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The impacts of human trafficking are currently high across the world albeit different policies are designed to combat it. Yet, governments are not working hard practically and jointly as they write strategies and programs on the paper to reduce the impacts of women trafficking. Even though men are victims of human trafficking, scholars agree that women are the most vulnerable to human trafficking. This study describes the socio-economic impacts of human trafficking among the west Asia returnee young women in Ethiopia by taking Oromia Region’s West Shewa zone as a case study. The study used the mixed-method approach. A descriptive case study research design was applied for a detailed description of the socio-economic impacts of human trafficking among west Asia returnee young women. Feminism theory was employed to scrutinize the oppression of young women. The finding reveals that human trafficking caused the divorce of marriage and exposed children to the street because of unwise savings and disagreement of spouses; psychological and physical threats of young women on the way to work, at the workplace and after return; wastage of income as a result of saving money in the wrong place; economic crisis because young women had to pay back the loan to brokers – traffickers – and could not repay the money for lenders; and school dropout. From the finding, it is concluded that although young women exposed to human trafficking by the vision of having their job in the future and the income they could generate in West Asia. They had a dream to improve their lives, they could not realize their dream since they were unable to save the money thereby leading them to social and economic crises. Hence, it is recommended that issues of human trafficking should be incorporated into the school curriculum, at least at the elementary level, so that young women get better awareness about the negative consequences of human trafficking and abstain from traffickers. It is also recommended that young women who work abroad legally should open their formal bank account to save their wages to escape social and economic crises when they return.&nbsp

The article considers the factors of reorientation of labor migration from Tajikistan to new directions in the OECD countries, the channels of emigration from Tajikistan to the OECD countries. Remittances from OECD countries and its impact in the Republic of Tajikistan, as well as remittances from OECD countries to the job creation in the Republic of Tajikistan. After the civil war, the lack of economic opportunities forced many Tajik citizens to seek work abroad. Many young people found themselves without employment opportunities or any reasonable prospects for the future, and labor migration became a safety valve for easing the pressure of social discontent. Russia has become the main migration channels for Tajik citizens. Economic growth in Russia, relatively high wages, ease of migration, and labor shortages have further pushed Tajiks to Russia. But in the mid-2010s, the reorientation of the flow of labor migrants from Tajikistan to a new direction - the OECD countries-gradually began. Tajikistan has made steady progress in reducing poverty over the past decade. One of the main drivers of this economic progress is the remittances of migrant workers. For the country, remittances of migrant workers are considered an alternative way of earning money, which helps to reduce the unemployment rate and increase the country's foreign exchange reserve. The dependence on migration will not decrease in the short term. The Government of Tajikistan has already taken some steps to make migration profitable for both the migrants themselves and their families by providing them with social protection. The purpose of the article is to show the role of remittances of Tajik migrants from OECD countries in creating jobs in the Republic of Tajikistan

Background A number of individuals in Ethiopia are involved in illegal types of transnational migration, namely human trafficking and smuggling. The magnitude is not declining despite efforts to curb it. An in-depth understanding of the reasons for trafficking is needed to control human trafficking and its consequences. Methods The study included four focus group discussions and 44 in-depth interviews conducted in three border towns, five trafficking-stricken areas, and the IOM transit center for returnees in Addis Ababa. Participants were victims of trafficking, emigrants, community members, police, immigration personnel, and staff of labor and social affairs offices and non-government organizations. Based on the social-ecological model framework, content analysis was implemented using opencode-4.03 software. Results Factors identified as possibly encouraging acts of illegal migration included community attitudes such as having a child abroad being considered a measure of status, and the reluctance to do certain types of works associated with low social status when at home. There was, however, willingness to do similar work abroad, which was coupled with the belief that wages for such jobs were better abroad than at home and a lack of knowledge regarding differences in working conditions in the two settings. Further reasons given were poor government service provisions, ineffective immigration policies, political instability, government focus on reactive and poorly coordinated control rather than on sustainable prevention of human trafficking and corruption. Corruption was said to be the underlying factor for the poor coordination among government agencies, communities, and individuals. These factors, among others, led to the loss of trust and belief in local governance, resources, and opportunities to build one’s future at home, thereby creating fertile ground for illegal migration, including smuggling and possibly trafficking. Conclusions Individual lack of trust and belief in local governance, resources, and opportunities to build one’s future was the main reason why people resorted to migrate in a manner subjecting them to human trafficking. Thus, comprehensive and coordinated efforts involving government agencies, communities, and other stakeholders are needed to help curb human trafficking and its consequences.

The purpose of the article is to find out the diversity of public service of Lemko emigrants in emigration centres in America. The task is to find out the information potential of the newspapers «Nash Lemko» and «Lemko» to reconstruct the cultural and educational life of American Lemkos in the interwar period and to reproduce the diversity of its forms and manifestations. The research methodology is based on the combination of scientific research principles (historicism and objectivity) and methods (philosophical, general scientific and special-historical), being usual for works on the historical science. Of particularly significance are the methods of source study analysis (at the stage of collection and critique of empirical material), as well as comparative and typological methods (at reconstructive and narrative stages). The scientific novelty of the article attempts to comprehensively reconstruct the cultural and educational work of Ruthenian emigrants on the American continent in the interwar period based on the newspapers «Nash Lemko» and «Lemko». As a result of the study, the article has proven that the Ruthenian community's cultural and educational work abroad was surprisingly diverse and active. This revelation is awe-inspiring considering that the Lemkos were mostly lower-middle-class people, as they worked mainly physically or as contractors. Despite this, in the centres of compact residence on the American continent (New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Montreal, Winnipeg, Toronto), the Lemkos created an excellent variety of cultural practices – established museums, organized folk festivals, schools and educational institutions and published their periodicals and educational literature. This sacrificial work, conducted in the spirit of unity, became a significant and integral part of all foreign Ukrainians' cultural competitions in the twentieth century. It also saved Rusynism itself, as it protected it from dissolving in a multicultural world in the second half of the twentieth century when Lemkivshchyna was devastated by totalitarian regimes and its population had to scatter in many countries.

China has launched a series of talent-recruitment policies in the last years, in order to attract back Chinese nationals who stayed abroad. Yet, little is known about the effect of such policies. This paper examines whether researchers recruited in one of the Chinese flagship talent-recruitment policies—the ‘Young Thousand Talents’ policy (Y1000T)—had, in the following years after recruitment, better research performance. We compare these recipients against other Chinese nationals who got PhDs in equally prestigious non-Chinese universities but continued to work abroad (mostly in the USA). Results of difference-in-differences regressions show that returning to China has an effect of positioning returnees both at the bottom and at the very summit of the distribution of quality of publications. Nevertheless, some Y1000T researchers seem to have prioritized the quantity of outputs, arguably to the detriment of quality. This is probably due to certain research evaluation criteria in place until recent times.

TKW is an Indonesian resident who meets the prerequisites to work abroad in a business relationship for a certain period. However, there are several problems in the implementation process, such as problems with pre-placement, placement period, and post-placement, which are considered to have many loopholes and are insufficient to protect TKW in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to determine the strategy of Indonesian diplomacy in the protection of Indonesian female workers (Tkw) in Saudi Arabia in the Jokowi era. The study results show that TKW is entitled to protection from their country of origin, namely Indonesia. In addition to the formation of several laws, there are also efforts being made. Such efforts include sending a letter to the King of Saudi Arabia, holding a meeting between the two countries, pleading with Saudi Arabia to protect TKW, who was sentenced to beheading. The request was made not only through letters but also through discussions between the country's two leaders.

Immigration is a law enforcement agency that functions as a public servant. Therefore, as an institution with authority to protect the traffic of people consisting of foreign nationals and Indonesian citizens, immigration policy has a crucial position in carrying out its duties and functions. However, the position of Immigration as a public servant with a human security aspect results in a consequence that must be taken, namely making a policy that balances service and in-depth supervision. Especially for Indonesian migrant workers who will work abroad. So Immigration is obliged to make various surveillance innovations as a contribution in terms of early detection both in terms of policies, regulations, technology, as well as improving the human resources of immigration officers in supervising migrant workers who are leaving, namely following procedures so that in the future it does not cause new problems in particular. Involved and entered into transnational crime both as victims and even perpetrators. This research is based on the writer's concern about the situation of PMI, considering that the migrant sector is one of the critical aspects in facilitating the country's development following the function of Immigration. This study uses a normative juridical method based on literature study materials and comparisons of policies taken with qualitative data. It is hoped that with this research, policy and technological innovation will contribute both legally and socially to the mitigation of the presence of undocumented migrant workers.

The article uses the example of independent India to study the correlation of investment and migration flows to foreign countries. It is shown that Indian investment flows, whose origins date back to the first half of the 1960s, were particularly active outside, mainly in industrialized countries, after the economic reform of 1991. The main interests and activities of Indian TNCs and their methods of work abroad are demonstrated. The possibilities of foreign activities of Indian investors in the new conditions of the coronavirus pandemic were evaluated. The central directions of investment flows and Indian foreign migration (USA, England, West Asia, etc.) are fundamentally the same. Adaptation of Indian immigrants is more successful in the countries where the English language is spoken. The problem of possible Indian migration to Russia is highlighted as a separate topic. Its potential positive and negative consequences for the economy and politics of the Russian Federation are outlined.

The aim of the research isto define causes and impulses of Rusyns-Ukrainians migration flows from the territory of (today's) Slovakia in 1870 – 1940 and review the dimensions of their emigration in relation to population development. It also depictsthe formation of the population climate in the overall context of emigration waves from Slovakia and Transcarpathia, as well asgovernment migration and population policy.The research methodologyis based on the principles of historicism, scientific verification, the author's objectivity, moderated narrative constructivism and use of the specially-historical (statistical, historical-typological, historical-systemic,etc.) and general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) methods. The scientific novelty.The issue of migration flows of the population of Slovakia, mainly the issue of migration of Rusyns and Ukrainians since the 1870s and in the first half of the 20th century, is a relatively broad and still open topic. While many historical works are dedicated to the emigration of Slovaks, it does not go for the issue of emigration of Rusyns and Ukrainians from Slovakia.Conclusions. The emigration (permanent or temporary) of Rusyns-Ukrainians from Slovakia had divided families and reduced the settlement area of the minority in many casesand Rusyns-Ukrainians in Slovakia still feel its consequences. Moving of thousands of economically active people for work abroad from the economically backward region in the last third of the 19th– early 20th century and during the interwar years 1920s–1930s meant that the population of Rusyns and Ukrainians in Slovakia stagnated due to migration.At the end of the 1930s, it even had statistically declining character because of political tension. Key words:Rusyns and Ukrainians in Slovakia, migration, population development, population climate, demographic processes,population of Slovakia, emigration from Slovakia.

The article provides a comprehensive legal study of the basic principles of conflict-oflaws and legal regulation of work, complicated by a foreign element. It is determined that work relations complicated by a foreign element include: work of local citizens with foreign employers outside their country; foreign business trips of citizens to work abroad; work at enterprises owned by foreign entrepreneurs on the territory of their state; work of foreigners in the host state. It is noted that conflict-of-laws issues in the field of work relations complicated by a foreign element arise due to the specifics of the national legislation of each of the countries and the inconsistency of private international law in this area. The article analyzes the peculiarities of work of foreigners in Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Romania, USA, Tunisia, Hungary, Ukraine, France, Germany, Czech Republic, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan. Based on the analysis it is concluded that the working conditions of emigrants are regulated by Public Law Regulations, which are mandatory and less humane in their content than the general conditions established by the general labor legislation and collective agreements. Foreign workers are directly dependent on entrepreneurs due to threats of expulsion, language difficulties, lack of professional training and other reasons. It is characterized by free overtime work, non-provision of vacations and sick leave. The article describes the conflict-of-laws bindings, which regulate work relations complicated by a foreign element, namely: the law of the autonomous will of the parties, the law of the place of performing of work, the law of the location of the employer, the law of the place of conclusion of an employment contract, the principle of the employer's personal law, the law of citizenship (domicile), the law of the flag, the principle of the closest connection. The features of the operation of conflict-of-laws bindings regulating work relations complicated by a foreign element in countries of different legal families are considered

The research included the characteristics of immediate family members made by the children of economic migrants. In the research, the respondents defined as children of economic migrants were defined as individuals who, in their adolescence (early or late), experienced separation from their parents, caused by one or both parents leaving for work abroad in the European Union.The biographical method was used in the research. There were 84 respondents in total, and the data obtained in the interviews was considered complete, with a high degree of content diversification.The conducted research shows that with the passage of time for all family members, except for the emigrant, his arrival home becomes a commonplace event. This has clear consequences visible in the relations between family members, which are presented in the article. Due to the multithreaded, broad and especially emotional material that was obtained in the research, this publication contains many examples of individual interpretations of their own life situation for the children of emigrants. Badania zawierały charakterystyki członków najbliższej rodziny dokonywane przez dzieci emigrantów zarobkowych. W badaniach za respondentów, określonych mianem dzieci emigrantów zarobkowych, uznano jednostki, które w okresie dorastania (wczesnego lub późnego) doświadczały rozłąki z rodzicami, spowodowanej wyjazdami zarobkowymi jednego lub obojga rodziców do pracy za granicę na terenie Unii Europejskiej. W badaniach wykorzystano metodę biograficzną. Łącznie respondentami były 84 osoby, a dane pozyskane w wywiadach uznano za wysoce nasycone o dużym stopniu zróżnicowania treści. Z prowadzonych badań wynika, że wraz z upływem czasu dla wszystkich członków rodziny poza emigrantem jego przyjazd do domu staje się wydarzeniem powszednim. Ma to jednoznaczne konsekwencje – widoczne w relacjach między członkami rodziny – które zostały zaprezentowane w artykule. Ze względu na wielowątkowy, szeroki i szczególnie emocjonalny materiał, jaki otrzymano w badaniach, w niniejszej publikacji zamieszczono wiele egzemplifikacji indywidualnych interpretacji własnej sytuacji życiowej dzieci emigrantów.

One of the main works of my late teacher, Professor V.A.Manassein, relates to the study of changes in blood during experimental fever. The data of this work are still cited in monographs on this issue. Vyacheslav Avksentievich, one of the first Russian doctors, worked on the study of morphological changes in blood in various pathological conditions and, sending me to work abroad, he strongly recommended that I pay special attention to this department of pathology and the clinic. Wishing to mark the memory of my teacher in some way, I allow myself in this small work to report the results of my clinic's research on the morphology of blood in cardiac patients during the period of disturbance of the compensation of cardiac activity.

INTRODUCTION.The article analyzes the current problems of the consular service. In the practical work of officials of the consular service of the Russian Federation, periodically arise situations in which it is necessary to make decisions taking into account the hierarchy of national legal acts and norms of international law, which are an integral part of the legal system of Russia. The situation complicated by the lack of a normative document that clearly and unambiguously regulates the hierarchy of legal acts that make up this system. The present article, based on the experience of the authors' work abroad, is a comprehensive study for making possible decisions within the framework of the issue under consideration on those non-standard issues that periodically are faced by employees of consular offices.MATERIALS AND METHODS.This article is based on the analysis of the provisions of article 15 of the Russian Constitution (taking into account the recently introduced amendments to the Constitution), on the decisions of the Constitutional and Supreme courts of Russia, laws of the Russian Federation, in particular, of the Civil code of the Russian Federation and the Federal law «On international treaties of the Russian Federation», and also in comparison of the legal systems of Russia, USA and Norway in the question of the primacy of national or international law, as well on real situations that occurred during one of the author's work in the consular service of the Russian MFA. The research method is based on the General scientific method of cognition.RESEARCH RESULTS.The article leads to the conclusion that in the question of the primacy of national or international law in the domestic legal system of a state gives its legislation different degrees of freedom to the Supreme state bodies in a flexible approach to the implementation of international legal obligations within the framework of the generally recognized principle of international law «pacta sunt servanda» – «treaties must be observed». Besides, within the framework of Russian national law, there are legally established opportunities to implement the norms of subordinate normative acts in the presence of a law that regulates the same type of relations in a different way.DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS.The article provides a regulatory framework that can be used by Russian foreign offices and the MFA in case of violation by the authorities of the host country of the norms of bilateral and multilateral treaties to which Russia and the country concerned are parties. As a conclusion, it is suggested that a clear understanding of the hierarchy of normative acts in the Russian legal system is necessary for its competent application by officials of Russian foreign offices in solving issues in the field of national legislation, as well as the use of international law by these persons in protecting the rights and interests of the Russian Federation, its legal entities and individuals.

The article presents results of the inquiry that involved 803 postgraduate students of research organizations involved in the preparation of postgraduate students in the field of education sciences. The inquiry helps to investigate the specificity of plans of postgraduate students to work abroad and to move abroad for permanent residence. It also helps to reveal and describe the impacts of various socio-demographic and socio-stratification factors. In addition, there was made a comparison of the attitudes of postgraduate students and scientific researchers to temporary or permanent migration. The data is processed using mathematical statistics methods. The results of the study indicate that the migration attitudes of graduate students are determined by the influence of a number of socio-demographic (gender, age, presence and structure of the family) and socio-stratification (financial status, educational status of parents) factors. A comparison of the opinions of graduate students and scientific researchers shows that migration attitudes towards both temporary migration and emigration abroad are more widespread among postgraduate students than among scientific researchers.

In the Immigration Law No. 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration Immigration is the matter of the traffic of people entering and leaving the Indonesian Territory and its supervision in order to maintain the upholding of the country's sovereignty, in the sense that we need to underline the word traffic, in immigration means synonymous with the movement of people, when speaking history at the beginning of the leadership of the immigration department at the time of the transition from the Dutch government to the Indonesian government adheres to the immigration law policy is open (open door) to selective (selective policy) for the national interest, in the case of traffic there is an inspection carried out by immigration officials who have absolute authority in carrying out their functions to provide entry or exit signs for Indonesian Citizens and Foreign Citizens (Foreigners) . Immigration checks by immigration officials facts in the field not all who want to enter or exit must be given permission, of course there is a legal basis or discretion in the implementation, for example when the departure of Indonesian citizens who want to work abroad and foreigners want to leave the territory of Indonesia, are prevented each month on departure, selective policy policies have a security and prosperity approach in that they can not only screen people who want to come to the Region Indonesia, based on the data obtained by researchers that there will be an explanation in there is a policy (selective policy) which we have been unaware of and we have applied for a long time that a selective policy exists on departure which results in people not getting an exit sign and then prevented in the future. appointment.

Purpose: The economic crisis in Greece has caused widespread suffering both in society and the economy. Among other things, new forms of geographical mobilities emerged highlighting the country's inability to retain a scientifically skilled workforce. One of the most important scientific branches been hit is the medical one. The purpose of this study is to identify the intention as well as the main factors that push young greek physicians to emigrate. Design/methodology/approach: For the present study, a tool for assessing young physicians' perceptions was designed and field research was performed on 239 medical school students and young physicians for up to 39 years. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was used to describe the data and generalize the results. Finally, Factor Analysis (Principal Component Analysis) was used to condense the initial variables and capture the determinants in physicians' brain drain. Findings: Young physicians show high intention to seek employment abroad. There are differences between men and women regarding their perceptions of the possible causes of emigration. Women consider more than men that unemployment, employment prospects, and opportunities and quality of life to be the most important reasons in the migratory decision. In addition, the young doctors whose family incomes are either very low or quite high are more receptive to looking for work abroad. Finally, the multivariate analysis highlights four main determinants feeding physicians decision-making; homeland's social identity, lack of prospects, unfavorable economic environment, and continuation of studies. Research limitations/implications: The period of the field research was conducted from September to November 2018. As a result, there are restrictions on whether participants' responses are affected by the economic crisis or not, as Greece in 2018 began to show macroeconomic stability. Originality/value: In the last decade, a large wave of young scientists' emigration has been recorded in Greece. This wave intensified in 2012 and became permanent in the following years, taking on large-scale exodus, with high annual outflows. Brain Drain as an evolving phenomenon has been studied both by the national and international academic community. However, in the case of Greece, the research of perceptions, intentions, and the main reasons for brain drain by medical professionals is limited. The present study seeks to fill the gap found in the literature through field research about the determinants of physicians' brain drain in Greece.

Thai missionary monks are viewed as passive in the new land on the grounds that though they work abroad, they still serve Thai communities rather than adapt Buddhism to attract the locals. Missionary work in Indonesia is, however, exceptional. This article questions how Thai monks attracted Chinese followers, who have a different background of beliefs. Ethnographic methodology was conducted in Central Java and Sumatra for three months. It found that in order to negotiate with educated lay religious leaders, Thai monks choose to invent an identity of traditional forest monks who are experts in meditation as found in Northeast Thailand. This special figure cannot be found among the laypeople who are immersed in worldly matters like the family and business. Thus, meditation masters from Thailand are often invited to Indonesia not only to provide meditation guidance but also to invent a new identity of Thai Buddhism in Indonesia.

Objective- This study aims to evaluate reasons for joining the Pharm D program among the graduates and students, their levels of satisfaction regarding choice, their perception towards the program and future career plans. Methods- All students and graduates under the Kerala University of Health Sciences, KUHS were invited to participate in the study conducted using the online portal- Google forms. Results- A total of 199 participants responded to the questionnaire, where the main reasons for choosing the program were to serve the society (88.4%), he/she is good at science (81.4%) and to settle and work abroad (70.9%). Working as hospital Clinical Pharmacist (87.9%) and Pharmacovigilance(80.4%) were the most preferred future career plans. About 59.8% respondents were ambitious towards pharmacy field. Conclusion- More than half of the respondents were satisfied to choose pharmacy and their reason for choice was to serve the society which outstood other factors and were more inclined to depict their skills in the field of pharmacovigilance and as clinical pharmacists.

The decision to work abroad is a unique dynamic for women migrant workers because they have to leave their homes for a long time. The choice is not an easy thing to do. For women in West Java, who are predominantly Muslim, leaving their homes is still a theological and cultural debate as to whether women may work outside the home. Culturally, women are “dulang tinande,” in which they are “not as a determinant” in family life. However, data show that high percentage of Sundanese women work abroad. This fenomenon is interested to be investigated. This research uses a feminist approach to uncover women’s experiences and to recognise women’s voices to be heard related to women migrant workers from West Java. Research shows that these workers have three motives for choosing to work abroad, namely: economic, human capital, and social reasons. Besides, they go through four decision-making processes to become migrant workers: self-stabilization, consultation with relatives, seeking information related to employment agencies (PJTKI), and consulting with Muslim clerics to ask for prayer and safety amulets. This study also found some interesting findings regarding women’s decision to work abroad. First, resilient. They have strong mental endurance by taking immeasurable risks to work in another country. Second, a change in gender relations between women migrant workers and their husbands. Interestingly, the shift in gender relations is temporary.

This study aims to determine: 1) the level of motivation for returning migrant workers to work abroad; 2) type and level of remittance utilization of migrant workers in the Senyiur Village, Keruak District. The method used is survey research with a descriptive approach. Data collection is done by questionnaire, interview, observation and documentation. In this study, 42 people were selected as samples with the snowball sampling technique. The subjects in this study were the people of Senyiur Village who had one or more family members to become migrant workers, and had migrated again over three times. While the data analysis technique used is percentage descriptive analysis. The results showed that: 1) the motivation of migrant workers to return work to abroad was in the high category with a percentage of 78.16%; 2) utilization of remittances for consumptive activities is in the high category with a percentage of 89.40%. While the utilization for productive economic activities is in the low category with a percentage of 10.6%.

Introduction: Clinical research is one of the essential components of evidence-based medicine. To apply new findings to clinical practice, it is necessary to acquire advanced knowledge of the methodologies used in clinical research. Clinicians and researchers should also be trained in developing critical thinking skills so that they provide better treatments. Principles and Practice of Clinical Research (PPCR) is an online distance learning program conducted by Harvard University. Over the past few years, several Japanese individuals have participated in the program to acquire basic knowledge and skills of clinical research. However, so far no study has reported the demographics of these Japanese students and their prospects after finishing the program. In this study, we investigate which factors contribute to the success or failure of these Japanese students in the course and the program’s impact on their future prospects.Material and Methods: All Japanese students enrolled in PPCR from 2013 through 2016 were evaluated. We collected the baseline data when they applied to the course, and the follow-up data in March 2017. The follow-up data included whether participants passed or failed the course, whether they were chosen to continue as a PPCR staff member the following year, and whether they received an opportunity to study or work abroad in the year following their completion of the course. Since the sample size of this study is small, we descriptively evaluated the data rather than running a specific statistical analysis.Results: From 2013 through 2016, 24 Japanese individuals have been enrolled in Harvard’s PPCR program. Japanese men were more likely to apply to the course than women (13/11 students). Most of the alumni were medical doctors (20 participants), while four participants were from other professional backgrounds. Nineteen individuals passed the course, while five participants dropped out. One of the alumni was invited to serve as a teaching assistant (TA) and five individuals were chosen as site monitors for the next year of the program. Three students obtained the chance to study or work abroad after the course.Discussion: This is the first study to investigate the characteristics of Japanese participants in PPCR. Japanese individuals might be more likely to pass the program than participants in other countries. All women in the program passed the course, likely due to their active participation. Japanese alumni tend to make further efforts and help incoming students after the program. Japanese classmates have a considerably high possibility to study abroad after the course. Since a small sample is one of the limitations in this study, additional evaluations with a larger sample size would be needed to draw further conclusions.Conclusions: Japanese students, especially women, maintain active participation during and after the period of online distance learning.

Ha nyitott szemmel járunk a mindennapok során, akkor nem kerülheti el figyelmünket a hallgatói munkavégzés jelensége. Ezen tanulmány keretein belül az volt a célunk, hogy megvizsgáljuk a Debreceni Egyetem Gazdaságtudományi Karán első évfolyamon tanulmányaikat megkezdő hallgatók munkatapasztalatainak meglétét, későbbi elhelyezkedési terveit, jövedelmi igényeit. Emellett szakirodalmi vizsgálatok keretében elemezzük a hallgatói munkavégzéssel kapcsolatos legfontosabb forrásokat. A felsőoktatásba újonnan belépő hallgatók szemléletének változására fontos figyelmet fordítani, mivel tanulmányaik befejezése után aktív munkakeresővé válnak. A Debreceni Egyetem Gazdaságtudományi Karán a 2019/2020-as tanévben mintegy 2000 fő került felvételre, akik közül 1700 meg is kezdte a tanulmányait. A kutatásunkat ezen hallgatók bevonásával végeztük. Az adatfelvétel a Debreceni Egyetem által szervezett gólyatáborában résztvevő hallgatók körében történt. A felmérés kiterjed többek között a kezdő fizetési igények felmérésére, az eddigi munkatapasztalatokra, a jövőbeni tervekre, ehhez kapcsolódóan a külföldi munkavállalással kapcsolatos hajlandóságra, valamint arra, hogy mely tényezőket veszik figyelembe a munkahely választás során.

This study is entitled: "Analysis of the Migrant Women Migrant Workers' Offer". An increase in population from year to year has several logical consequences including an increase in the number of young people and an increase in the workforce. Data from the Central Statistics Agency of Sumbawa Regency shows that from 2014 to 2017 there were an increase in the population of 427,119 people, 431,924 people, 436,599 people and 441,102 people spread in 24 sub-districts. The livelihoods of most of the population (around 52.72%) make a living from the agricultural sector (BPS Sumbawa Regency 2017). The geographical condition of the Sumbawa Regency, where fertility is uneven and rainfall is also insufficient to develop normal agriculture, difficult employment opportunities, inadequate education, minimal skills, lack of venture capital, forces residents (especially women) to choose to try looking for work to become Indonesian workers to various countries including the United Arab Emirates. The purpose of this study are: 1) What is the pattern of supply of female workers from Sumbawa Regency? 2) What factors influence the decision to leave women from Sumbawa Regency to become migrant workers abroad?This research was conducted in 4 districts out of 24 districts. Each subdistrict is taken from 2-3 villages which are the basis for migrant women workers (depending on the number of migrant workers available at the time of the survey). The four subdistricts determined as sampling locations are Sumbawa District, Plampang District, Labuan Badas District and Utan District by using descriptive methods and data collection is done by observation and interview techniques. Determination of respondents is done by purposive sampling technique. The output of this research is knowing the pattern of supply of women workers from Sumbawa Regency and the factors that influence the decision to leave women from Sumbawa Regency to migrant workers abroad, so that it can be seen how the impact of working abroad for women workers and their families and their contribution to Sumbawa Regency in general. Besides that, the output of this research is published in ISSN journals and is used as reference material for Macroeconomics courses.The TKT in this study was started by identifying how the pattern of supply of women workers from Sumbawa Regency and the factors influencing the decision to leave women from Sumbawa Regency to become migrant workers outside the interview method and distributing questionnaires. Knowing the pattern of female labor supply and the factors influencing the decision of women workers to work abroad can be input for the government what will be done to women workers who work abroad and contribute to the Regency of Sumbawa.

The purpose of the study was to find out students’ motivation towards English in State Polytechnic of Fakfak, West Papua. The participants of the study were 53 students from Informatics Management Study Program. The instrument used in the data collection was a questionnaire that consists of 20 indicators where 9 indicators refer to instrumental motivation, and 11 indicators are integrative motivation, and 2 open-ended questions were aimed to know another students’ motivation in learning English. Then, the data were analyzed descriptively. The finding indicates that the majority of students at Informatics Management Study Program have integrative motivation in learning English. However, it is also possible that the students have both integrative and instrumental motivations. Based on the students’ responses from open-ended questions, most of the students learn English because it is useful in getting an excellent job in the future, to study or work abroad, to pass an English proficiency test and to be able to read English materials, and also to make friends with English native speakers. Thus, in learning English, motivation is crucial to determine the learners’ achievement. As Dornyei (1998) indicated that it is very possible to successfully reach goals and good achievement with sufficient motivation.

Unter den vielen positiven Aspekten, die mit internationaler Mobilität assoziiert werden, ist der Wissenstransfer besonders wichtig. Möglich ist dies u. a. über international mobile Forschende, die als Wissensvermittelnde fungieren können, indem sie relevantes Wissen im Ausland erwerben und es in ihr Heimatland transferieren. Es ist jedoch wenig darüber bekannt, wie und welches Wissen übertragen wird, da es an Methoden mangelt, dies zu belegen. In diesem Beitrag wird zum einen das Potenzial bibliometrischer Analysen aufgezeigt, die für die Erfassung des Wissenstransfers international mobiler Forschender entwickelt worden sind. Die bibliometrischen Methoden greifen hierfür auf Autorennetzwerke, Zitationsnetzwerke und lexikalische Verfahren zurück, u. a. zur Bestimmung selten gebrauchter Begriffskombinationen, die explizite Wissensinhalte repräsentieren. Zum anderen werden die mit diesen Methoden gewonnenen Ergebnisse vorgestellt, darunter exemplarisch das im Ausland erworbene Wissen von Forschenden.

The graduates of the Catanduanes State University prefer to work abroad and in Metro Manila. There were some who preferred to stay in the province and look for a job. The College of Engineering barely needs additional faculty members, but few are willing to work in the institution. This research sought to determine the unique motivational factors towards work of the faculty of the college and why they are staying in the university. The research was conducted using a qualitative study of the faculty utilizing the questionnaire and interview on the motivation aspect towards work. The faculty of Catanduanes State University- College of Engineering was found to be significantly interested in doing their best and, given the freedom, will perform well. Simple recognition will validate what they have done well and will serve as additional motivation for the faculty. This research also found that organization background, reputation, working environment, harmonious workplace relationship is equally important with the salary.

O’Dowd reports the proposed expansion in medical school places to meet the demand of students fulfilling their A level requirements.1 More doctors are needed, but simply adding more newly qualified students to the workforce fails to tackle the “holes in the bucket” that have caused thousands of highly skilled and knowledgeable doctors to work abroad, retire early, or leave medicine entirely. The General Medical Council estimates that 4% of doctors …

Romania is going through a period of economic transition, subject to the pressures of globalization that affect the evolution of the family, at the micro social level, structurally, from the behaviour and relational point of view. The continuous process of changes in the labour market, the inefficiency of the association between vocational training and job satisfaction, the financial difficulties felt by most families but also the challenge of modernity have emphasized the phenomenon of migration in the last decade. The departure of parents who have to work abroad has become a worrying phenomenon with a higher incidence in the eastern half of the country. It has got complex effects on the evolution of the family, especially on the children left at home with one of their parents or their tutors. Nowadays, the studies show more and more situations of neglect in which children become victims and suffer emotionally and physically. They also suffer various abuses, they are exploited through work or sex. In schools, there is a new profile of special educational requirements (not deficiencies), the profile of children left at home without parental support. It is worrying the migration phenomenon seen as a value model by the young generation and its negative effects at school level: decrease of motivation for learning or school abandonment. The present study discusses a review of the current scientific literature objectively, which examines the impact of breaking attachment relationships between children and parents on socio-emotional development and school outcomes. The Romanian society knows an important socio-economic phenomenon, which has grown since 1990: migration. In 2017, a study carried out at the request of the Romanian Government recorded more than 85,000 children left home alone with one of the parents or without parental supervision. We aim to analyse what effects at school and socio-emotional level have the loss of attachment ties having as moderators the gender of the migrant parent, the duration of the separation, the age at which the separation occurs. When these relationships are interrupted, the child’s emotional development is affected, his emotional balance having repercussions in his social life. The purpose of this study is to identify, monitor the dimensions of the phenomenon in intensely affected areas (Braila and Galati counties), the psycho-pedagogical aspects of children with migrant parents exposed to situations of vulnerability, marginalization and to propose a program of educational strategies in order to optimize school motivation. The main objective of the research is to identify, evaluate and involve them into adaptive actions that have as their objective the rebalancing of the socio-affective relations

Background: The transition process of migration to work abroad can be challenging and, depending on how it is handled, can impact the job satisfaction level of these foreign-educated nurses. A clear understanding of migrant nurses’ job satisfaction is critical for effective translation of nursing practice across the health systems and cultures. Objective: This study examined the job satisfaction of the foreign-educated nurses in Malaysia, which includes the job satisfaction dimensions and the significant difference between sociodemographic status and job satisfaction. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 102 foreign-educated nurses working in private hospitals, clinics, hemodialysis centers, nursing homes, and private homes in Malaysia was conducted from September 2017 to March 2018. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to analyze the data. Results: The study revealed that the participants had a median satisfaction score of 22 (IQR = 19 to 24). Serving the sick and needy and participants’ self-respect were the highest satisfaction dimensions among the participants (Median = 3, IQR = 3 to 3). Moreover, the job satisfaction was significantly higher for registered foreign-educated nurses (mean rank = 62.5) than for unregistered foreign-educated nurses(mean rank = 48.65) when working in other countries (p = 0.02). Indian nurses (mean rank = 60.36) also expressed higher satisfaction in terms of working in other countries than Filipino nurses (mean rank = 46.88; p = 0.02). In addition, positive relationships with colleagues and superiors led to higher satisfaction among Indian nurses (mean rank = 61.02) than among Filipino nurses (mean rank = 47.24; p = 0.04). The job satisfaction of male foreign-educated nurses was significantly higher than their female counterparts in terms of self-respect, relationship with fellow nurses and superiors, working in other countries, career development, and ease of finding employment (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The overall job satisfaction among the foreign-educated nurses in Malaysia is high, mainly when serving the sick and needy, and their degree of self-respect. Understanding job satisfaction among foreign-educated nurses in Malaysia enables the management team to develop effective strategies for addressing nursing shortages and improving the quality of patient care. Funding: This study was funded by the Institute of Developing Economies (IDE-JETRO).

Many legal cases and other cases experienced by Indonesian Migrant Workers (TKI) abroad which are detrimental to these migrant workers. Based on these facts, the State should play a role and be fully responsible for the safety and welfare of TKI. The role and responsibility of the state is not only contained in the contents of the law solely, but must be implemented in an effort to protect the law against migrant workers who work abroad. Based on the facts, it turns out that the various regulations related to the protection of TKIs abroad, there is overlap between one institution and another, the other problem is that agreements between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the destination countries for migrant workers must be frequently reviewed, due to state regulations objectives often change so that many migrant workers are harmed by the policy

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine how female expatriates mobilise couples’ dual-career coordination strategic choices to achieve their own and their partners’ desired career goals. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative research is based upon in-depth interviews with 20 dual-career female expatriates working in two case study oil and gas organisations. Findings Female expatriates use a series of tactics ranging from cooperation in maintaining a dual-career hierarchy, through to coordinating aspects of their own and their partners’ assignments, undertaking compatible industry roles and co-working (working together in the same organisation) to attempt to achieve a greater egalitarian international dual-career strategic outcome. Research limitations/implications This case analysis was based on a relatively small sample of female expatriates in heterosexual relationships working in oil and gas exploration. Further research in different sectors, with larger samples, and with male expatriates is also needed. Practical implications Employers should minimise periods of separation by focussing on coordinated assignment timings for both partners, facilitate suitable employment for both partners who wish to work abroad, and prioritise securing partner work visas. Social implications The inability to pursue desired dual-careers together while undertaking international assignments can be detrimental to couples’ relationships, potentially leading to unwillingness to expatriate and thereby deliver necessary skills in the host country. Originality/value The originality lies in identifying the tactics women use to enact dual-career coordination strategies, including coordinating assignment timings and locations to reduce separation and pursuing compatible roles to achieve egalitarian career and relationship outcomes. While women expected co-working in the same firm to facilitate dual-career mobility, its career outcomes were disappointing.

The article highlights the parts of A.N. Veselovsky’s biography that reflect his connections with Western European science, cites the facts from his personal and epistolary communication, and estimates his contribution to the major scientific activities of the second half of the 19th century in the context of perception of such works as Dante and the Symbolic Poeret of Catholicism (1865), Villa Alberti. New Materials for the Characterization of the Literary and Social Breakthrough in the Italian Life of the 14th–15th century (1870), Experiments on the History of the Development of the Christian Legend (1875–1877), From the History of the Novel and the Story (1886, 1888) and others. A.N. Veselovsky sought to expand contacts with Western European scholars to exchange information, new methodologies, and conceptual and theoretical models. He published about 40 articles in foreign languages and contributed to the introduction of Slavic and Byzantine material to the world science, as well as to promoting Russian philology abroad.

Migrant worker problems occur due to limited job opportunities & opportunities, income disparity and less productive use of income. Especially in Malang Regency in 2016 experienced an increase in the number of migrants by 21.8%. The purpose of this research is a strategy to develop the tourism potential of Migrant Villages to increase job opportunities. This study will be carried out in Donomulyo Subdistrict in the south-east region (32 - 70 km) from Malang City and concentrate on villages that have a potential migrant population who work abroad. The sampling technique is based on the random sampling method, number a sample of 69 with a 95% confidence level. The analysis of this research uses the SWOT analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats). Migrant Village, Donomulyo Subdistrict, has strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, strength is its good panoramas, adequate infrastructure and then has a distinctive tradition of good artistic activities. The weaknesses are that the road access is not good enough, there is less attention, it is prone to disasters and the human resources are insufficient or insufficient. Strategies because of strengths but have opportunities, the strategic undertaken in cooperation with travel agents, further agro-tourism development strategies and increasing cultural tourism attractions and development of Bumdes (Business entities in the village). Furthermore, the next strategy is if it is strong but has challenges, the strategy is to make tour packages by branding tourist villages. However, if there is a weakness and there is a chance the strategy is to improve the infrastructure for the procurement of tourist signs, add to tourist spots and organize a tourist information centre.

Unemployment is a serious problem that troubles the majority of countries in the world. The big problem is particularly long-term unemployment. Slovak economy is trying to deal with this problem already for a long time. Despite of the pronounced decline of unemployment rate in recent years, the high long-term unemployment persists in Slovakia. The aim of the article is therefore to evaluate the causes of long-term unemployment in Slovakia and its impact on the economy and on the migration of the labor force in search of work abroad. On the basis of the results of our research, we have found that one of the causes of long-term unemployment is uneven distribution of industry and a poor quality and inadequate infrastructure. This is particularly the case for unemployment in the southern and eastern Slovakia. Unemployment in Slovakia, especially in the last period, negative influences a discrepancy in the structure of the qualification and profession of unemployed people and vacancies. Another reason for the relatively high unemployment is the large number of people with low levels of education, especially in the eastern part of Slovakia. The result of high unemployment in this region are low wages, which often don not encourage these people to work, even if they would have found the job vacancy. Another reason for unemployment is sometimes unwillingness of people to migrate between regions of Slovakia for the work or travel for the work to the more distant town. This is linked with the underdeveloped and inefficient functioning of the market for rental flats. Living outside of the region of residence (in Slovakia) in most cases is significantly more expensive and therefore is not worthwhile for the unemployed people to seek the work outside their region. Therefore, many people solve the problem of unemployment and low wages in the migration for work abroad. This includes people with a lower, but also with high qualifications, who are looking for better valuation of their labour.

EMPOWERMENT OF FEMALE MIGRANT WORKERS RETIREMENT OF SOLOKURO DISTRICT, LAMONGAN. Solokuro Village is one of the majority of the population being Indonesian Migrant Workers (TKI) and Female Migrant Workers (TKW), as for the background of the large number of residents who choose to work abroad due to economic factors and the lack of jobs that can meet the needs of families in the Solokuro village. This PKM activity will provide assistance to the group of women who are retired after TKW “Sinar Berdikari Business Group” by developing a variety of home-based snack products. The solutions offered in this program are: Help increase production capacity and business marketing management, strengthen business group institutions. The solution offered in this program is by providing production tools, training in business management and marketing, facilitating the formation of business groups in a professional manner, assisting in making media marketing business information technology. The method used in this service is the training method combined using the FGD (Focus Group Discussion) method, participatory assistance. From the results of the Sinar Berdikari Business group assistance and the residents of Solokuro Lamongan, innovation needs to be made to make food made from corn with a variety of flavors and shapes to increase partner productivity, equip partners with good managerial, partners will be able to run their businesses effectively and efficiently, train good packaging methods will increase sales of partners to package a product so that it is more attractive and has high selling power, teaching partners with marketing training can increase the sales volume of partners from the local market to the national market and the need for continuous monitoring and coaching so that the business partners and residents of Solokuro Lamongan can develop accordingly hope.

POSTING OF WORKERS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE PROVISION OF SERVICES. THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL LABOR INSPECTORATE AS „A COMPETENT BODY” IN THE MEANING OF DIRECTIVE 2014/67/WE AND OTHER PIP TASKS IN THE AREA OF POSTING OF WORKERSThe article seeks to familiarize the reader with the phenomenon of the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services, with particular emphasis placed on the differences between posting and a business trip. Explaining these differences seems to be of paramount importance in the case of workers posted from the territory of Poland to work abroad as implementation of business trip procedures in a situation of actual posting often leads to the circumventing of legal regulations on social security and personal income tax — deliberately and voluntarily or entirely by accident — and, consequently, to a reduction of the inflow of the amounts due to the state budget. This paper also presents an issue which is inseparably linked with posting, i.e. minimum employment conditions in a host country which must be guaranteed — irrespective of the choice of law made by the parties to the legal relationship — by the employer posting a worker outside the territory of the country where he/she usually performs work.The posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services falls within the area of the labour law regulated by the intracommunity standards which have been implemented in the Polish legal system. The article discusses the main EU legal acts pertaining to this matter and how these regulations have been introduced in the Polish law by means of the Act on of 10 June 2016 on the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services.When analyzing the contents of the above-mentioned Act, a reference has been made to the National Labour Inspectorate’s remit, as per the provisions of the Act, as “a competent body” in the meaning of Directive 2014/67/EU, as well as to other tasks, obligations and rights of this institution resulting from the legal regulations in the area of the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services.The remarks made in this article, presented in view of the legislation in force, lead to conclusions as regards necessary amendments of legal provisions on the competence and remit of the National Labour Inspectorate as the authority appointed to ensure the rule of law in the area of the posting of workers.

Indonesian Workers (TKI) are domestic workers who work abroad. TKI is the largest foreign exchange earner for Indonesia. For official migrant workers, they will receive employment training conducted at the Overseas Employment Training Center which is managed by Indonesian Manpower Services Distributors as their suppliers abroad. Since the height of the news about Human Trafficking / non-procedural human trafficking has become a special concern by the Indonesian government, various ways of prevention are carried out by the government together with related official institutions. The author uses descriptive-qualitative research method, which is done by direct observation and in-depth interviews with the parties concerned, and the data collected later on analysis by descriptive analysis by describing the results of research in the form of research reports. With the holding of campaigns by the government and related institutions such as that carried out by PT Indotama Karya Gemilang about understanding the importance of the procedural process for migrant workers, they can add their understanding of the process procedurally.

Migration has become a vital element of the Bangladeshi economy, which has led to an increasing focus on providing Bangladeshis with the skills needed on the international labour market. English is often cited as one of these skills, and previous research has shown that a primary reason why Bangladeshis wish to learn English is due to its perceived value for pursuing work abroad (Erling, Elizabeth J., Philip Seargeant, Mike Solly, Qumrul H Chowdhury, & Sayeedur Rahman. 2012.Attitudes to English as a language for international development in rural Bangladesh. London: British Council. Available online athttp://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/publications/attitudes-english-a-language-international-development-rural-bangladesh.). The extent to which English is of value in economic migration, however, has been underexplored in research (Coleman, Hywel. 2010.The English language in development. London: British Council. Available athttp://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/publications/english-language-development.). Drawing on data from a qualitative study which provides new insights into the experiences and perceptions of a cohort of returnee migrants, this article investigates the perceived value of (English) language skills for migration. The study finds that economic migrants see the advantages of having particular skills, especially English, for economic gain. However, applying a capabilities lens to their narratives (Sen, Amartya. 1999.Development as freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.) reveals the difficulties of classifying their experiences in terms of “success” given the deeply embedded structural issues and challenges the participants report facing. This article therefore questions assumptions that language skills can be transformational when social inequality is (re)produced in the context of migration.

In the article peculiarities of ideas about future family life of children from labor migrants' families are studied and analyzed in comparison with ideas of children from complete functional families and orphan children. It is noted that the reason for differences in family ideas is the influence of family deprivation. The author emphasizes the differences of ideas about the future family life of children from labor migrants' families (functionally incomplete families) in which parents work abroad for a long time from the ideas of orphan children. The children aged 13-14 took part in the research. The survey was conducted in different regions of Ukraine. It is assumed, that children deprived of parental guardianship will have the lowest level of formation of future family ideas. Consequently children of labor migrants, who suffer from parents’ absence less than orphan children, will take average positions between children from complete families and orphan children. The comparative characteristic of groups of teenagers was provided by the results of the research.

SummaryThe most recent ST3 Anaesthetic recruitment for posts commencing in August 2021 saw larger numbers of applicants (n = 1,056) compared to previous years, with approximately 700 applicants failing to secure an ST3 post. We surveyed 536 anaesthetic junior doctors who applied for ST3 posts during this application round with the aim of investigating their experience of the recruitment process this year (response rate 536/1,056 = 51%). Approximately 61% were not offered ST3 posts (n = 326), a similar proportion to that previously reported. We asked all respondents what their potential career plans were for the next 12 to 24 months. The majority expressed intentions to take up either CT3 top-up posts or non-training fellow posts from August 2021 (79%). Other options considered by respondents included: pursuing work abroad (17%), embarking on a career break (16%), taking up an ST3 post in intensive care medicine instead of anaesthetics (15%) and permanently leaving the medical profession (9%). A number of respondents expressed a desire to pursue training in a different medical specialty (9%). Some respondents expressed an intention to pursue further education or research (10%). A large proportion of respondents (42%) expressed a lack of confidence in being able to achieve the necessary training requirements to later apply for ST4 in August 2023. The majority of respondents reported not feeling confident in achieving GMC Specialty Registration in Anaesthesia in the future without a training number (75%), and that their wider life plans have been disrupted due to the impending time out of training (78%). We received a total of 384 free-text responses to a question asking about general concerns regarding the ST3 applications process. Sentiment analysis of these free-text responses indicated that respondents felt generally negatively about the ST3 recruitment process. Some themes that were elicited from the responses included: respondents feeling the recruitment process lacked fairness, respondents suffering burnout and negative impacts on their wellbeing, difficulties in making plans for their personal lives, and feeling undervalued and abandoned despite having made personal sacrifices to support the health service during the COVID-19 pandemic. These results suggest that junior anaesthetic doctors in the UK currently have a negative perception towards postgraduate training structures, which has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, changes to the postgraduate training curriculum and difficulties in securing higher training posts.