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Being a complex and multi-criteria phenomenon, the international migration can have a lot of different meanings, which suppose different scopes and methods of estimating various data, depending on the hypotheses and research objectives pursued. In the last decade the mass-media also gave an increased importance to the phenomenon and in the era of fake news, it led to the fact that the magnitude of the phenomenon was often communicated differently from the real situation or the existing statistics. Even though there is a great diversity of data sources that could be used to estimate international migration flows, these are not directly oriented to measure migration, so great difficulties in terms of data comparability occur very often. In Romania the phenomenon of international migration has taken a large scale, the country being on the first places worldwide in terms of labor force exits to destination countries, but, practically, the Romanian authorities have very less information regarding the residence of Romanian citizens abroad and, implicitly, no data is collected regarding the real volume of the migration phenomenon. This paper aims to inventory the available data sources regarding international migration from Romania and, as much as possible, to propose solutions by which this phenomenon could be better quantified to support the development of effective migration policies. The research methodology consists in the theoretical analysis of data sources and indicators that measure the migration phenomenon in order to identify a possibility to quantify the volume of the migrant population by proposing a model that calculates the potential migrant workforce calculated as a difference between the labor resource and the employed population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Challenges of weak economic growth, population decline, and labour shortages led many countries across the world to introduce immigration policy changes in order to attract foreign migrants. This paper focuses on Japan (Tokyo) and the UK (Birmingham, Edinburgh and Glasgow) given common concerns over long term demographic trends and the burgeoning lack of labour supply in particular sectors of the economy through use of foreign labour. The paper shifts the focus from efforts focused on attracting and selecting foreign labour to the retention of such individuals. Drawing on research with EU migrants in Japan and the UK, the paper highlights how staying may occur after a period of mobility, rather than only being of relevance to those who never left their home region. The paper develops a new conceptual framework, which helps to identify different dimensions that shape migrant staying as a temporal process. It is highlighted how staying is shaped incrementally and facilitated or undermined over time in relation to the reciprocal importance of diverse assets, anchors and the changing biographies of migrants and the places in which they live – as well as the relational aspects of migrants' 'linked lives'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper first develops a labor supply forecast for the U.S. labor market in the 1980s, focusing on the effects of the low fertility rates of recent years, and then compares that forecast with the BLS projection of employment demand in the next decade. The author attempts to isolate those occupations and age-sex groups that are likely to have a shortfall of workers and to match the characteristics of those shortage categories with the demographic characteristics of the illegal alien work force. He predicts a relative shortage of unskilled workers in the 1980s, a major departure from past trends, and suggests that an increased flow of immigrants to meet that shortage would benefit skilled older workers and, to a lesser extent, the owners of capital. He also argues, however, that increased immigration would harm domestic unskilled workers--who are increasingly minority group members--by lowering their relative income and raising their equilibrium unemployment rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After providing an introduction to the symposium as a whole, this paper argues that basic changes are needed in this country's immigration policy to cope with the large flow of migrants who have entered the United States illegally in recent years. Fogel attacks the position, described best in Michael J. Piore's recent study, Birds of Passage, that most illegal immigrants fill only those jobs that native workers will not take and intend their stay in the United States to be temporary, not permanent. Fogel disputes both of those claims and argues that alternate forms of adjustment to labor shortages are available and preferable. He favors an immigration policy that would make our society less heavily dependent on rapid economic growth and, by reducing the number of migrants permitted to enter this country, would increase the relative wage of low-skilled indigenous workers. He recommends particularly the adoption of a law prohibiting the employment of illegal aliens and levying civil or criminal penalties on employers who violate that law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a theoretical examination of the probable effects on the U.S. labor market of a continued high rate of illegal immigration. The author constructs a model to estimate the impact each additional immigrant has on the employment of the domestic population, on GNP, and on the distribution of income. The model suggests that in non-recessionary periods the most important effect of a high rate of immigration is on the wage rates of low-skilled labor rather than on the employment of low-skilled native workers, but immigration also increases the earnings of high-skilled workers and the owners of capital. In the very long run, the author concludes, this redistribution of income will be offset to some extent by increases in the supplies of skilled labor and capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the issue of non-EU student-migrant-workers in Finland drawing on data from in-depth interviews conducted with the sub-Saharan African migrants on student visa. The migrants' experiences of temporal limits in life and at work are examined demonstrating that student-migrantworkers have experiences of a fragmented lived time because of the temporary character of their visa. The article consequently points at the impact of student visa in creating a low-cost labour force in Finland and sheds light on the subject position of the student-migrant-worker that becomes utilisable in contemporary capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comment presents a brief response to Fogel's criticism of the author's position on immigration policy. Piore summarizes his recent study, Birds of Passage, as arguing in part that most undocumented migration to this country in recent years has been initiated by employers with jobs to fill that native workers shun; that most migrants originally intended their stay to be temporary; and that severe problems resulted when this migration, like many others, failed to remain temporary in nature. The author recommends that public policy should focus less on controlling the supply of foreign labor than on controlling the demand for such labor, through improving the terms and enforcement of minimum wage and similar laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health professionals, particularly doctors, nurses and midwives, are in high demand worldwide. Therefore, it is important to assess the future plans and likelihood of return of emigrating health professionals. Nevertheless, health professionals are, by definition, a difficult population to track/survey. This exploratory study reports on the migration intentions of a sample of doctors, nurses and midwives who had emigrated from Ireland, a high-income country which has experienced particularly high outward and inward migration of health professionals since the year 2000.Methods: Health professionals who had emigrated from Ireland were identified via snowball sampling through Facebook and invited to complete a short online survey composed of closed and open response questions.Results: A total of 388 health professionals (307 doctors, 73 nurses and 8 midwives) who had previously worked in Ireland completed the survey. While over half had originally intended to spend less than 5 years in their destination country at the time of emigration, these intentions changed over time, with the desire to remain abroad on a permanent basis increasing from 10 to 34 % of doctor respondents. Only a quarter of doctors and a half of nurses and midwives intended to return to practice in Ireland in the future.Conclusions: The longer health professionals remain abroad, the less likely they are to return to their home countries. Countries should focus on the implementation of retention strategies if the 'carousel' of brain drain is to be interrupted. This would allow source countries to benefit from their investments in training health professionals, rather than relying on international recruitment to meet health system staffing needs. Improved data collection systems are also needed to track the migratory patterns and changing intentions of health professionals. Meanwhile, social networking platforms offer alternative methods of filling this information gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the 2006 Canadian census, we analyze the incidence and returns to apprenticeship credentials for immigrant and native-born men in Canada. Both immigrant men who arrived in Canada as children and first-generation Canadian-born men are more likely to have completed an apprenticeship if their father’s generation of immigrant men in Canada (from the same source country) have a high probability of apprenticeship completion. The return to an apprenticeship (relative to high school only education) is found to result in approximately 13 percent higher earnings. A cross-cohort simulation suggests that long-run shifts in the source countries of immigrants to Canada are likely to lead to a reduction in the future fraction of school entry cohorts willing to undergo apprenticeship training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociologija/Sociology: Journal of Sociology, Social Psychology & Social Anthropology is the property of MOD International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the issue of social assistance receipt among immigrants to Sweden and compare to receipt by natives. Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes the institutional background, reports statistical information and surveys the literature on the immigrant-native disparity in social assistance receipt. Findings – Most out-payment for social assistance in Sweden refers to foreign-born persons, a category comprising 14 percent of the population. Immigrants tend to assimilate out of social assistance receipt. However, receipt continues to be higher many years after immigration among immigrants from non-rich countries than for natives with several identical characteristics. The elevated probabilities of social assistance receipt among immigrants from non-rich countries are interpreted to be mainly due to failed integration into the labor market at the destination. Practical implications – Policies for integrating immigrants into the labor market are also policies for reducing social assistance receipt among immigrants and reducing immigrant-native social assistance disparity. However, other factors such as the structure of Swedish welfare policy play a role as well. Originality/value – This is the first survey of the literature on disparities in social assistance receipt between immigrants and natives in Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for analyzing preference for innovation of different groups of hi-tech workers according to their culture of origin and gender. Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative survey was conducted online among veteran Israelis, immigrants from North America, Western countries and immigrants from the Former Soviet Union employed in 60 different high-tech organizations. Findings – The paper developed the application of Bourdieu's concept of habitus, adopting it to migration research and to understanding preference of changes and innovativeness. The authors also developed a framework for analyzing the preference of innovation according to workers' gender and culture of origin. Based on the Entrepreneurial Drive Theory regarding preference for innovation and nonconformity of Florin et al., the authors determined four dimensions characterizing innovativeness. Research limitations/implications – The limitation of this study was the relatively small number of participants interviewed. The paper focused on only two ethnic immigrant groups. Originality/value – The study should contribute to migration research, but also to social research on innovation. It can help understand what (and how) shapes innovativeness, both in the migratory processes and among the native population of the host country. Such understanding can contribute to encourage innovativeness resulting in economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This paper aims to analyze the welfare use of Turkish immigrants and natives in Germany. The authors ask whether the immigrant-native gap in welfare use can be explained by observable characteristics, whether the mechanisms behind welfare dependence differ for Turkish immigrants and natives, and, finally, they compare the situation before and after the 2005 reform of the German welfare system. Design/methodology/approach – Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, the authors estimate linear probability models with random effects to investigate the correlates of transfer receipt for Turkish immigrants and natives. Findings – Turkish immigrants have a higher propensity to use welfare benefits than natives. After controlling for general individual and household level characteristics, the difference in welfare receipt is statistically significant only for the group of second generation immigrants. The correlation of observable characteristics with welfare dependence differs significantly for the native and immigrant sample. The share of benefit recipients increased after the policy reform in 2005 for both immigrants and natives. Practical implications – First, as human capital and particularly labor market status are important determinants of welfare use, training programs designed for the special needs of immigrants might support their labor market integration. Second, measures to ameliorate the integration of older people into the labor market might be particularly useful because the need for welfare benefits arises particularly at the 50-60 age range. Originality/value – This is the first study to investigate welfare use of Turkish immigrants after the German 2005 labor market policy reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain drain is a core economic policy problem for many developing countries today. Does relative inequality in source and destination countries influence the brain-drain phenomenon? We explore human capital selectivity during the period 1820-1909. We apply age heaping techniques to measure human capital selectivity of international migrants. In a sample of 52 source and five destination countries we find selective migration determined by relative anthropometric inequality in source and destination countries. Other inequality measures confirm this. The results remain robust in OLS and Arellano-Bond approaches. We confirm the Roy-Borjas model of migrant self-selection. Moreover, we find that countries like Germany and UK experienced a small positive effect, because the less educated emigrated in larger numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past research on international migration from Mexico to the United States uses geographically-limited data and analyzes emigrant-sending communities in isolation. Theories supported by this research may not explain urban emigration, and this research does not consider connections between rural and urban Mexico. In this study we use national data from Mexico to investigate rural and urban emigration. We find that a central motivation for emigration – self-insurance through labor market diversification – is most relevant to less rural, non-metropolitan places. Paradoxically, while Mexican cities have the lowest rates of emigration, the rural places that are spatially proximate to cities have the highest rates. These findings suggest that while urban development retains emigrants within city borders, it may generate emigration out of neighboring rural places. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Over the past two decades, all European societies have experienced continued and increasing migrations, albeit with very different intensities and characteristics. Our focus is on new immigrants - those who have come from abroad in the past 15 years - in both old and new receiving West European countries. Comparative analyses on this issue are rather weak as the literature on immigrant integration in the labour market is well-established in the old receiving countries, but is just beginning to be developed in the newer receiving ones. The article aims at introducing the articles collected in this special issue, which present the results of a research project that concerns six European countries - Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark. Our focus is on inequalities between immigrants and natives with respect to the risk of unemployment and to the access to highly qualified occupations. After having highlighted similarities and differences across those countries, we tried to draw some general conclusions concerning the main factors that may have shaped new immigrants' incorporation into West European labour markets. In particular, the role played by the nature of immigration and by the labour demand seems to be crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada has a long history of racialized, gendered, and classed immigration that has been put in place to meet labour market needs. Migrant temporary workers have been played an integral role in this development. In this article, we address the growing importance of Canada's Temporary Foreign Workers Program, contextualizing it within global political economy in terms of flexibility, racialization and genderization. We show the growing importance of temporary migrants in various labour markets and briefly explain that in the 21st century different processes for bringing in temporary migrants to Canada are being used as vehicles to privatize immigration and to further racialize and genderize it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new global working circuits as well as delocalization of productive capacity generate changes not only in the migration movement, but also in the new process of migrants' socialization. Migration, which dislocates millions of people and relocates them in new global working circuits, is conditioned by many factors; among them, an increase of global cities concentrating scientific, technological and financing services, generating and sustaining a permanent movement of determinate social sectors. While labour is moving from the third to the first world (Horvath, Anghel, 2009: 13), the production capacity moves the other way round, on grounds of the exclusivist logics of profits maximization, with little concern towards states' interests, and overlooking social, environmental and cultural impact produced by this bi-directionality whose consequences are very often devastating. In the present global landscape, migrants have attained major weight on the demographic scales in developed countries but also on the economic balance in those territories they left behind. Romanian migration in Spain is able to play the role of an "interface" between post communist Eastern European zone, nowadays one of the greatest emigration nuclei on the planet (Viruela, 2008) and the "myth-generating west", forbidden for decades, and very often revealing itself as being full of imperfections and inequalities. In this paper I will try to pinpoint some relevant aspects regarding Romanian community in Spain and its acculturation process from the narrative theory perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper uses the approach in the under/over education literature to analyze the extent of matching of educational level to occupational attainment among adult native born and foreign born men in the US, using the 2000 Census. Overeducation is found to be more common among recent labor market entrants, while undereducation is more likely among older workers. Among immigrants, greater pre-immigration labor market experience is associated with poorer job matches, presumably due to the less-than-perfect international transferability of foreign experience. A longer duration in the US, however, is associated with a lower probability of being overeducated and a greater probability of being undereducated. This is consistent with immigrants being favorably selected for occupational advancement but this effect becomes realized only after overcoming the disadvantages of the less-than-perfect international transferability of their pre-immigration skills. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Papeles de Población is the property of Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We estimate models of employment an earnings for a sample of white and non-white male immigrants drawn from the Labour Force Survey between 1993 and 2004. Immigrants who arrived to enter the labour market (labour market entrants) are distinguished from those who arrived to complete their education (education entrants). Diverse patterns of labour market assimilation are found depending on ethnicity and immigrant type. Amongst labour market entrants, whites do better than non-whites, whilst amongst education entrants, highly qualified prime-age non-whites perform as well as their white counterparts. Relative to white natives, labour market outcomes for all immigrant groups have a tendency to decline with age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the social and economic support among migrants and families left behind as seen in the transformation of the relationships between Japanese-Brazilian migrants, returnees and families from a transnational perspective. It says that the revision done by the Japanese Government to its Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act created a labor market for Brazilians and Peruvians in the manufacturing sector, leading to the formation of hugh ethnic communities which boosted the movement of migrants in transnational space.

This article sets out to challenge the dominant perspective on the nexus between migration and security. In particular since the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 the discourse on migrants has been increasingly 'securitised'. Migrants are seen as potential terrorists and thus constitute a security risk for the state. Taking the vantage point of migrants the present article introduces another nexus: the migration-insecurities nexus. It argues that migration as a social process is embedded in violence and insecurities. To start, the mal- or underdevelopment in sending regions has caused many people to migrate—in other words, migration is in part a consequence of the 'violence of development'. However, the insecurities related to the migratory process do not end with the initial moment of departure—they extend to the entire migratory experience, ranging from crossing borders to being subjected to abuse and discrimination at the workplace and the risk of being deported. Additionally, family members and communities of origin are not exempt from being exposed to multiple insecurities. In sum, the article presents a different take on migration as a potential security risk, using Mexican migration to the USA as example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of the relative growth of skilled migration on the structure of Australian wages. Unlike conventional approaches, the present study uses macro data to examine the response of wages to immigration flows. We use instrumental variable techniques to control for the potential endogeneity of immigration. The results, using alternative estimation strategies, are consistent with the dominant findings from existing empirical work. There is no robust evidence that a relative increase in skilled immigrants exerts any discernible adverse consequences on the wage structure in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from the 2001 Australian Census of Population and Housing, on adult men in full-time employment, this paper augments a conventional human capital earnings function with information on occupations. It also estimates models of occupational attainment. The results from both the earnings function and model of occupational attainment indicate that the limited international transferability of human capital skills results in immigrants entering into relatively low status occupations when they first enter the Australian labour market. Comparison with similar research for the USA suggests that the different immigrant selection regimes (primarily family reunion in the USA, skill-based immigration in Australia) do not impact on the negative association between current occupational status and pre-immigration labour market experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current Australian migration program rewards applicants for possessing Australian tertiary qualifications. This study examines whether such qualifications help mitigate the labour market disadvantages faced by immigrants in Australia. The effect of host country qualification on labour market assimilation is estimated by comparing the labour force participation and unemployment of natives with two groups of migrants: those holding foreign qualifications and those holding Australian qualifications. Controlling for factors such as level of education and experience, there is no evidence that Australian qualifications result in better labour market outcomes for migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the role of ethnic networks in migrants’ job search and the quality of jobs they find in the first years of settlement. We find that there are initial downward movements along the occupational ladder, followed by improvements. As a result of restrictions in welfare eligibility since 1997, we study whether this increases the probability that new migrants accept ‘bad jobs’ quickly and then move onto better jobs over time. Holding employability constant, our results support this view. However, accounting for their higher employability, new migrants seem to fare better up to 1.5 years after settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis on the impact of an open borders policy to the low-wage labor market in the U.S. According to the author, the current conditions in the low-wage labor market, both immigrant and native-born, authorized and undocumented, make clear that an open borders policy is not the answer. She notes that the government's failure to enforce workplace standards has created a de facto open border in the U.S., enabling corporations to reach around the globe and encourage workers to come to this country in search of jobs. In addition, formalizing an open borders policy would only play into the hands of corporations that would like nothing better than to treat workers as commodities.

Philippine immigration to Austria began with the first wave of labor migration initiated by the Austrian government in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The specific circumstances of labor migration for Philippine nationals, their educational background, its originally predominantly female character, and the ensuing inter-marriages with native Austrians, have created living conditions that differ significantly from those of other early immigrant groups. Filipino-Austrians of the first and second generations seem to be legally and socially better integrated in Austria than other immigrant groups from non-Western countries. This paper investigates Philippine labor migration to Austria and shows how the circumstances of early immigrants differ from those who migrated more recently. It argues that these differences can be traced to changes in the labor market and a much stricter immigration law and to the different background of an already entrenched Philippine migrant community in Austria. Further, it deals with everyday negotiations and strategies of Philippine immigrants and their second-generation offspring in coping with migration and--for those already born in Austria--of living and growing up in two cultures. The paper draws from available studies and data on migration, interviews and from two decades of close observation of the Philippine migrant community in Austria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) dramatically changed the availability of food stamps to immigrants, but not to refugees. However, refugee usage of food stamps in the post-reform era has declined more than usage of either other immigrants or native citizens. We investigate food stamp program participation of immigrants and refugees to ascertain if the resulting decline was an unintended effect of the reform or is due to some other phenomena. We use data from the Immigration and Naturalization Service to construct an instrument for refugees. We find that refugees are more likely than other immigrants to use food stamps. While PRWORA clearly reduced non-refugee immigrant food stamp participation, the post-reform era decline in refugee usage is fully attributable to a strong refugee response to changing labor market conditions. We also find that refugees' use of food stamps declines rapidly with time in the United States, unlike that of other immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the gender pattern of Peruvian migration to Spain and Argentina. The author compares the different contexts that migrants face in both countries and the possibilities that are offered to migrant women in terms of jobs and social mobility. The author also analyzes how these opportunities are reflected in the expectations of Peruvian women to support their families in Peru and to be able to bring them to Spain and Argentina in the long run. Additionally, she explores how migrants design strategies to achieve these expectations through a mind-set (imaginario) where migration is represented as a global hierarchical network and migration targets. The questions underlying this research include the following: who are the women that migrate to these two countries? What type of social network do they use to migrate and how do they migrate? Which are the strategies they develop to support themselves and insert themselves in the labor market of Spain and Argentina? Which are the similarities and the differences observed between Peruvian migration to Spain and Argentina, and which are the economic and social opportunities they encounter as migrants? The data on which this paper is based -the migration experiences of three Peruvian women in each country- was gathered through field work which was carried out in Spain, in 1997, and in Argentina, in 2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It can be observed in the research that the European Union Labour Force Survey (EU LFS) only allows a satisfactory estimation of the stocks of nonnationals or those born abroad in some countries, whereas it proves to be less than adequate in most of them with regard to migration flows. We believe that this very limited success is due to a twofold statistical problem of imprecision and bias, which is intensified by the embarrassing question of answer impossible. These difficulties exist among the Member States to a greater or lesser degree, depending on the characteristics of the migratory domain and the particular features that the EU LFS acquires in each country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firstly, the article argues that contemporary immigration into Italy, as well as into the other countries of southern Europe, is motivated, among other reasons, by the labour market demand from the receiving economic systems. In a framework of restrictive immigration policies, a well-established underground economy fosters unauthorized immigration but, when they are regularized by frequent amnesties, immigrant workers satisfy a large demand for registered labour, although at the lowest levels of the occupational ladder. However, the new immigrants are different from the «targeted» ones of the old European immigration, because many of them are highly educated people who have no other choice than to take jobs that require little in the way of qualifications. Using data from a survey carried out on 8,000 immigrants living in the largest Italian region, the second part of the article focuses on two points: whether the proportion of educated immigrants is lower among those who entered Italy more recently and how education levels affect the insertion of immigrants into the receiving labour market. The results show that the behaviour of the new immigrants is also different. The fact that «those that follow» are just as educated as the «explorers» always were confirms that unauthorized immigration is permanently self-selected. Finally, if we control other factors, education levels do not appear to affect the employment and unemployment probabilities of immigrants. We can suppose, therefore, that higher levels of education are not a resource, but a social constraint for many immigrants who do have not a merely instrumental commitment to work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International migration from Malawi has changed profoundly since centrally organized mine migration to South Africa ended in the 1980s. Contemporary movements are more diverse and less tied to labour, as informal trade has developed alongside. This article replaces a common ‘productivist’ perspective on migration with a decentralized approach, using ethnographic observation and anthropological case studies to understand interrelated flows of people and goods. It shows how in an emergent informal market for South African goods in Mzimba, Malawi, price information does not structure trade practices. Historical continuities in the socio-cultural organization of illegal migration, rather than liberalized market forces, shape this economic configuration, including price formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Studies in Population is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We contribute to the debate about the effects of immigration in the United States by analyzing the impact of recent (1980-2000) immigration on the economic outcomes of African Americans. We use Census 2000 data for a sample of 150 US. metropolitan areas to examine these outcomes. Our findings indicate that after controlling for a variety of theoretically relevant control variables, increases in recent immigration decrease labor force non-participation and poverty, and increase median earnings, among blacks. We argue that recent immigration expands blacks' job opportunities in or near the middle of the occupational hierarchy (e.g., protective services; office and administrative support). However, we also find a non-linear effect of immigration on black median earnings which indicates an immigrant population threshold where black earnings begin to decline. Thus, both sides of this debate may be correct: middle-class blacks benefit from increased immigration, but the gains of the black middle class do not always offset the fact that poor and lower-skilled blacks are losing out because of increased competition with immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Studies in Population is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

WHO's Multinational Study of the International Migration of Physicians and Nurses, the subject of this paper, was the first step of WHO's response to a mandate calling for a study of health manpower migration and for collaborative efforts to regulate such migration where found to be undesirable. The study, which is both diagnostic and prescriptive, is based on an extensive library of published and unpublished literature. Major reports emanating from the study were: an analytical review of the literature; a statistical report on stocks and flows of migrant physicians and nurses for each of 137 countries; and a final report which provides an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of the migrants, the dimensions, directions, possible determinants, and consequences of the migration, and the actions taken by countries to regulate migration. It also suggests options for dealing with undesirable migration. Perhaps the most important finding is that countries which produce far more physicians and nurses than they can economically afford become donors of such manpower and those that produce fewer than they can afford become recipients. Almost all other factors either derive from or are secondary to the economic factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the European Social Forum in Paris, France in November 2003. Description of the forum and the organizations that took part in it; Issues related to migrant labor and immigration that were discussed; Analysis of the Sans Papiers Movement in France; Assertion that the discussion around the issue of political activism and Sans Papiers Movement shows the need to discuss the issue of representation alongside the question of resources as well as the distribution of goods and property as for example information, money, work and language skills.

This paper presents econometric evidence showing that immigration significantly and substantially reduces the labor force participation of both African American and European American workers, and that the impact is greater among African Americans. The authors argue in favor of both targeted programs for workers who are adversely affected by immigration as well as for greater restrictions on immigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using unique Current Population Survey data from November 1979 and 1989, this paper compares the wage structure across generations of Mexican-origin men. I find that the sizable earnings advantage U.S.-born Mexican Americans enjoy over Mexican immigrants arises not just from, intergenerational improvements in years of schooling and English proficiency, but also from increased returns to human capital for Mexican-origin workers who were bom and educated in the United States. Progress stalls after the second generation, however, as the modest gains in human capital that occur between the second and third generations fail to raise the average earnings of Mexican Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inevitable global marketplace creates a need for freer movement of labor. The question is not whether this movement will occur but how it will be implemented. This paper discusses the idea of selling citizenship rights as an alternative approach for allocating immigration and permanent residency. First presented is the rationale for using the market approach to selling citizenship. Next the political, country image, economic, and ethical implementation issues of the proposal are discussed. And last, selling citizenship is discussed in terms of ethical theory and frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration increased Israel's population by 12 percent between 1990 and 1994, after emigration restrictions were lifted in an unstable Soviet Union. Following the influx, occupations that employed more immigrants had substantially lower native wage growth and slightly lower native employment growth than others. However, because the immigrants' postmigration occupational distribution was influenced by relative labor market conditions across occupations in Israel, Ordinary Least Squares estimates of the immigrants' impact on those conditions are biased. Instrumental Variables estimation, exploiting information on the immigrants' former occupations abroad, suggests no adverse impact of immigration on native outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the incorporation of a national sample of undocumented immigrants both before and after they applied to legalize their status under the provisions of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA). Data from the 1989 and 1992 Legalized Population Surveys (LPS-1 and LPS-2) are used. These surveys provide labor force and occupational data for three critical reference periods: as newly arrived undocumented immigrants, as experienced undocumented immigrants, and as documented immigrants. Labor force participation and occupational status are used as indicators of economic integration. The overall upward mobility of both men and women between first job and the occupation held at time of application for legalization continued after legalization. On average, men also continued to report higher status jobs than women, although women did somewhat better after their status was legalized. These patterns also continued after controlling for available human capital variables, country of origin, marital status, and household composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares immigrant and native-born male occupational distributions in Canada in the 1980s. Three questions are addressed: (1) How do immigrant and native-born occupational distributions differ? (2) Are immigrants more occupationally mobile? and (3) How do immigrant occupations and mobility relate to characteristics used in immigrant selection? Results indicate that immigrants are more skilled, but this declines across successive cohorts. Immigrants are more occupationally mobile even long after arrival, indicating immigration may contribute to a more flexible labor force. Immigrants who are not assessed on their skills or are not fluent at arrival are less occupationally mobile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses various perspectives of immigration from receiving countries. Western Europe and the Gulf opted for a policy of admitting temporary rather than permanent migrants because they see manpower shortages as temporary. Western European governments assumed that the labor shortages of the 1950s and early 1960s would end when those born immediately after the war entered the labor force. Some sociologists and economists have suggested deeper structural explanations for the use of temporary foreign workers. One is that foreign workers can be a cushion in economies with fluctuations in employment. Another reason for admitting guest workers rather than permanent migrants is that the countries of Western Europe and the Gulf believed that they could thereby avoid becoming ethnically plural societies.

This paper has attempted to model some consequences for domestic income distribution on an increase in the rate of illegal immigration into the southwestern U.S. Legal domestic workers who compete for employment directly with the incoming illegal aliens suffer a decline in their wage rate. However, the effects of such immigration on the rewards to the remaining members of the labor force as well as to the owners of capital are ambiguous. Nevertheless, the model indicates that if the reward to capital owners rises (falls), then the wage rate paid to the members of the labor force who compete only indirectly with illegal alien workers will necessarily fall (rise). This result explains why employer groups and employee groups have generally taken opposite stances on proposals to limit further illegal immigration. Due to conflicting interests of labor and capital owners, the effects of increased illegal immigration are also examined from the viewpoint of overall domestic welfare. If negative externalities, such as might arise through increased congestion in the consumption of public services, tend to be small, then illegal immigration will have a positive welfare effect in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FROM 1900 TO 1930, THOUSANDS of Italian immigrants found employment in the CPR work Sites throughout the Montreal metropolitan area. After analyzing the most significant socio-economic traits of that labour force, the article investigates some of the major patterns of that employment experience in the context of Montreal's evolving labour market, as well as in relationship with the Italian immigration in Montreal. The study brings out the unstable and volatile relationship of most Italian workers with the CPR — a result of both the workers' own strategy in the urban labour market, and the extremely limited possibilities for occupational advancement the company offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the effects of the last wave of migration into West Germany on labor markets, public finances and economic growth, this study points at the often ignored fact that the migrants were rather successful in finding jobs and thus helped in eliminating labor shortages in certain industries. Simulations with a macroeconometric model for the FRG indicate that in 1992 the GDP was almost 6 percent higher than without migration, that 90,000 jobs were created and that migration created a surplus of DM14 billion in the public sector, compared to the baseline. This study also makes clear, however that these effects mainly depend on a quick absorption of migrants by FRG labor markets, and as to the social system, the relief may be only transitory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]