38 results
Search Results
2. The Group Ties of Occupations in Britain and the United States.
- Author
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Burrage, Michael
- Subjects
OCCUPATIONAL sociology ,WORK environment ,SOCIALIZATION ,IDENTITY (Philosophical concept) ,AUTONOMY (Psychology) ,COMPARATIVE studies ,JOB satisfaction ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,PHYSICIANS ,MEDICAL schools - Abstract
The basic hypothesis of this paper is that occupational group ties are stronger in Britain than in the United States. A number of test implications are inferred from this hypothesis and the relevant evidence on each of these, to be found in existing comparative studies, is presented. Occupations in the two countries are first compared as independent collectivities with respect to their autonomy, socialization, colleague relationships, deviance, and occupational identity. They are then considered within their normal organizational environment, and the differences between the two countries in the relationship between these occupational groups and the administration of the organization are compared. Three types of organization are distinguished: where one group forms a large majority, where two groups are approximately equal, and where one or more groups form a small minority. Some proposals are made for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1972
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Lone parents, health, wellbeing and welfare to work: a systematic review of qualitative studies.
- Author
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Campbell, Mhairi, Thomson, Hilary, Fenton, Candida, and Gibson, Marcia
- Subjects
SINGLE parents ,QUALITATIVE research ,POVERTY rate ,HIGH-income countries ,COMPARATIVE studies ,EMPLOYMENT ,HEALTH status indicators ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,POVERTY ,PUBLIC welfare ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,EVALUATION research - Abstract
Background: Lone parents and their children experience higher than average levels of adverse health and social outcomes, much of which are explained by high rates of poverty. Many high income countries have attempted to address high poverty rates by introducing employment requirements for lone parents in receipt of welfare benefits. However, there is evidence that employment may not reduce poverty or improve the health of lone parents and their children.Methods: We conducted a systematic review of qualitative studies reporting lone parents' accounts of participation in welfare to work (WtW), to identify explanations and possible mechanisms for the impacts of WtW on health and wellbeing. Twenty one bibliographic databases were searched. Two reviewers independently screened references and assessed study quality. Studies from any high income country that met the criteria of focussing on lone parents, mandatory WtW interventions, and health or wellbeing were included. Thematic synthesis was used to investigate analytic themes between studies.Results: Screening of the 4703 identified papers and quality assessment resulted in the inclusion of 16 qualitative studies of WtW in five high income countries, USA, Canada, UK, Australia, and New Zealand, covering a variety of welfare regimes. Our synthesis found that WtW requirements often conflicted with child care responsibilities. Available employment was often poorly paid and precarious. Adverse health impacts, such as increased stress, fatigue, and depression were commonly reported, though employment and appropriate training was linked to increased self-worth for some. WtW appeared to influence health through the pathways of conflict and control, analytical themes which emerged during synthesis. WtW reduced control over the nature of employment and care of children. Access to social support allowed some lone parents to manage the conflict associated with employment, and to increase control over their circumstances, with potentially beneficial health impacts.Conclusion: WtW can result in increased conflict and reduced control, which may lead to negative impacts on mental health. Availability of social support may mediate the negative health impacts of WtW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
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4. Promoting Inclusive Learning Environments: Leveraging University Websites for Digital Empowerment in the Post-COVID-19 Era.
- Author
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Mohammad, Walaa Sayed and Aldakhil, Ali Fahad
- Subjects
PEOPLE with disabilities -- United States ,SCHOOL environment ,WORLD Wide Web ,SELF-efficacy ,DIVERSITY & inclusion policies ,QUALITATIVE research ,GOVERNMENT policy ,UNIVERSITIES & colleges ,CONTENT analysis ,SOCIAL responsibility ,SOCIAL change ,MAINSTREAMING in special education ,EDUCATIONAL technology ,HUMAN rights ,SOCIAL integration ,THEMATIC analysis ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,MEDICAL coding ,COMMUNICATION ,SPECIAL education ,COMPARATIVE studies ,PEOPLE with disabilities ,COVID-19 pandemic ,ACCESS to information - Abstract
In an era of global interdependence, universities play a crucial role in promoting social responsibility and sustainable development. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities emphasizes the empowerment of individuals with disabilities, a key aspect of inclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the necessity of digital platforms to ensure equitable opportunities, particularly for those with disabilities. It highlighted challenges in transitioning to remote operations and stressed the importance of accessible digital tools in maintaining inclusivity during disruptions. This study investigates how university websites promote social responsibility and empower individuals with disabilities in Saudi Arabia, the UK, and the US. It also examines how these websites foster inclusivity, advocate for disability rights, and contribute to societal change. Using a qualitative case study design, the study evaluated university websites focusing on accessibility services, inclusive policies, and academic accommodations. Qualitative content and thematic analyses identified recurring themes and variations. The findings reveal diverse strategies in empowerment initiatives, website maintenance practices, community engagement approaches, the accessibility of support services, and the presentation of success stories. Despite differences among websites, this study underscores their significance in empowering individuals with disabilities. Recommendations aim to guide universities worldwide in enhancing their digital platforms, ensuring inclusivity, especially during challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
5. Exploring the role of physician associates in Aotearoa New Zealand primary health care.
- Author
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Andrew, Albert
- Subjects
PHYSICIANS' assistants ,CURRICULUM ,OCCUPATIONAL roles ,FAMILY medicine ,INSURANCE ,MEDICAL personnel ,COST effectiveness ,PRIMARY health care ,MEDICAL care ,CONTINUUM of care ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,LABOR demand ,MEDICAL needs assessment ,COMPARATIVE studies ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,LABOR supply ,EMPLOYEES' workload ,HEALTH care teams ,MEDICAL care costs ,COMORBIDITY - Abstract
Introduction. New Zealand's health care system faces significant shortages in health care workers. To address workforce challenges and meet the population's health needs, health care systems around the world have introduced new clinical roles, such as physician associates/assistants (PAs) into existing health care teams. Aim. This article aims to examine the benefits, challenges, and broader implications of regulating PAs in the context of New Zealand's primary care sector, with a specific emphasis on how it may impact general practice. Methods. A range of literature surrounding the role, impact, and perception of PAs were selected and included in this article. Results. The PA profession can significantly strengthen New Zealand's primary care workforce, improving patient access and continuity of care. However, the global deployment of PAs has faced scrutiny due to concerns about its potential risks to patient safety and the overall viability of such a role. Discussion. If regulated, the PA profession can reshape New Zealand's primary care, offering a partial solution to current medical staff shortages. Trained under a generalised medical model similar to doctors, PAs possess the necessary skills to perform both routine and non-routine medical tasks. This dual capability can significantly improve primary care service provision, reduce existing workloads, and allow for a more efficient deployment of doctor expertise. However, medico-legal issues and the supervisory burden can impede widespread integration into general practice. Despite challenges, the success of the PA role relies on mutual trust, respect, and support from other clinical team members within primary health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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6. TRIPs across the Atlantic: Theory and epistemology in IPE.
- Author
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Lake, DavidA.
- Subjects
PHILOSOPHY of economics ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,POLITICAL philosophy ,COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
Beginning from the Teaching, Research, and International Politics (TRIP) survey, this paper outlines the most important emerging paradigm in international political economy (IPE), known as open economy politics (OEP). This approach forms the core of the 'American' school of IPE. The paper then contrasts the epistemology of OEP, based on partial equilibrium analysis, with that of the 'British' school of IPE, which favors a more holistic approach. This difference is not captured well in the TRIP survey, nor is it particularly well understood by many proponents of either side. Recognizing the progressive nature of the OEP research program, the essay concludes with a call to bridge but not necessarily to abolish the transatlantic divide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
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7. Anti-circumvention Rules in the Information Network Environment in the US, UK and China: A Comparative Study.
- Author
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Jia Wang
- Subjects
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INFORMATION networks , *COPYRIGHT , *INTELLECTUAL property , *PATENT law , *INFORMATION services , *COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
This paper examines the impact of the technological measures that copyright holders employ to lock their works and discusses why users are disadvantaged. It compares the anticircumvention rules in the Digital Millenium Copyright Act in the US and the Copyright, Patents and Designs Act in the UK; the latest exemptions to circumventing activities released by the US Library of Congress are included. It reviews the evolution of Chinese anti-circumvention rules, starting with a well-known case preceding the promulgation of the anti-circumvention rules, then it examines the anti-circumvention provisions in the Copyright Act 1990, the Software Regulation 2001 and the ISP Interpretation 2004. It also critically analyzes the latest Network Regulation 2006 by comparing it with the DMCA and the CDPA. The paper suggests that the Chinese anticircumvention rules need to be constructed with more legal certainties. Recommendations are also made for additional redrafting to make China's anti-circumvention rules more adaptive to a digital environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
8. An occupational tale of two cities: minorities in London and New York.
- Author
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Model, Suzanne and Model, S
- Subjects
IMMIGRANTS ,LABOR supply ,SURVEYS ,QUEUING theory ,PRODUCTION scheduling ,STATISTICS on minorities ,STATISTICS on Hispanic Americans ,BLACK people ,COMPARATIVE studies ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,OCCUPATIONS ,RESEARCH ,ETHNOLOGY research ,EVALUATION research - Abstract
In this paper, queuing theory is tested through an examination of the occupational attainment of six groups of non-whites in London and New York. Workers in the dominant economy are distinguished from those in the niche economy and emphasis is placed on the former. Black male immigrants in New York and black female immigrants in London hold more favorable occupational status. These results reflect differences in (1) the presence of indigenous minorities--African Americans and Puerto Ricans--in New York but not London, and (2) the relatively low position of indigenous minority males compared to the relatively middling position of indigenous minority females in New York's labor queue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1997
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9. Child Location Tracking in the US and the UK: Same Technology, Different Social Implications.
- Author
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Oostveen, Anne-Marie, Vasalou, Asimina, van den Besselaar, Peter, and Brown, Ian
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AUTOMATIC tracking ,GEOGRAPHICAL positions ,STAKEHOLDERS ,COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
Real-time location tracking of individuals has become relatively easy with the widespread availability of commercial wearable devices that use geographical positioning information to provide location-based services. One application of this technology is to allow parents to monitor the location of their children. This paper investigates child location tracking technology in the US and the UK and compares its privacy implications. Although overall the price levels and the technical capabilities are the same, we find that the features of the technology are different depending on the social context. This can be attributed to national regulations and law that shape how a technology can be used. These laws and regulations, influenced by cultural frameworks, values, and morality, differ considerably between the countries. Clarifying the expected impacts of technology on the lives of users and other stakeholders in terms of these contextual factors will help to inform public debate about technical possibilities and societal needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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10. Contribution to Indian Sociology: A Bibliometric Study.
- Author
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Kumar, Suchetan, Tiwari, Charu, and Deepu, Mahija
- Subjects
SOCIOLOGY ,BIBLIOMETRICS ,BIBLIOGRAPHICAL citations ,AUTHORSHIP ,COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
This article is based on a bibliometric study of contribution to Indian Sociology, period from 2000 to 2009. It includes bibliometric analysis of 5683 citations appended to 139 articles published in the same journal. However, no citations were appended to 3 articles published in the maiden volume 1 in 1957. The study reveals the distribution of contributions, authorship pattern, citation analysis, geographical distribution of contributions, number of pages used in each volume and gender distribution. A comparative study of articles published in ten volumes as well as in the maiden volume has been made. Results indicate that there is not equal distribution pertaining to number of contributions in each volume due to publisher restrictions. Highest numbers of papers have been written by single authors and male authors have a slight edge over female contributors. The most cited documents are articles or chapters from books. The foreign authors' contributions are greater than India. Among the Indian states New Delhi is the top contributor whereas among Indian universities or institutes University of Delhi is at the top. At the international level UK is the top contributor followed by USA. The growth and popularity of this journal is found to be showing an upward trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
11. Energy use and economic development: A comparative analysis of useful work supply in Austria, Japan, the United Kingdom and the US during 100years of economic growth
- Author
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Warr, Benjamin, Ayres, Robert, Eisenmenger, Nina, Krausmann, Fridolin, and Schandl, Heinz
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC development research , *COMPARATIVE studies , *EXERGY , *ENERGY consumption research - Abstract
This paper presents a societal level exergy analysis approach developed to analyse transitions in the way that energy is supplied and contributes to economic growth in the UK, the US, Austria and Japan, throughout the last century. We assess changes in exergy and useful work consumption, energy efficiency and related GDP intensity measures of each economy. The novel data provided elucidate certain characteristics of divergence and commonality in the energy transitions studied. The results indicate that in each country the processes of industrialization, urbanisation and electrification are characterised by a marked increase in exergy and useful work supplies and per capita intensities. There is a common and continuous decrease in the exergy intensity of GDP. Moreover for each country studied the trend of increasing useful work intensity of GDP reversed in the early 1970s coincident with the first oil crisis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
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12. Does Diversity Damage Social Capital? A Comparative Study of Neighbourhood Diversity and Social Capital in the US and Britain.
- Author
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FIELDHOUSE, EDWARD and CUTTS, DAVID
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL capital , *CULTURAL pluralism , *SOCIAL attitudes , *COMPARATIVE studies , *POLITICAL science , *ETHNIC relations - Abstract
A number of scholars have noted a negative relationship between ethnic diversity and social capital or social trust, especially in the US. Evidence from other countries has been more mixed and sometimes contradictory. In this paper we provide the first Anglo-American comparative analysis of the relationship between neighbourhood diversity and social capital, and show how this relationship varies across ethnic categories. We apply multilevel structural equation models to individual level data from the 2000 Citizen Benchmark Survey for the US and the 2005 Citizenship Survey for Great Britain. The findings suggest that while for attitudinal social capital among Whites the negative underlying relationship with diversity is apparent in both countries, the effect is much weaker or reversed for minority groups. For structural social capital the negative relationship is apparent for minorities but not Whites, but this is mainly attributable to other neighbourhood characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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13. Exposure to smoking in movies among British adolescents 2001–2006.
- Author
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Stacey J Anderson
- Subjects
SMOKING in motion pictures ,ADOLESCENT smoking ,COMPARATIVE studies ,YOUTH health ,TOBACCO use - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To estimate youth exposure to smoking in movies in the UK and compare the likely effect with the USA. METHODS: We collected tobacco occurrences data for 572 top-grossing films in the UK screened from 2001 to 2006 and estimated the number of on-screen tobacco impressions delivered to British youths in this time period. RESULTS: 91% of films in our sample that contained smoking were youth-rated films (British Board of Film Classification rating ‘15’ and lower), delivering at least 1.10 billion tobacco impressions to British youths during theatrical release. British youths were exposed to 28% more smoking impressions in UK youth-rated movies than American youth-rated movies, because 79% of movies rated for adults in the USA (‘R’) are classified as suitable for youths in the UK (‘15’ or ‘12A’). CONCLUSION: Because there is a dose-response relation between the amount of on-screen exposure to smoking and the likelihood that adolescents will begin smoking, the fact that there is substantially higher exposure to smoking in youth-rated films in the UK than in the USA suggests that the fraction of all youth smoking because of films in the UK is probably larger than in the USA. Other countries with ratings systems that are less conservative (in terms of language and sexuality) than the USA will also be likely to deliver more on-screen tobacco impressions to youths. Assigning an ‘18’ classification to movies that contain smoking would substantially reduce youth exposure to on-screen smoking and, hence, smoking initiation among British youths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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14. Are U.S. CEOs Paid More Than U.K. CEOs? Inferences from Risk-adjusted Pay.
- Author
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Conyon, Martin J., Core, John E., and Guay, Wayne R.
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CHIEF executive officers ,EXECUTIVE compensation ,RISK premiums ,WAGE differentials ,STOCK options ,COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
We compute and compare risk-adjusted CEO pay in the United States and United Kingdom, where the risk adjustment is based on estimated risk premiums stemming from the equity incentives borne by CEOs. Controlling for firm and industry characteristics, we find that U.S. CEOs have higher pay, but also bear much higher stock and option incentives than U.K. CEOs. Using reasonable estimates of risk premiums, we find that risk-adjusted U.S. CEO pay does not appear to be large compared to that of U.K. CEOs. We also examine differences in pay and equity incentives between a sample of non-U.K. European CEOs and a matched sample of U.S. CEOs, and find that risk-adjusting pay may explain about half of the apparent higher pay for U.S. CEOs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
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15. THE EFFECTS OF INSTITUTIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS ON WORK FORCE FLEXIBILITY: EVIDENCE FROM CALL CENTERS IN THREE LIBERAL MARKET ECONOMIES.
- Author
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VAN JAARSVELD, DANIELLE D., HYUNJI KWON, and FROST, ANN C.
- Subjects
CALL centers ,LABOR supply ,COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
This comparative study examines survey data from 464 call centers in the United States, 167 in the United Kingdom, and 387 in Canada to explore two questions: whether institutional differences shape employers' choices of ways to improve work force flexibility, both numerical and functional; and whether strategies for numerical flexibility and functional flexibility are related. The results suggest that institutional differences across these liberal market economies--specifically, in dismissal regulations and union strength--did affect how employers chose to achieve work force flexibility. For example, the use of part-time workers was more common in countries with more stringent rules regulating dismissals. Organizational characteristics also mattered, with outsourced firms being more likely than in-house firms to use part-time workers. Evidence also suggests that managers used numerical flexibility and functional flexibility strategies as substitutes: higher employee job discretion was associated with both lower dismissal rates and a lower likelihood of temporary use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
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16. The Cross Section of Stock Returns before World War I.
- Author
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Grossman, Richard S. and Shore, Stephen H.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC conditions in Great Britain -- 19th century ,UNITED States economy, 2001-2009 ,SMALL capitalization stocks ,PRICES of securities ,RATE of return ,COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
We examine the cross section of stock returns using an original dataset consisting of annual observations on price, dividends, and shares outstanding for nearly all stocks listed on U.K. exchanges between 1870 and 1913, supplemented with additional information about attrition. The only clear pattern in the historical U.K. data is the high returns of extremely small stocks. Among the largest 99.8% of stocks, the historical U.K. data do not display the pattern found in modern U.S. (CRSP) data of excess returns for small stocks or stocks with poor past performance. Unlike CRSP data, stocks that do not pay dividends do not outperform stocks that pay small dividends during this period. However, as in the modern data, there is a weak relation between dividend yield and performance for stocks that pay dividends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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17. Examining the Longevity of New Agency Accounts: A Comparative Study of U.S. and U.K. Advertising Experiences.
- Author
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Davies, Mark and Prince, Mel
- Subjects
ADVERTISING agencies ,ADVERTISING campaigns ,COMPARATIVE studies ,INTERORGANIZATIONAL relations ,BUSINESS success ,MARKETING strategy ,STRATEGIC planning ,ORGANIZATIONAL effectiveness ,MARKETING planning ,ORGANIZATIONAL structure ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Since the typical account longevity is short, agencies should anticipate their likelihood of loss, seek to forestall and invest in their client relationships. A model is proposed for examining account lifetimes, which can offer guidance on the likely retention of future accounts. The impact of agency structural characteristics on longevity is also examined, and compared for both U.S. and U.K. markets. Results for both markets indicate that cumulative account dissolution increases at a decreasing rate over time. Greater account longevity is associated with larger agency size (both in terms of agency billings and employees), and agency age but not with stability of billings growth. Evidence suggests that several structural characteristics of agencies reflect the motivation and/or ability to maintain accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1999
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18. THE AMERICANIZATION OF BRITISH POLITICAL COMMUNICATIONS.
- Author
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Elebash, Camille
- Subjects
POLITICAL communication ,POLITICAL science ,PUBLIC relations & politics ,POLITICAL advertising ,POLITICAL campaigns & society ,UNITED States elections ,PRACTICAL politics & society ,COMPARATIVE studies ,ADVERTISING spending ,NEGATIVE campaigning - Abstract
Even though operating within a different electoral system, Great Britain is rapidly following in the footsteps of the United States in the area of political communications. Electoral communications, including advertising, have found a place in the British political process. This study seeks to find what place and is based largely on personal interviews with politicians, party officials, broadcast and print journalists, academicians and advertising agency executives. Emphasis is on the marketing and communications efforts of the Conservative Party as the leader in the trend toward American-style campaigning. However, both the Labour Party and SDP/Liberal Alliance are also examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1984
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19. Organizations in Changing Environments: The Case of East German Symphony Orchestras.
- Author
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Allmendinger, Jutta and Hackman, J. Richard
- Subjects
SYMPHONY orchestras ,COMPARATIVE studies ,ORGANIZATIONAL sociology research ,INSTITUTIONAL isomorphism ,POLITICAL economic analysis ,INSTITUTIONAL theory (Sociology) - Abstract
Two periods of radical political-economic change in the former East Germany illuminate dynamics of organization-environment relationships that generally are hidden from view. Historical, qualitative, and survey data from a longitudinal comparative study of 78 orchestras in four nations show that the contexts of East German orchestras changed significantly when the socialist regime took power after World War II, and then again in 1990 when that regime fell. Socialist rule only modestly affected orchestras' institutional features, however; they continued to reflect centuries-old German musical traditions. The collapse of socialism in 1990, by contrast, provoked differentiation among orchestras some adapted successfully to the new political-economic context, but others floundered. Successful adaptation was found to be a joint function of an orchestra's prior strength as an organization and the kinds of leadership initiatives taken by orchestra leaders and players. Overall, the findings suggest that the size and character of environmental effects depend on the degree to which contextual changes alter (a) the strength of the link between organizational actions and resources obtained (resource contingency) and (b) organizations' latitude to manage their own affairs (operational autonomy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1996
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20. A Comparative Study of Patterns of Influence in United States and English Universities.
- Author
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Beyer, Janice M. and Lodahl, Thomas M.
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ACADEMIC departments ,CROSS-cultural studies ,COMPARATIVE studies ,DECISION making ,INFLUENCE ,HIERARCHIES ,DECENTRALIZATION in universities & colleges ,ORGANIZATIONAL structure ,INTERGROUP relations ,DECENTRALIZATION in management - Abstract
University-environment relations, administration, and the functioning of organizational subunits are considered in a cross-cultural comparison of universities in two countries. The distribution of influence is analyzed in terms of the sharing of influence in decision making across hierarchical levels. A distinction is drawn between decentralization and collegiality. Data were collected from a stratified random sample of 80 academic departments in 46 major universities in the United States and 12 schools of study in 2 English universities. Results indicate that influence in decision making is shared in universities in both countries—with variations due to discipline and subunit reputation—and that there is less collegiality within subunits and greater decentralization in English schools. The effects of size on distributions of influence and the impact of differential patterns of faculty time use are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1976
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21. Comparison of Health Examination Survey Methods in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, England, Scotland, and the United States.
- Author
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Mindell, Jennifer S., Moody, Alison, Vecino-Ortiz, Andres I., Alfaro, Tania, Frenz, Patricia, Scholes, Shaun, Gonzalez, Silvia A., Margozzini, Paula, de Oliveira, Cesar, Sanchez Romero, Luz Maria, Alvarado, Andres, Cabrera, Sebastián, Sarmiento, Olga L., Triana, Camilo A., and Barquera, Simón
- Subjects
ANTHROPOMETRY ,COMPARATIVE studies ,EPIDEMIOLOGICAL research ,HEALTH status indicators ,INTERVIEWING ,RESEARCH methodology ,PUBLIC health ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,STATISTICAL sampling ,SURVEYS ,DATA analysis ,CONTENT mining ,PHYSICAL activity - Abstract
Comparability of population surveys across countries is key to appraising trends in population health. Achieving this requires deep understanding of the methods used in these surveys to examine the extent to which the measurements are comparable. In this study, we obtained detailed protocols of 8 nationally representative surveys from 2007-2013 from Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, the United Kingdom(England and Scotland), and the United States--countries that that differ in economic and inequity indicators. Data were collected on sampling frame, sample selection procedures, recruitment, data collection methods, content of interview and examination modules, and measurement protocols. We also assessed their adherence to the World Health Organization's "STEPwise Approach to Surveillance" framework for population health surveys. The surveys, which included half a million participants, were highly comparable on sampling methodology, survey questions, and anthropometric measurements. Heterogeneity was found for physical activity questionnaires and biological samples collection. The common age range included by the surveys was adults aged 18--64 years. The methods used in these surveys were similar enough to enable comparative analyses of the data across the 7 countries. This comparability is crucial in assessing and comparing national and subgroup population health, and to assisting the transfer of research and policy knowledge across countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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- View/download PDF
22. Do associations between objectively-assessed physical activity and neighbourhood environment attributes vary by time of the day and day of the week? IPEN adult study.
- Author
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Cerin, Ester, Mitáš, Josef, Cain, Kelli L., Conway, Terry L., Adams, Marc A., Schofield, Grant, Sarmiento, Olga L., Siqueira Reis, Rodrigo, Schipperijn, Jasper, Davey, Rachel, Salvo, Deborah, Orzanco-Garralda, Rosario, Macfarlane, Duncan J., De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse, Owen, Neville, Sallis, James F., and Van Dyck, Delfien
- Subjects
PHYSICAL activity ,ACCELEROMETERS ,COMPARATIVE studies ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,EMPLOYMENT ,GEOGRAPHIC information systems ,HEALTH behavior ,MOTOR ability ,POPULATION geography ,PROBABILITY theory ,REGRESSION analysis ,SEASONS ,SELF-evaluation ,SEX distribution ,SURVEYS ,TIME ,MATHEMATICAL variables ,WORLD health ,RESIDENTIAL patterns ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,CROSS-sectional method ,DATA analysis software ,MEDICAL coding ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ADULTS ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Background: To more accurately quantify the potential impact of the neighbourhood environment on adults' physical activity (PA), it is important to compare environment-PA associations between periods of the day or week when adults are more versus less likely to be in their neighbourhood and utilise its PA resources. We examined whether, among adults from 10 countries, associations between objectively-assessed neighbourhood environment attributes and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) varied by time of the day and day of the week. The secondary aim was to examine whether such associations varied by employment status, gender and city. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 6,712 adults from 14 cities across 10 countries with ≥1 day of valid accelerometer-assessed MVPA and complete information on socio-demographic and objectively-assessed environmental characteristics within 0.5 and 1 km street-network buffers around the home. Accelerometer measures (MVPA min/h) were created for six time periods from early morning until late evening/night, for weekdays and weekend days separately. Associations were estimated using generalized additive mixed models. Results: Time of the day, day of week, gender and employment status were significant moderators of environment-MVPA associations. Land use mix was positively associated with MVPA in women who were employed and in men irrespective of their employment status. The positive associations between MVPA and net residential density, intersection density and land use mix were stronger in the mornings of weekdays and the afternoon/evening periods of both weekdays and weekend days. Associations between number of parks and MVPA were stronger in the mornings and afternoon/evenings irrespective of day of the week. Public transport density showed consistent positive associations with MVPA during weekends, while stronger effects on weekdays were observed in the morning and early evenings. Conclusions: This study suggests that space and time constraints in adults' daily activities are important factors that determine the impact of neighbourhood attributes on PA. Consideration of time-specific associations is important to better characterise the magnitude of the effects of the neighbourhood environment on PA. Future research will need to examine the contribution of built environment characteristics of areas surrounding other types of daily life centres (e.g., workplaces) to explaining adults' PA at specific times of the day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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23. An analysis of discrepancies between United Kingdom cancer research funding and societal burden and a comparison to previous and United States values.
- Author
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Carter, Ashley J. R., Delarosa, Beverly, and Hur, Hannah
- Subjects
MEDICAL research & economics ,COMPARATIVE studies ,ECONOMIC aspects of diseases ,ENDOWMENT of research ,GERM cell tumors ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,RESEARCH ,TESTIS tumors ,EVALUATION research - Abstract
Background: Ideally, the allocation of research funding for each specific type of cancer should be proportional to its societal burden. This burden can be estimated with the metric 'years of life lost' (YLL), which combines overall mortality and age at death.Methods: Using United Kingdom data from 2010, we compared research funding from the National Cancer Research Institute to this YLL burden metric for 26 types of cancers in order to identify the discrepancies between cancer research funding allocation and societal burden. We also compared these values to United States data from 2010 and United Kingdom data published in 2005.Results: Our study revealed a number of discrepancies between cancer research funding and burden. Some cancers are funded at levels far higher than their relative burden suggests (testicular, leukaemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, breast, cervical, ovarian, prostate) while other cancers appear under-funded (gallbladder, lung, nasopharyngeal, intestine, stomach, pancreatic, thyroid, oesophageal, liver, kidney, bladder, and brain/central nervous system). United Kingdom funding patterns over the past decade have generally moved to increase funding to previously under-funded cancers with one notable exception showing a converse trend (breast cancer). The broad relationship between United Kingdom and United States funding patterns is similar with a few exceptions (e.g. leukaemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, prostate, testicular cancer).Conclusions: There are discrepancies between cancer research funding allocation and societal burden in the United Kingdom. These discrepancies are broadly similar in both the United Kingdom and the United States and, while they appear to be improving, this is not consistent across all types of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
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24. Continuous decline in mortality from coronary heart disease in Japan despite a continuous and marked rise in total cholesterol: Japanese experience after the Seven Countries Study.
- Author
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Akira Sekikawa, Yoshihiro Miyamoto, Katsuyuki Miura, Kunihiro Nishimura, Willcox, Bradley J., Masaki, Kamal H, Rodriguez, Beatriz, Tracy, Russell P, Tomonori Okamura, Kuller, Lewis H, Sekikawa, Akira, Miyamoto, Yoshihiro, Miura, Katsuyuki, Nishimura, Kunihiro, and Okamura, Tomonori
- Subjects
CORONARY disease ,PUBLIC health ,BLOOD cholesterol ,CARDIOVASCULAR disease related mortality ,MEDICAL statistics ,CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors ,ASIANS ,BLOOD pressure ,CHOLESTEROL ,COMPARATIVE studies ,DATABASES ,DIABETES ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,SMOKING ,EVALUATION research ,BODY mass index ,LIFESTYLES - Abstract
Background: The Seven Countries Study in the 1960s showed very low mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) in Japan, which was attributed to very low levels of total cholesterol. Studies of migrant Japanese to the USA in the 1970s documented increase in CHD rates, thus CHD mortality in Japan was expected to increase as their lifestyle became Westernized, yet CHD mortality has continued to decline since 1970. This study describes trends in CHD mortality and its risk factors since 1980 in Japan, contrasting those in other selected developed countries.Methods: We selected Australia, Canada, France, Japan, Spain, Sweden, the UK and the USA. CHD mortality between 1980 and 2007 was obtained from WHO Statistical Information System. National data on traditional risk factors during the same period were obtained from literature and national surveys.Results: Age-adjusted CHD mortality continuously declined between 1980 and 2007 in all these countries. The decline was accompanied by a constant fall in total cholesterol except Japan where total cholesterol continuously rose. In the birth cohort of individuals currently aged 50-69 years, levels of total cholesterol have been higher in Japan than in the USA, yet CHD mortality in Japan remained the lowest: >67% lower in men and > 75% lower in women compared with the USA. The direction and magnitude of changes in other risk factors were generally similar between Japan and the other countries.Conclusions: Decline in CHD mortality despite a continuous rise in total cholesterol is unique. The observation may suggest some protective factors unique to Japanese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
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25. TWO GRAND OLD LADIES FACE TO FACE: THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONSTITUTIONS COMPARED.
- Author
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Patrono, Mario and Frosini, Justin O.
- Subjects
CONSTITUTIONAL law ,COMPARATIVE studies ,PARLIAMENTARY sovereignty ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
This article discusses the Constitution of the United Kingdom and then draws some comparisons between it and the Constitution of the United States of America. It touches on issues such as how the United Kingdom's commitment to parliamentary sovereignty has been affected by the country's relationship with the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
26. Characterization of subgroups of heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction with possible implications for prognosis and treatment response.
- Author
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Kao, David P., Lewsey, James D., Anand, Inder S., Massie, Barry M., Zile, Michael R., Carson, Peter E., McKelvie, Robert S., Komajda, Michel, McMurray, John JV, and Lindenfeld, JoAnn
- Subjects
HEART failure treatment ,HEART failure ,ANGIOTENSIN receptors ,IRBESARTAN ,CANDESARTAN ,THERAPEUTICS ,PROGNOSIS ,BIPHENYL compounds ,COMPARATIVE studies ,CAUSES of death ,DOSE-effect relationship in pharmacology ,HETEROCYCLIC compounds ,LONGITUDINAL method ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,SURVIVAL ,ANGIOTENSIN II ,EVALUATION research ,RANDOMIZED controlled trials ,STROKE volume (Cardiac output) - Abstract
Background: Patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have a poor prognosis, and no therapies have been proven to improve outcomes. It has been proposed that heart failure, including HFpEF, represents overlapping syndromes that may have different prognoses. We present an exploratory study of patients enrolled in the Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Study (I-PRESERVE) using latent class analysis (LCA) with validation using the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM)-Preserved study to identify HFpEF subgroups.Methods and Results: In total, 4113 HFpEF patients randomized to irbesartan or placebo were characterized according to 11 clinical features. The HFpEF subgroups were identified using LCA. Event-free survival and effect of irbesartan on the composite of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospitalization were determined for each subgroup. Subgroup definitions were applied to 3203 patients enrolled in CHARM-Preserved to validate observations regarding prognosis and treatment response. Six subgroups were identified with significant differences in event-free survival (P < 0.001). Clinical profiles and prognoses of the six subgroups were similar in CHARM-Preserved. The two subgroups with the worst event-free survival in both studies were characterized by a high prevalence of obesity, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, anaemia, and renal insufficiency (Subgroup C) and by female predominance, advanced age, lower body mass index, and high rates of atrial fibrillation, valvular disease, renal insufficiency, and anaemia (Subgroup F).Conclusion: Using a data-driven approach, we identified HFpEF subgroups with significantly different prognoses. Further development of this approach for characterizing HFpEF subgroups is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
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- View/download PDF
27. Minimum Wages and Wage Spillovers in Canada.
- Author
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Campolieti, Michele
- Subjects
MINIMUM wage ,EXTERNALITIES ,WAGE surveys ,WAGES ,EMPLOYMENT ,COMPARATIVE studies ,WAGE differentials - Abstract
I estimate the spillover effects of the minimum wage on the wages of adults (aged 15 to 64) by gender using data from the Canadian Labour Force Survey from 1997 to 2010. I find that the effects of the minimum wage on the wage distribution in Canada do not reach as high up the distribution as in the United States. In addition, my estimates suggest relatively modest spillover effects in the Canadian data, which are smaller than comparable US estimates but larger than those from the United Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Dietary surveys indicate vitamin intakes below recommendations are common in representative Western countries.
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Troesch, Barbara, Hoeft, Birgit, Mcburney, Michael, Eggersdorfer, Manfred, and Weber, Peter
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VITAMIN deficiency ,COMPARATIVE studies ,NUTRITION policy ,NUTRITIONAL requirements ,SURVEYS ,VITAMINS ,SECONDARY analysis ,RETROSPECTIVE studies - Abstract
Vitamins play a crucial role in health, but modern lifestyles may lead to suboptimal intakes even in affluent countries. The aim of the present study is to review vitamin intakes in Germany, the UK, The Netherlands and the USA and to compare them with respective national recommendations. Data on adults from the most recently published national dietary intake surveys for the first three countries and data for adults from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003 to 2008 for the USA were used as a basis for the analysis. The proportions of the populations with intakes below recommendations were categorised as < 5, 5–25, >25–50, >50–75 and >75 % for each vitamin. The data generated are presented in a ‘traffic light display’, using colours from green to red to indicate degrees of sufficiency. The trends found were compared with the results from the European Nutrition and Health Report 2009, even though in that report, only information on mean intakes in the different countries was available. We showed that, although inter-country differences exist, intakes of several vitamins are below recommendations in a significant part of the population in all these countries. The most critical vitamin appears to be vitamin D and the least critical niacin. The variation between the countries is most probably due to differences in recommendations, levels of fortification and local dietary habits. We show that a gap exists between vitamin intakes and requirements for a significant proportion of the population, even though diverse foods are available. Ways to correct this gap need to be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
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29. A Comparison of Self-Reported Analgesic Use and Detection of Urinary Ibuprofen and Acetaminophen Metabolites by Means of Metabonomics.
- Author
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Loo, Ruey Leng, Chan, Queenie, Brown, Ian J., Robertson, Claire E., Stamler, Jeremiah, Nicholson, Jeremy K., Holmes, Elaine, and Elliott, Paul
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URINALYSIS ,EPIDEMIOLOGY research methodology ,ACETAMINOPHEN ,AGE distribution ,ASIANS ,COMPARATIVE studies ,COMPUTER simulation ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,DISCRIMINANT analysis ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,SELF-evaluation ,SURVEYS ,MICRONUTRIENTS ,WORLD health ,IBUPROFEN ,SECONDARY analysis ,DISEASE prevalence ,MEMORY bias ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
Information on dietary supplements, medications, and other xenobiotics in epidemiologic surveys is usually obtained from questionnaires and is subject to recall and reporting biases. The authors used metabolite data obtained from hydrogen-1 (or proton) nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) analysis of human urine specimens from the International Study of Macro-/Micro-Nutrients and Blood Pressure (INTERMAP Study) to validate self-reported analgesic use. Metabolic profiling of two 24-hour urine specimens per individual was carried out for 4,630 participants aged 40–59 years from 17 population samples in Japan, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States (data collection, 1996–1999). 1H NMR-detected acetaminophen and ibuprofen use was low (∼4%) among East Asian population samples and higher (>16%) in Western population samples. In a comparison of self-reported acetaminophen and ibuprofen use with 1H NMR-detected acetaminophen and ibuprofen metabolites among 496 participants from Chicago, Illinois, and Belfast, Northern Ireland, the overall rate of concordance was 81%–84%; the rate of underreporting was 15%–17%; and the rate of underdetection was approximately 1%. Comparison of self-reported unspecified analgesic use with 1H NMR-detected acetaminophen and ibuprofen metabolites among 2,660 Western INTERMAP participants revealed similar levels of concordance and underreporting. Screening for urinary metabolites of acetaminophen and ibuprofen improved the accuracy of exposure information. This approach has the potential to reduce recall bias and other biases in epidemiologic studies for a range of substances, including pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, and foods. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
30. The British 'failure' that never was? The Anglo-American 'productivity gap' in large-scale interwar retailing-evidence from the department store sector1.
- Author
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SCOTT, PETER and WALKER, JAMES
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RETAIL industry ,RETAIL industry -- History ,DEPARTMENT stores ,PRODUCTIVITY accounting ,COMPARATIVE studies ,BENCHMARKING (Management) ,PROFITABILITY ,20TH century British history ,HISTORY - Abstract
Interwar British retailing has been characterized as having lower productivity, less developed managerial hierarchies and methods, and weaker scale economies than its US counterpart. This article examines comparative productivity for one major segment of large-scale retailing in both countries-the department store sector. Drawing on exceptionally detailed contemporary survey data, we show that British department stores in fact achieved superior performance in terms of operating costs, margins, profits, and stock-turn. While smaller British stores had lower labour productivity than US stores of equivalent size, TFP was generally higher for British stores, which also enjoyed stronger scale economies. We also examine the reasons behind Britain's surprisingly strong relative performance, using surviving original returns from the British surveys. Contrary to arguments that British retailers faced major barriers to the development of large-scale enterprises, that could reap economies of scale and scope and invest in machinery and marketing to support the growth of their primary sales functions, we find that British department stores enthusiastically embraced the retail 'managerial revolution'-and reaped substantial benefits from this investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
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31. Depression dynamics: a new estimate of the Anglo-American manufacturing productivity gap in the interwar period.
- Author
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DE JONG, HERMAN and WOLTJER, PIETER
- Subjects
INDUSTRIAL productivity ,BENCHMARKING (Management) ,COMPARATIVE studies ,LABOR economics ,PRODUCTION (Economic theory) ,UNITED States economy, 1918-1945 ,ECONOMIC conditions in Great Britain -- 1918-1945 - Abstract
During the interwar period the manufacturing productivity gap between the US and the UK became much larger than existing estimates suggest. In this article a new comparison of US/UK productivity levels for 1935 is presented, utilizing a more rigorous methodology to revise the widely used, but methodologically outdated, benchmark comparison by Rostas that was published in 1948. Secondly, the comparison is extended to take account of variations in input prices, and it is shown that double deflation has a substantial effect on the new benchmark, particularly at the industry level. Thirdly, labour input is adjusted for actual hours worked. US manufacturing displayed a much higher level of comparative productivity for the key industries of the second industrial revolution, such as chemicals and engineering. These results support revisionist accounts of the depression's strengthening of US productivity leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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- View/download PDF
32. Israel and the Right to Travel Abroad 1948-1961.
- Author
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Rozin, Orit
- Subjects
ISRAELI history, 1948-1967 ,FREEDOM of movement ,ISRAELI politics & government, 1948-1967 ,CITIZENSHIP ,TRAVEL restrictions ,COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
Today, no one questions that criminals, minors, or those seeking to shirk their civic duties may be restricted or even barred from leaving their respective countries. However, during the 1950s, several democratic countries, including Israel, restricted foreign travel by their citizens on other grounds. This article examines the right of departure policies of Israel in comparison with three models—Soviet, British, and American—which served Israeli policy makers as criteria in this regard. The policy promulgated by a country sheds light on its character, its society, and its perception of citizenship. The article not only describes the right to travel abroad as exercised in Israel, but also opens a window onto the conceptual world of those who set such policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Clinical presentation and initial management of black men and white men with prostate cancer in the United Kingdom: the PROCESS cohort study.
- Author
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Evans, S., Metcalfe, C., Patel, B., Ibrahim, F., Anson, K., Chinegwundoh, F., Corbishley, C., Gillatt, D., Kirby, R., Muir, G., Nargund, V., Popert, R., Wilson, P., Persad, R., and Ben-Shlomo, Y.
- Subjects
CLINICS ,CANCER diagnosis ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,ETHNICITY ,PROSTATE cancer ,MANAGEMENT ,PROSTATE tumors treatment ,AGE distribution ,BLACK people ,COMPARATIVE studies ,LONGITUDINAL method ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,PROSTATE tumors ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,TUMOR classification ,WHITE people ,PROSTATE-specific antigen ,EVALUATION research ,RETROSPECTIVE studies ,DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
Background: In the United States, Black men have a higher risk of prostate cancer and worse survival than do White men, but it is unclear whether this is because of differences in diagnosis and management. We re-examined these differences in the United Kingdom, where health care is free and unlikely to vary by socioeconomic status.Methods: This study is a population-based retrospective cohort study of men diagnosed with prostate cancer with data on ethnicity, prognostic factors, and clinical care. A Delphi panel considered the appropriateness of investigations and treatments received.Results: At diagnosis, Black men had similar clinical stage and Gleason scores but higher age-adjusted prostate-specific antigen levels (geometric mean ratio 1.41, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.15-1.73). Black men underwent more investigations and were more likely to undergo radical treatment, although this was largely explained by their younger age. Even after age adjustment, Black men were more likely to undergo a bone scan (odds ratio 1.37, 95% CI: 1.05-1.80). The Delphi analysis did not suggest differential management by ethnicity.Conclusions: This UK-based study comparing Black men with White men found no evidence of differences in disease characteristics at the time of prostate cancer diagnosis, nor of under-investigation or under-treatment in Black men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Comparison of nutrient intakes from two selected diet plans considered healthful versus the cutoff points for green lights as defined by the UK's multiple traffic light scheme.
- Author
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Green, H and Fern, E
- Subjects
BEVERAGE analysis ,BEVERAGES ,COMPARATIVE studies ,DIET ,FAT content of food ,SODIUM content of food ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,NUTRITION policy ,RESEARCH ,SALT-free diet ,WEIGHTS & measures ,EVALUATION research ,STANDARDS - Abstract
This study compared nutrient intakes from 7-day menus for the US MyPlate and DASH Eating Plan versus the cutoff points for green lights defined by the UK's multiple traffic light (MTL) scheme. For both diets, the foods achieved green lights for saturated fat and salt, and for beverages for total fat, saturated fat and salt. The other nutrients achieved amber lights but were within the range of the two diets. By contrast, the MTL threshold for salt in beverages was outside the range of the diets. The values for salt in beverages in the MyPlate and Dash diet plans were 0.06±0.07 and 0.19±0.01 (s.d.) g/100 ml, which are both considerably lower compared with the cutoff of 0.3 g/100 ml for an MTL green light. Adjusting the green MTL threshold values to the median values for a healthful diet could help make MTL labelling a more valid way of helping consumers choose a healthful diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. An investigation into the performance of the Adjuvant! Online prognostic programme in early breast cancer for a cohort of patients in the United Kingdom.
- Author
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Campbell, H. E., Taylor, M. A., Harris, A. L., and Gray, A. M.
- Subjects
IMMUNOLOGICAL adjuvants ,CANCER in women ,CANCER treatment ,BREAST cancer ,BREAST tumor treatment ,BREAST tumors ,CANCER relapse ,COMPARATIVE studies ,COMPUTER software ,REPORTING of diseases ,INTERNET ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,PROGNOSIS ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,EVALUATION research - Abstract
Background: Adjuvant! Online is an internet-based computer programme providing 10-year prognosis predictions for early breast cancer patients. It was developed in the United States, has been successfully validated in Canada, and is used in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. This study investigates the performance of Adjuvant! in a cohort of patients from the United Kingdom.Methods: Data on the prognostic factors and management of 1065 women with early breast cancer diagnosed consecutively at the Churchill Hospital in Oxford between 1986 and 1996 were entered into Adjuvant! to generate predictions of overall survival (OS), breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS), and event-free survival (EFS) at 10 years. Such predictions were compared with the observed 10-year outcomes of these patients.Results: For the whole cohort, Adjuvant! significantly overestimated OS (by 5.54%, P<0.001), BCSS (by 4.53%, P<0.001), and EFS (by 3.51%, P=0.001). For OS and BCSS, overestimation persisted across most demographic, pathologic, and treatment subgroups investigated. Differences between Adjuvant! predicted and observed EFS appeared smaller, and were significant for far fewer subgroups, only 5 out of the 28. The likely explanation for such discordance is that US breast cancer mortality rates (upon which Adjuvant! is based) appear to be systematically lower than breast cancer mortality rates in the United Kingdom. Differences in survival after recurrence would seem to be one contributory factor, with data suggesting that prognosis after relapse appears poorer in the United Kingdom. This may reflect the fact that new and more effective cancer drugs are often only approved for use in the United Kingdom many years after their adoption in the United States.Conclusion: The use of Adjuvant! by clinicians within the UK National Health Service is increasing, under the assumption that the programme is transferrable to the United Kingdom. At least for women treated for breast cancer at the Churchill Hospital in Oxford, however, Adjuvant!'s predictions were on the whole overoptimistic. If the findings reported here could be shown to be generalisable to other areas of the United Kingdom, then thought should perhaps be given to the development of a UK-specific version of the programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate oncogenes and susceptibility to ovarian cancer.
- Author
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Quaye, L., Song, H., Ramus, S. J., Gentry-Maharaj, A., Høgdall, E., DiCioccio, R. A., McGuire, V., Wu, A. H., Van Den Berg, D. J., Pike, M. C., Wozniak, E., Doherty, J. A., Rossing, M. A., Ness, R. B., Moysich, K. B., Høgdall, C., Blaakaer, J., Easton, D. F., Ponder, B. A. J., and Jacobs, I. J.
- Subjects
NUCLEOTIDES ,GENETIC polymorphisms ,OVARIAN cancer ,CARCINOGENESIS ,DISEASE susceptibility ,COMPARATIVE studies ,GENES ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,ONCOGENES ,OVARIAN tumors ,PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES ,PROTEINS ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,TRANSFERASES ,EVALUATION research ,HAPLOTYPES ,SIGNAL peptides ,GENOTYPES - Abstract
Low-moderate risk alleles that are relatively common in the population may explain a significant proportion of the excess familial risk of ovarian cancer (OC) not attributed to highly penetrant genes. In this study, we evaluated the risks of OC associated with common germline variants in five oncogenes (BRAF, ERBB2, KRAS, NMI and PIK3CA) known to be involved in OC development. Thirty-four tagging SNPs in these genes were genotyped in approximately 1800 invasive OC cases and 3000 controls from population-based studies in Denmark, the United Kingdom and the United States. We found no evidence of disease association for SNPs in BRAF, KRAS, ERBB2 and PIK3CA when OC was considered as a single disease phenotype; but after stratification by histological subtype, we found borderline evidence of association for SNPs in KRAS and BRAF with mucinous OC and in ERBB2 and PIK3CA with endometrioid OC. For NMI, we identified a SNP (rs11683487) that was associated with a decreased risk of OC (unadjusted P(dominant)=0.004). We then genotyped rs11683487 in another 1097 cases and 1792 controls from an additional three case-control studies from the United States. The combined odds ratio was 0.89 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80-0.99) and remained statistically significant (P(dominant)=0.032). We also identified two haplotypes in ERBB2 associated with an increased OC risk (P(global)=0.034) and a haplotype in BRAF that had a protective effect (P(global)=0.005). In conclusion, these data provide borderline evidence of association for common allelic variation in the NMI with risk of epithelial OC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Those who forget historiography are doomed to republish it: empire, imperialism and contemporary debates about American power.
- Subjects
IMPERIALISM ,HISTORIOGRAPHY ,POLITICAL doctrines ,COLONIZATION ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,COMPARATIVE studies ,FOREIGN relations of the United States ,BRITISH foreign relations ,EDUCATION - Abstract
A growing number of scholars, commentators, and pundits describe the contemporary US as an empire. This article argues that these authors have not paid sufficient attention to the historiography of empire and imperialism. Indeed, the historiography of the British and American empires offers important lessons for current debates including what is the appropriate definition of the American empire, what are the social and political foundations of the American Empire, and what are the consequences of the American Empire for the US and the wider world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Aspirin and lung cancer risk in a cohort study of women: dosage, duration and latency.
- Author
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Feskanich, D., Bain, C., Chan, A. T., Pandeya, N., Speizer, F. E., and Colditz, G. A.
- Subjects
ASPIRIN ,LUNG cancer ,ANALGESICS ,CANCER risk factors ,COHORT analysis ,DRUG utilization statistics ,ADENOCARCINOMA ,RESEARCH ,CLINICAL trials ,NONSTEROIDAL anti-inflammatory agents ,SMALL cell carcinoma ,TIME ,RESEARCH methodology ,LUNG tumors ,EVALUATION research ,MEDICAL cooperation ,RISK assessment ,COMPARATIVE studies ,NURSES ,RESEARCH funding ,SMOKING ,ODDS ratio ,LONGITUDINAL method ,SQUAMOUS cell carcinoma - Abstract
Aspirin may reduce the risk of cancer at some sites but its effect at the lung is unclear. We prospectively examined associations between aspirin use and risk of lung cancer in 109,348 women in the Nurses' Health study from 1980 to 2004. During this time, 1,360 lung cancers were documented in participants 36-82 years of age. Aspirin use and smoking were assessed every 2 years. Risk of lung cancer was a non-significant 16% lower for regular aspirin users of one or two tablets per week and a significant 55% higher for users of 15 or more tablets per week compared with women who never regularly used aspirin. Results were similar when limited to never smokers. For both the low and high quantity aspirin users, risk of lung cancer did not decline or increase with longer durations of use, and associations attenuated as the latency period between aspirin assessment and lung cancer diagnosis was lengthened. Our findings, together with those from previous clinical trials and prospective studies, do not provide consistent evidence that aspirin influences the development of lung cancer and further investigation is required with adjustment for smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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