Search

It has been argued that declining housing affordability in Australia's major cities has led to the exclusion of many low- and moderate-income residents from high-employment, inner-city regions. If there is an increasing spatial mismatch between housing and employment, moderately paid workers, essential to the efficient functioning of the urban economy, may face problems in accessing and retaining employment. However to date there has been a lack of empirical analysis of the spatial dimensions of housing and employment (and the commuting such divisions necessitate) broken down by occupation. Using the aggregate 2001 Census Journey to Work data by Statistical Local Area (SLA), we apply a spatial aggregation algorithm to develop largely self-contained commuting areas in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. We establish that these areas are also relatively self-contained with respect to commuting flows by occupation. We employ linear programming techniques to determine the spatial patterns of commuting by occupation within these metropolitan commuting areas which minimize the corresponding average distances commuted. The results reveal some variation in commuting patterns across occupations but little evidence of longer commutes for the low-skilled. The results highlight the need to separate out the 'volitional' or 'excess' component from the overall commute, particularly if relying on commuting data to make inferences about how considerations of housing affordability impact on the locational decisions of lower-income workers within metropolitan areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a series of papers, Blackburn et al. claim to solve the conceptual and measurement issues associated with vertical gender segregation by occupation. In this paper it is argued that the authors misinterpret the conventional index measures of segregation, which leads them to a misspecification of their vertical and horizontal components of segregation which are alleged to be orthogonal. As a consequence, the two components are conflated, so that neither component of segregation is correctly calculated. There are also conceptual and measurement difficulties with the cross-national empirical work of Charles (2003). The absence of hierarchical employment data by occupation from the typical Labour Force Survey precludes the estimation of country wide vertical segregation. Data from sources such as the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey will enable the calculation of vertical gender segregation, in addition to the generation of insights about the factors contributing to vertical gender segregation. Case studies too will enable a greater understanding of the extent and causes of vertical gender segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the extent and change of the gender segregation of course completions across fields of study in higher education over the period 1978–94 in Australia is measured. It is argued that similar forms of measurement are appropriate in documenting changing patterns of attainment in higher education by gender, as those which are used for measuring occupational gender segregation. The issues relating to the measurement of gender segregation are briefly explored. Over the period 1978–86, women and men exhibited a more integrated distribution of course completions, as measured by the Karmel and Maclachlan index of (occupational) segregation. Although women continued to raise their share of completions over the period 1987–94, there was little change in the extent of gender segregation in aggregate, and segregation increased in Masters and Bachelors courses. Reference is also made to the impact of changes in the Higher Education Contributory Scheme in 1996 on the gender composition of undergraduate course completions. Policies designed to attract women into atypical Higher Education courses are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on path to full employment in relation to Australia. Employment arises because there is a lack of collective will. It does not arise because real wages are too high or aggregate demand too low. These are only proximate causes, if causes at all. The lack of collective will has been the principal casualty of the influence of rationalism. In this paper the proximate cause of unemployment is shown to be a persistent deficiency of aggregate demand. But the underlying cause is that the rise of free market ideology has meant that people are no longer prepared to bear some costs themselves to ensure others have employment. The only way people will return to full employment is if the costs and benefits of economic activity are shared. The public sector must be the vehicle to restore the collective will. In this paper, it is argued that the solution to persistent unemployment is for the Government to act as a Buffer Stock Employer, plus the reintroduction of incomes policy. Further deregulation of the wages system cannot be justified.

This article considers the origins, application and implication of work for unemployment benefit programs in Australia. Such programs have evolved in Canada, USA, Britain, Australia, and New Zealand over the past decade. The reasons for the development of such programs and the nature of the programs in Australia are outlined. The schemes operating in Australia are then critically examined in terms of a range of criteria including human rights and their ability to generate successful transitions into full-time employment. There are wider labour market issues to explore. Namely whether workfare programs are purely a means of enforcing reciprocal obligations upon the unemployed or whether they do generate market skills that improve the chances of transition from unemployment into employment. In this context the nature, access, duration and post-program experience of the workfare programs in Australia will be explored. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]