daily, but some bazaars were essentially large shops. Traders in bazaars were often female, and at least some used bazaars as secondary outlets. Shop retailers complained about the unfair competition offered by bazaars, but many bazaars struggled commercially. Nevertheless they can be seen as precursors of department stores and covered market halls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of research on Bills of Mortality which were compiled in London, England during the 18th-century. It was found that these records are generally accurate, when considered in aggregate over several years, but particular subsets of the data are likely to contain significant errors. This is due to the Bills of Mortality being registers of burials, not deaths, and their omission of non-Anglicans. Persons who died in one parish but were buried in another are also a source of confusion. It is noted that sudden changes in local burial totals are more likely to reflect changes in burial patterns, rather than mortality trends.

The Settlement of Tithes of 1638 can be tested for biases in its London rents. Even so, it proves to be a relatively good source for seventeenth-century London, and for calculating associated median and mean rents, as well as a Gini coefficient of inequality for the distribution of resources. Through other evidence in the Settlement, rent/income ratios for London can be approximated, and from them estimates made of London's median income. Median rents and income also allow estimates of the percentage of Londoners in poverty. Though the last is inevitably disputable, the estimate holds up well to testing by other evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the series of eight paintings done between 1715 and 1721 by English artist James Thornhill to decorate the dome of St. Paul's Cathedral in London, England. The mural paintings depict eight images taken from from New Testament account of the life of Saint Paul the Apostle taken form the Acts of the Apostles. The author considers the cultural milieu in which the painting was created, focusing on the work as part of the English history painting genre, the political aspects of the Church of England during the period, and the history of the erection of St. Paul's Cathedral, designed by Christopher Wren.

The London-based NGO Anti-Slavery was founded in 1839. For almost all its history, it remained a small group, working primarily through informal links to British parliamentarians. Pressure from the group made a significant though indirect impact on the 1 926 League of Nations Slavery Convention and the 1956 United Nations Supplementary Convention. Anti-Slavery's focus has shifted from chattel slavery to contemporary forms of slavery, which remain poorly defined in international law. This article examines both the evolution of Anti-Slavery and the League's and United Nations failure to establish an effective monitoring group, which Anti-Slavery has consistently pressed for, albeit unsuccessfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During Tawney's century, Kent was London's principal coastwise supplier of grain. This trade was concentrated in the ports of Milton, Faversham, and Sandwich, and largely controlled by merchant-oligarchs living in them, who played a pivotal role in fostering the development of market integration and regional agrarian specialization. In periods of shortage, urban merchants prioritized their own commercial interest, and the subsistence needs of their own resident poor, at the expense of the county's rural poor, and in opposition to policies advocated by their guardians on the county bench. The regional politics of dearth need to be analysed at least as much in terms of vertical as of horizontal fissures in the social structure, and against the background of the politics of plenty, for over-dependence on the London market provoked protest from producers following good harvests and hardened their attitudes to the poor when the situation was reversed. Some forms of popular protest usually assumed to embody plebeian critiques of the failures of local justices should in fact be read primarily as expressions of the unity that often bound governors and their client-poor in opposition to the rival subsistence claims of other little commonwealths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Choose and Book is a central part of the UK Government patient choice agenda that seeks to provide patients with a choice over the time, date and place of their first outpatient appointment. This is done through the use of a computerised booking system. After a 2004 pilot study, Choose and Book was formally launched in January 2006. This is the first study of patient experience of Choose and Book since then.Methods: A questionnaire survey of reported experience of choice over the time, data and place of appointment, carried out in a National Health Service hospital in London. 104 patients at their first outpatient appointment completed the questionnaire, consisting of a consecutive series of patients referred through Choose and Book and a sample referred through the conventional booking system.Results: Among the Choose and Book patients, 66% (31/47; 95% CI 52 to 78%) reported not being given a choice of appointment date, 66% (31/47; 95% CI 52 to 78%) reported not being given a choice of appointment time, 86% (37/43; 95% CI 74 to 94%) reported being given a choice of fewer than four hospitals in total and 32% (15/47; 95% CI 20 to 46%) reported not being given any choice of hospital.Conclusion: In this study, patients did not experience the degree of choice that Choose and Book was designed to deliver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents and ethnographic analysis of Pakistani women in London, England. The focus of the study is how migration to a Western, liberal and democratic country has facilitated participation in public life for these women, and how traditional attitudes regarding women's roles have factored in the evolution of their professional and social practices. Details of the interviewees lives in Pakistan before moving to London are offered, and the influence of British feminist movements in London's Pakistani community is considered.

The article presents information about a judgment on Muslim divorce before the Immigration Appeal Tribunal in London, England. The Appellant, a citizen of Pakistan, appeals against the determination of an Adjudicator, Mr. T.R. Jones, dismissing his appeal against the decision of the Respondent on July 17, 2000 refusing him entry clearance to Great Britain with a view to settlement as the husband of Nighat Parveen Batti, the Sponsor. The Appellant claims that he is entitled to entry clearance because he is the husband of the sponsor. The Appellant has not previously married anybody other than the sponsor.

This article explores the relationship between architecture and imperial idealism in late Victorian Britain. It traces the development of the Imperial Institute in the South Kensington section of London from conception to completion, considering the proposals that surrounded the scheme in relation to the sociopolitical context within which it emerged. Sources such as letters, guidebooks, newspapers, journal articles, official publications, and government documents are drawn upon; from them an interpretation of the building is offered that moves beyond issues concerning style and patronage to broader cultural implications. The institute evolved as a consequence of the changing circumstances then affecting British foreign and imperial affairs, and commonly held beliefs relating to empire were reflected in the building's architecture. Analysis of the leading ideas that shaped the scheme formally and spatially reveals that the edifice was intended to stand literally as an emblem of the apparent strength and unity of the British empire. The importance of the institute as an architectural idea, therefore, lies not only in its attempt to give symbolic form to a concept of empire that was at the heart of late Victorian concerns, but also in the way it sought to mark and distinguish London as the center and capital of that empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies middle-class income and spending patterns in Great Britain during the industrial revolution. Problems of income distribution and living standards; Nominal and real earnings of clerks employed in the London, England service of the East India Co. between 1760 and 1850; Index of living costs for middle-income earners.

Focuses on stage dancing in the 1700s which was a part of the entertainments offered on the stages of the London theaters, while highlighting the impact of the Licensing Act of 1737. Effect of the Licensing Act of 1737 on London's theatrical life; Achievements which dance had accomplish; Reference to entertainments of dancing created by John Weaver; Concern of the development of stage dancing, in style, technique and subject matter to dancing-masters.

The article focuses on the role of the London Stock Exchange in the British securities market from 1850 to 1914. This was not only at the level of the issues of governments or vast corporations but also throughout the range of securities available. Though located in London offices, a number of London Stock Exchange brokers and jobbers maintained constant and immediate communication with contacts on other exchanges, and acted in concert with them to ensure the existence of a continuous market in a growing volume and variety of stocks and shares. By the early twentieth century the securities market had become complex and sophisticated, offering an opening at the most appropriate place and level to all transferable securities, and providing a facility by which these securities could become known to the entire investing public when their size and nature warranted it. However, in the few years before World War I the functioning of this market was being circumscribed because the majority of members of the London Stock Exchange had lost the direct benefits they obtained from external contacts, and had failed to perceive the indirect benefits brought by an open market.

The article cites a study about the fire insurance policy registers accumulated by the Sun Fire Office in Great Britain in 1780. The present study, the first of its kind to endeavor to make use of the policy registers as a whole, examined the policies issued by the Sun in 1780. In that year the Sun was by far the largest insurance company in Great Britain, covering sums perhaps twice as large as the Royal Exchange Assurance. In 1796, with the Phoenix as another rival in the field, the Sun estimated its share as 38 percent of the market in London, England, and 60 percent of the provincial market, except in those few areas where local companies were active. For the purpose of the study, the latter was insignificant. Few of them were founded before 1780 and during the succeeding two decades they accounted for only about four percent of national policies. In 1780 the Sun issued about 15,000 new policies. Routine renewal policies were about seven times as numerous as new policies, but the available evidence suggests that the latter provide an acceptable sample of the whole.

This article discusses various developments related to the field of accounting. In Great Britain, the Association of University Teachers of Accounting held its 1950 conference at Manchester University in September. The secretary of the Association is David Solomons of the London School of Economics. In the George Washington University, Ralph Dale Kennedy, currently head of the department of business administration, has been named head of the newly created department of accounting. In Catholic University of America, District of Columbia, Richard J. Bannon has been appointed instructor in accounting. In University of Alabama, Alabama, Richard Brewer is on leave for the current year teaching at the University of Hawaii. Lee Glover from Hawaii is teaching here on an exchange basis. At University of San Francisco, California, A. D. McNeil, director of CPA training, addressed the California Society of CPA's on the impact of accounting on government and business, at their annual meeting in San Francisco in June.

Sweating is not peculiar to one country nor, indeed, to one continent. In many countries, the problem has engaged the earnest attention of the government during the last few years with none of the accumulated problems of centuries of neglect, has been forced to take drastic steps to deal with the evil. It is, in fact, a product of the evolution of modern industry, and the same causes which have operated in Great Britain have given it birth or preserved its existence in other countries. Hence, though caution is always necessary in attempting to apply the experience of one country to the circumstances of another, the problem is so alike in its essentials in all parts of the world that an account of the measures taken to solve it in Great Britain may be of service elsewhere. It is typical of the change which has been effected in public knowledge that during the last half century the definition of the somewhat opprobrious term "sweating" has been widened and modified. Originally it was applied to the system of subcontracting in the clothing trade, in which undoubtedly in early days the middleman made his profit by forcing his employees to work under revolting conditions in unsanitary workshops for the lowest of wages. But later experience has shown that low wages and the other evils were not confined to the tailoring industry nor to a system of subdivided manufacture.

The article focuses on the National Industrial Relations Court in Great Britain that came into existence on December 1, 1971, with Commencement Order No. 3 under the Industrial Relations Act of that year. The Court began its life with a backlog of work in the form of 48 appeals from industrial tribunals concerning the Redundancy Payments Act-appeals which were then still waiting for a hearing in the High Court in London, England or in the Court of Session in Edinburgh, Scotland. It proceeded to dispose of the bulk of these with sittings in the new Industrial Court premises in London and Edinburgh. It also began to hear redundancy appeals lodged directly from December 1 onwards, so that it was with the Redundancy Payments Act rather than the Industrial Relations Act that the Court was primarily concerned in this period. Of the 34 new cases received in the 3 months December to February, no fewer than 31 were redundancy appeals. So far as the image of the court presented to the public was concerned, it must have seemed as if the policy of "non-co-operation" with the act was working.

Background: English Stop Smoking Services primarily deliver behavioural interventions to support abrupt quit attempts. Recent evidence suggests an alternative approach could be offered to clients involving a more gradual reduction of cigarettes smoked leading to complete abstinence, known as 'Cut Down To Stop' (CDTS). The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of stop smoking practitioners and service users who participated in a pilot study of a CDTS service.Methods: The CDTS intervention was pilot tested in a Stop Smoking Service in London, England. As part of the CDTS intervention clients who were still smoking 2 weeks after their quit date were offered tailored advice, medication and support to reduce their current smoking by half, with the aim to stop smoking altogether within a six-month period. A qualitative evaluation was conducted involving a focus group discussion with nine practitioners involved in the delivery of the CDTS intervention and telephone interviews with 18 CDTS service users. Thematic analysis was performed.Results: Service users and practitioners were very positive about their experience with the CDTS intervention. The intervention was found to be an effective way of keeping clients engaged with the service and was felt to increase the likelihood they might quit and/or re-engage in service for future quit attempts. Elements that contributed to the attractiveness of the CDTS intervention included: 1) the trust and empathetic relationship developed between service users, practitioners and their referring primary care provider; 2) time and flexibility for service users to engage in the quitting process at their own pace; 3) setting progressive goals and building service user confidence; 4) the opportunity to experiment with quit smoking medications; and, 5) the on-going contact with the practitioner/service.Conclusions: Service users who are not successful with quitting abruptly may benefit from a CDTS intervention. This study highlights the important role of 'relationships', time and 'flexible' service delivery models in engaging service users who are not initially successful with quitting. The findings of this study have the potential to inform decision-making regarding the value of the CDTS approach for the English Stop Smoking Service and cessation services worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on translational research in Great Britain, which will remark a new direction in the development of anticancer drugs. According to biologist, Alan Ashworth, translational medicine will move to the development of basic biology idea into a successful clinical application. It states the genetic concept of "synthetic lethality" in which mutations are harmless on their own genes but together can kill a cell. It notes the BRCA2 mutations which is susceptible to cancer but can also repair DNA damage through homologous recombination. Furthermore, 12 million pounds has been allocated as funding for the Institute of Cancer Research which aims to improve the understanding, causes and prevention of cancer.

This article focuses on the outbreak of trichinosis that was contracted in London in 1879. The symptoms were observed in boys at a training ship, who were admitted to a hospital in Greenwich. Physicians considered the disease to be caused by enteric fever which originated from the fouling of the water-supply with excremental matter from a patient sick of the malady. The matter was deemed to be of such importance that it was raised in the Great Britain's House of Lords on February 19 and March 23, 1880.