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El interés por mi ciudad, su historia, sus calles y secretos, sus leyendas y costumbres, su patrimonio, su cultura… hace que me decante por el estudio y análisis de las casas-palacio sevillanas, en especial las del siglo XVI, pues es en este siglo, cuando se configuran las más importantes y relevantes, no solo por la historia de la capital andaluza, sino también por su trazado y estructura urbana. Es en el Casco Histórico sevillano, donde reside el foco atractivo que argumenta mi preocupación e inquietud por la pérdida, y desuso, de estos espacios hasta ahora principalmente privativos que conforman parte del patrimonio sevillano. Sería justo pensar que estos espacios, que cuentan historia y contienen artesonado renacentista, gótico, mudéjar… deberían pertenecer a la ciudad, a sus habitantes y a sus calles. De esta forma, la reconversión de espacios privativos conduciría a un proceso de adaptación para que finalmente puedan residir y descansar en estancias de la ciudad, y como en su origen, vuelvan a formar parte de esta, conformando una red de espacios urbanos y estancias públicas de Sevilla. The great interest in my city, its history, its streets and secrets, its legends and customs, its heritage, its culture... has led me to choose the study and analisis of the palace-houses of Seville, especially those of the 16th century, as it is in this century that the most important and relevant ones were created, not only for the history of the Andalusian capital, but also for its urban layout and structure. It is in the historic centre of Seville where the attractive focus lies, which is the reason for my concern and worry about the loss and disuse of these hitherto mainly private spaces that make up part of Seville's heritage. It would be fair to think that these spaces, which tell history and contain Renaissance, Gothic and Mudejar coffered ceilings... should belong to the city, its inhabitants and its streets. In this way, the reconversion of private spaces would lead to a process of adaptation so that they can finally reside and rest in rooms of the city, and, as in their origin, become part of it again, forming a network of urban spaces and public rooms of Seville. Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Arquitectura

This article presents a comparative accessibility study between a real city and its redraft as a Garden City. The benchmarking methodology involves defining and evaluating a location-based accessibility indicator in a GIS environment for the city of Coimbra, Portugal, and for the same city laid out as a Garden City, with the same number of inhabitants, jobs, and similar number of urban facilities. The results are derived as maps and weighted average distances per inhabitant to the facilities and jobs, and show that, for the Garden City, average distances drop to around 500 m for urban facilities and 1500 m for the combination of facilities and jobs, making much of the city accessible by walking and practically the whole of it accessible by cycling, with positive impact on transport sustainability and accessibility equity. The methodology can be extended to other benchmarking indicators and city layouts, and the quantitative results it yields make a valuable contribution to the debate on the ideal layout of cities. Moreover, it gives directions on how to improve real cities to address current and future sustainability concerns. This research was partially funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), grant numbers UIDB/00308/2020 and PD/BD/150589/2020. The APC was funded by FCT, grant number UIDB/00308/2020. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The urban configuration in the Mediterranean area, which has noticeable solar radiation and significant thermal oscillation, is one of the factors that affect the microclimate and the urban heat island phenomenon of the cities located in that zone. To contribute to the improvement of urban comfort, this work presents an experimental methodological proposal for the analysis and multicriteria optimization of performance indicators using a parametric workflow through Grasshopper. This workflow can lead to the development of a set of environmental design criteria as support tools in the design of the urban configuration. The methodology is based on the quantification of two parameters on the analysis and management of daylight in interior spaces by means of dynamic metrics and, on the other hand, on the evaluation of hygrothermal conditions and the urban heat island effect, which affect both the daytime comfort of passersby and the nighttime comfort of dwellings. This study considers the most typical variables of urban layout, both morphological and material. The case study analyzed is located in the city of Seville (Spain), which has a significant percentage of its contemporary buildings without a suitable adaptation to local climate conditions. The results obtained from the case study prove the potential of the proposed methodology to evaluate and optimize lighting and thermal performance at the neighbourhood scale. Thus, it provides urban planners with a powerful decision support tool for both urban expansion and urban renewal.

New Towns in Iran have been located, planned, and built near the big cities since early 1981 to attract the overflow population of metropolises and reduce the density of the mother cities. Andisheh is one of the Iranian new towns that was built in 1992 in a 30 kilometers distance from the metropolis of Tehran. Despite the efforts of the planners and urban designers in locating new towns, and designing open spaces, squares, streets, parks, appropriate width of roadways, and residential complexes, new towns lack something. Their urban spaces are not attractive for their inhabitants, residents are not satisfied with the quality of the urban environment and they tend to leave new towns. Moreover, most of the new towns are faced with such problems as being a dormitory for their residents. It is important to study the quality of urban life and urban identity related to physical form in urban areas such as new towns since urban physical form affects perceptual aspects of residents, so perceived quality of life, sense of belonging, and sense of place. Human perception and experience of their surrounding urban spaces and QOUL affect the behavior of residents. Urban identity is related to the identity of residents and also the identity of the city. The urban environment reflects its resident’s needs and values and all of the residents are part of their cities, because, without citizens, the cities would not be what they are. The present research investigates the relationship between the quality of urban life (QOUL), urban identity (UI), and urban physical form (UPF) in Andisheh new town focusing on density, housing, land use, layout, and accessibility. This study includes descriptive, analytical, and explorative research, in which a mixed-method approach including the qualitative and quantitative methods – a case study approach and a quantitative descriptive method- is utilized. The methods used in this research are (1) the literature review and theoretical analysis, (2) questionnaire to survey the case study with a sample of 413 questionnaires filled by residents, (3) the qualitative method to obtain fundamental knowledge and to collect information through the interview with urban experts, (4) quantitative method, to collect numeric and statistical data and finally, (5) Space Syntax analysis, GIS, and statistical methods including SPSS using KMO and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity and CFA, and SEM (structural equation modeling) through AMOS. The Space Syntax Theory is employed by measuring the value of connectivity, integration, and mean depth. GIS has been used to evaluate the spatial scattering of land uses, and geocode the locations of the residents (through their addresses), and creating a set of geodatabase containing all the questions of questionnaires. Data collected through questionnaires and geocoded in GIS has been analyzed through SPSS and AMOS. The SEM is applied to analyze the relationship between indicators of QOUL, UI, and UPF, as well as, the correlation between these dimensions. The hypotheses of this study, which are the main hypotheses of the research (HI and HII) and subsidiary hypotheses (H1- H9) related to each dimension, are analyzed through SEM analysis. The value of the path coefficient represents that if there is a positive, negative, or no significant correlation between variables. Therefore, the results of SEM analyses indicate two types of acceptable or not significant correlation. The acceptable positive correlations are between: dimensions of UI and QOUL with the value of 0.87 (HI), objective measures of housing and satisfaction with housing with the value 0.32 (H2), activities and meaning with the value 0.12 (H4), objective measures of housing and objective measures access with the value 0.48 (H7), objective measures of housing and objective measures of land use with the value 0.52 (H7), objective measures of housing and objective measures of density with the value 0.42 (H7), objective measures of access and objective measures of land use with the value 0.39 (H7), subjective measures of access and overcrowding with the value 0.57 (H8), subjective measures of layout and overcrowding with the value 0.61 (H8), and subjective measures of access and subjective measures of layout with the value 0.77 (H8). The negative acceptable correlations are between: UF and QOUL with the value -0.64 (HII), UF and UI with the value -1.30 (HII), objective density and satisfaction with overcrowding with the value -0.53 (H1), mean depth and satisfaction with land uses -0.22 (H6), and between objective measures of land use and objective measures of density with the value - 0.61 (H7). The results represent that there is not a significant correlation between: objective density and perceived overcrowding (H1), objective measures of land use and satisfaction with land use (H3), physical setting and meaning (H4), physical setting and activities (H4), objective measures of accessibility and subjective measures of accessibility (H5), objective measures of access and objective measures of density (H7). It is significant to note that the results and findings are based on the questionnaires that were filled out by the residents of Andisheh new. Therefore, the correlations between variables may have a different outcome in other cities. As a summary of the conclusion of the present research in Andisheh new town, it can be pointed out that although there may not be a significant relationship between some indicators of UI, QOUL, and UPF, but in general, there is a strong relationship between UI and QOUL in Andisheh new town. Moreover, UPF affects UI and QOUL, and this relationship is strong and negative. Keywords: quality of urban life (QOUL), urban identity (UI), urban physical form (UPF), geocoding the location of residents, analysis of population and density/ housing/ accessibility/ urban layout/ and land use, Space Syntax analysis, structural equation modeling (SEM), the relationship between indicators of UI, QOUL, and UPF

Many Chilean cities are experiencing strong expansions linked to the construction of single-family housing complexes, resulting in peripheral areas that seem to invariably remain residential over time. This study suggests that the suburbs built by developers in the past few decades would be reproducing some characteristics of the Levittowns, the classic US post-war suburb, with added functional consequences, particularly concerning their adaptability to new land uses. Potential levittownization processes are studied by exploring the uses and layout in recent urban developments in the city of Valdivia, resorting to the methodologies of urban morphology and Space Syntax. The findings suggest that the complexes studied were spatially segregated and planned with concentrated facilities, disperse buildings, and morphological and functional homogeneity that hinder the emergence of non-residential uses. Levittownization is acknowledged then as a phenomenon shown to alter the evolution of our urban systems., Muchas ciudades chilenas están viviendo una intensa expansión ligada a la construcción de conjuntos de viviendas unifamiliares, generando periferias que parecen mantenerse inalterablemente residenciales en el tiempo. Este estudio sugiere que los suburbios construidos por inmobiliarias durante las últimas décadas estarían reproduciendo características de los Levittowns, el clásico suburbio estadounidense de postguerra, presentando conjuntamente consecuencias funcionales, particularmente respecto de su adaptabilidad a nuevos usos de suelo. Potenciales procesos de Levittownisación son estudiados mediante la exploración de los usos y la configuración en urbanizaciones recientes en la ciudad de Valdivia, utilizando metodologías de morfología urbana y Space Syntax. Los resultados sugieren que los conjuntos estudiados fueron segregados espacialmente, y planificados con equipamientos concentrados, edificios dispersos y homogeneidad morfológica y funcional, obstaculizando la aparición de usos no residenciales. La Levittownisación se reconoce entonces como un fenómeno capaz de alterar la evolución de nuestros sistemas urbanos.

Resumen Desde la Grecia clásica hasta nuestros días, muchos han sido los pensadores que secundando las teorías pitagóricas han reflexionado sobre la estrecha relación existente entre la arquitectura y la música, llegando a la conclusión de que se fundamenta en las matemáticas. Reputados investigadores de los últimos tiempos han identificado la materialización de esta relación en gran parte de los referentes arquitectónicos construidos a lo largo de la historia, explicando la composición de sus fachadas y la distribución de sus volúmenes, a partir de reglas matemáticas que también se utilizaron para componer música. Sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta que la arquitectura no solo comprende el arte de construir edificios, sino también el de diseñar y levantar una ciudad resulta sorprendente que a día de hoy, nunca se haya planteado la materialización de esta relación, en la composición y trazado de una ciudad. En este punto empieza la presente investigación que pretende demostrar que la relación entre la arquitectura y la música también se materializó, desde sus orígenes, en el trazado de las ciudades. Y para ello se detiene en el estudio de la ciudad de Mileto, evidenciando que su trazado fue diseñado en base a reglas de composición musical. Resumo Desde a Grécia clássica até hoje, muitos foram os pensadores que, secundando as teorias pitagóricas, refletiram sobre a estreita relação existente entre a arquitetura e a música, chegando à conclusão de que se fundamenta na matemática. Reputados pesquisadores dos últimos tempos identificaram a materialização desta relação em grande parte dos referentes arquitetônicos construídos ao longo da história, explicando a composição de suas fachadas e a distribuição de seus volumes, a partir de regras matemáticas que também foram usadas para se compor música. No entanto, tendo em conta que a arquitetura não só compreende a arte de construir edifícios, mas também a de desenhar e construir uma cidade, é surpreendente que, até hoje, nunca tenha sido colocada a materialização desta relação na composição e no traçado de uma cidade. Neste ponto, começa a presente pesquisa, que pretende demonstrar que a relação entre a arquitetura e a música também se materializou, desde suas origens, no traçado das cidades. E, para isso, se detém no estudo da cidade de Mileto, evidenciando que seu traçado foi desenhado com base em regras de composição musical. Abstract From classical Greece to the present day, many were the thinkers who supported the Pythagorean theories and that reflected on the close relationship between architecture and music, concluding that it is founded in mathematics. Renowned researchers of recent times have identified the materialization of this relationship in large part of the architectural references built throughout history, explaining the composition of their facades and the distribution of their volumes, from mathematical rules that were also used to compose music. However, bearing in mind that architecture includes not only the art of building buildings, but also the art of designing and building a city, it is surprising that to this day, the materialization of this relationship has never been considered, in the composition and layout of a city. Thus, this is the starting point of this research, which aims to show that the relationship between architecture and music has also materialized, since its origins, in the layout of cities. And for that it stops at the study of Miletus city, evidencing that its layout was designed based on rules of musical composition.

There has been a loose association between archaeology and urban morphology since its emergence. Nonetheless, it would appear relatively few urban morphologists have a proper grounding in archaeology and it seldom comes to explicit exchanges on theoretical, analytical, or purposive grounds. This is remarkable, because urban morphology, as the study of the developmental history of urban construction over time could, in certain respects, be considered as a subfield of archaeology, the discipline uniquely conceived and qualified to study human development diachronically.

[EN] The use of methodologies that involve, motivate and generate neural processes in the student promote better learning in many fields of teaching. In this work the creation of a methodology for the study of the evolution of cities in urban planning subjects is studied by using puzzles as spatial and temporal representation of urban areas based on experiences in the universities of Universidad del Valle de Atemajac and the Universitat Politècnica de Valencia. Compared to more traditional learnings from control groups and previous promotions, results are improved especially on issues related to the older stages of the city's evolution and in understanding surface growth over time of the city., [ES] La utilización de metodologías que impliquen, motiven y generen procesos neuronales en el alumno promueven un mejor aprendizaje en multitud de campos de la enseñanza. En el presente trabajo se estudia la creación de una metodología para el estudio de la evolución de las ciudades en las asignaturas de urbanismo mediante la utilización de rompecabezas como representación espacial y temporal de áreas urbanas a partir de las experiencias en las universidades de Universidad del Valle de Atemajac y la Universitat Politècnica de València. Mediante comparación con aprendizajes más tradicionales de grupos de control y promociones anteriores se obtiene una mejora de resultados especialmente en temas relacionados a las etapas más antiguas de la evolución de la ciudad y en la comprensión del crecimiento superficial de la ciudad respecto al tiempo.

Este trabajo se desarrolla en el Área Metropolitana de Mendoza (AMM), ciudad de clima árido con dos contextos geomorfológicos diferentes. El objetivo consiste en analizar la relación entre el comportamiento y confort térmico exterior de canales viales urbanos (CVU) insertos en llanura y piedemonte. Para ello, se seleccionó y monitoreó seis CVU insertos en tres formas de trama (racional, orgánica y Cul-de-Sac). Los resultados en cuanto al comportamiento térmico indican que el CVU racional es más caluroso en piedemonte que en llanura; el CVU Cul-de-Sac es más caluroso en llanura que en piedemonte; y el CVU orgánico registra la temperatura máxima más elevada pero la temperatura mínima más fresca en llanura. En términos de confort exterior, el CVU racional en llanura alcanza un 30%, y en el sector de piedemonte representa un 20%; el CVU orgánico en piedemonte alcanza un 30%, y en el sector de llanura alcanza un 20%; siendo el CVU Cul-de-Sac en piedemonte el de mejor habitabilidad (70%); mientras que en llanura alcanza solo un 20%. Esto demuestra que la respuesta térmica y el grado de confort de los CVU insertos en una misma trama urbana tienen diferentes comportamientos de acuerdo a la geomorfología de implantación. This research was carried out in the Mendoza Metropolitan Area (MMA), a city with an arid climate and two different geomorphological contexts. The objective is to analyze the relationship between the behavior and outdoor thermal comfort of urban canyons (UC) located on flatland and hillsides. To this end, six UC were selected in three urban layouts (grid, organic and cul-de-sac) and monitored. The results regarding thermal behavior indicate that the grid UC is hotter on hillsides than on flatland; the cul-de-sac UC is hotter on flatland than on hillsides; and the organic UC has the highest maximum temperature but the coolest minimum temperature on flatland. In terms of outdoor thermal comfort, the grid UC on flatland reaches 30%, and in the hillside area 20%; and the organic UC on the hillside reaches 30%, and in the flatland area 20%. The case with the best habitability was the cul-de-sac UC on the hillside, with thermal comfort reaching 70%, while only 20% in the cul-de-sac UC on flatland. This shows that the outdoor thermal behavior and comfort of the UCs in the same urban layout have different behaviors according to the geomorphology of their location. Fil: Castillo, Ana Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Ambiente, Hábitat y Energía; Argentina Fil: Sosa, María Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Ambiente, Hábitat y Energía; Argentina Fil: Correa Cantaloube, Erica Norma. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Ambiente, Hábitat y Energía; Argentina Fil: Canton, Maria Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Ambiente, Hábitat y Energía; Argentina

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Urbanismo apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre. Resultado de um crescimento desordenado e com um planeamento urbano pouco eficaz, Agualva-Cacém evidencia-se como uma área suburbana com diversas carências a nível urbanístico, enfrentando problemas decorrentes da multiplicação de barreiras infraestruturais e das diversas falhas de serviços urbanos. Este Projeto Final de Mestrado tem o objetivo de estudar soluções que respondam às descontinuidades e insuficiências territoriais aqui identificadas, potenciando os valores ambientais, urbanos e socioculturais que se reconhecem neste território. Ambicionando consolidar o espaço urbano preservando as suas preexistências e equipando-o com edificado e espaço público adequado às necessidades sociais ativas, apresenta-se uma proposta urbana desenvolvida a duas escalas diferentes. A proposta à escala alargada desenvolve-se entre a urbanização da Quinta da Fidalga e a Avenida dos Bons Amigos e visa a refuncionalização do sistema urbano existente numa lógica de estabelecer uma articulação entre o núcleo histórico e a zona mais emergente da cidade promovendo a relação entre o público e o privado e a construção do lugar contínuo. Na proposta à escala aproximada pretende-se a exploração de tipologias para um conjunto residencial entre o tecido urbano e os espaços intersticiais e a criação de um Centro Multifuncional de caráter cultural, complementado com um novo espaço público onde os espaços de transição assumem o papel principal à conceção do mesmo. ABSTRACT: As a result of disorderly growth and poor urban planning, Agualva- Cacém stands out as a suburban area with several urban needs, facing problems arising from the multiplication of infrastructures barriers and the various defects of urban services. This Final Project aims to study solutions that respond to the discontinuities and territorial insufficiencies identified here, enhancing the environmental, urban and sociocultural values that are recognized in this territory. Aiming to consolidate the urban space preserving its preexistences and equipping it with built and public space suitable to the active social needs, we present an urban proposal developed at two different scales. The wide-scale proposal develops between the urbanization of Quinta da Fidalga and Avenida dos Bons Amigos aiming at the refunctionalization of the existing urban system in a logic of establishing an articulation between the historical nucleus and the emerging area of the city, promoting the relationship between public and private spaces, maintaining spatial cohesion and continuity. The approximate-scale proposal aims to explore typologies for a residential complex between the urban layout and the interstitial spaces, and intends to create a Multicultural Center, complemented with a new public space where the transitional spaces take the main role in its conception. N/A

Ainda recente nos estudos urbanos, a urbanidade surge como elemento fundamental para o entendimento das práticas sociais no espaço urbano. Conceituando o acolhimento que as cidades dão aos seus moradores e transeuntes, a urbanidade está relacionada com a morfologia dos espaços públicos e sua capacidade de atrair gente. Neste trabalho propomos investigar os efeitos da forma espacial e seus atributos como meio de possibilitar ou restringir as práticas sociais. Utilizando Blumenau, importante cidade catarinense, partimos de leituras teórico-metodológicas analisando o papel do traçado urbano e suas implicações no cotidiano. Através da teoria da Sintaxe Espacial e análises complementares de morfologia e apropriação urbana, pudemos identificar mudanças tanto de configuração como de uso. A dinâmica espacial no presente aponta mudanças significativas no centro histórico de Blumenau e o surgimento de um “novo centro”, facultando uma migração da urbanidade da cidade. Still recent in urban studies, urbanity emerges as a fundamental element for the understanding of social practices in urban space. Conceptualizing the reception that cities give their residents and passers-by, urbanity is related to the morphology of public spaces and their ability to attract people. In this work we propose to investigate the effects of the spatial form and its attributes as a means of enabling or restricting social practices. Using Blumenau, an important city in Santa Catarina, we start from theoretical-methodological readings analyzing the role of the urban layout and its implications in everyday life. Through spatial syntax theory and complementary analyses of morphology and urban appropriation, we were able to identify changes in both configuration and use. The spatial dynamics in the present point indicate significant changes in the historic center of Blumenau and the emergence of a "new center", allowing a migration of urbanity of the city.

The energy and environmental benefits due to the solar radiation availability in the urban contexts are very important for the microclimate and the environmental quality of cities, where spatial distribution and dimensions of buildings play a fundamental role. Understanding the effects produced by different building volumes is an important aspect and the solar access analysis represents the specific field of study. The study proposes a design methodology, developing a framework with criteria, aspects and example applications, with the aim to evaluate the energy effects related to the different volumetric configurations., TECHNE - Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment, TECHNE 17 (2019): Horizontality/verticality in architecture

Network communication links is an indispensable element of development shaping. Any change in the way of using area should be preceded by an analysis of future impact taking into account the transport capacity. The development of buildings without adequate communication links leads to restrictions on object access, consequently it may lead to dangerous mishaps. Avoiding this type of situation is possible by carrying out sustainable development. The paper describes the relationship between the road system and urban layout on the example of Nowogród Bobrzański part of the city. One presented existing changes in the transportation system and its impact on local residents.

[ES] El siguiente trabajo se centra en un estudio cronológico basado tanto en los planos catastrales como en las imágenes correspondientes a las diferentes épocas sobre los cambios producidos en el núcleo poblacional de Patraix para poder diferenciar la huella de los movimientos más importantes que acontecieron al barrio y que podemos observar en la actualidad, ya que han condicionado el trazado y alineaciones urbanas. Para ello hemos dividido el estudio en tres capítulos importantes basados en consecuencias que han configurado el aspecto tanto social como urbano y que además corresponden con los planos catastrales que se han ido realizando. Partimos, por tanto, de finales del siglo XIX, donde Patraix era una de las poblaciones independientes a la ciudad de Valencia junto otros núcleos como fueron Campanar o el Poblats Marítims en los que el principal motor económico era la agricultura. Seguidamente observamos uno de los cambios más importantes para Patraix como fue su proceso de anexión a la ciudad como consecuencia de la llegada de la industrialización y la incorporación de los avances como el ferrocarril o la máquina de vapor y la necesidad albergar a la nueva población trabajadora inmigrante. Y por último, un capítulo dedicado al proceso urbano que sufre Patraix para consolidar su trama y considerarlo uno de los barrios de Valencia, desde los años 70 hasta la actualidad a través de la aprobación de los diferentes Planes de Reforma Interior. Para finalizar analizaremos y citaremos uno de los Planes de Protección del núcleo histórico de Patraix y haremos varias propuestas que tienen su argumento en el estudio anteriormente realizado., [EN] The following work focuses on a chronological study based on the catastral plans and also on the images corresponding to the different periods of changes in the population center of Patraix to differentiate the footprint of the most important movements that occurred in the neighborhood and that we can observe today as they have conditioned the layout and urban alignments. So we've divided the study into three major chapters based on consequences that have shaped the social aspect as both urban and also correspond to the catastral plans that have been made. We start therefore late nineteenth century, when Patraix was one of the independent populations from the city of Valencia with other population center as were Campanar or Poblats Marítims where the main economic activity was agriculture. Then we observe one of the most important changes to Patraix as was the process of annexation to the city as a result of the arrival of industrialization and incorporating advances such as rail or the steam engine and the need to accommodate the new working population immigrant. And finally, a chapter on urban process that suffers Patraix to consolidate its layout and getting the consideration of one of the neighborhoods of Valencia, from the 70's to the present day through the approval of the various Internal Reform Plans. Finally, we will analyze and quote one of the Protection Plans of Patraix's historical population center and make several proposals that have their reasining on the previous study.

International audience; The question of Samarobriva’s origins and early times has been studied on several occasions in the last decades. Its overall storyline has been defined in 1983 and shows two paradoxes. The first is related to its origins : despite the mention of its Celtic-sounding name in the De Bello Gallico or Cicero’s correspondence, no tangible link could be established between the Roman city and a previous Gallic town, or even a Caesarian camp. The building of the North Sea road, maybe during Agrippa’s second rule in Gaul between -19 and -16, seems to be at the root of a settlement at the edge of the Somme river. We found the road, extremely well-preserved, in the bottom of the valley. This settlement took on the appearance of a city organized by an even street layout between the end of Augustus’s reign and the middle of the 1st c. AD. Our analysis of the overall map shows this layout resulted from a coherent guiding plan, validating the hypothesis of an initial founding gesture. The main question remaining today is the datation of this founding. The setting up of the flint and gravel roads, except from two roads in the center of the city, has been dated to the years 50 AD, which match a critical moment in the city history ; but several hints suggest the settlement was already vast at the end of Augustus’ reign, with housings organized according to that same guiding plan. We will see how and to which extent we can overcome those difficulties from the available documentation.; La question des origines et des débuts de la ville romaine de Samarobriva été abordée à plusieurs reprises dans les dernières décennies. Le scénario d’ensemble a été défini en 1983. Il présente deux paradoxes. Le premier concerne ses origines : en dépit de la mention de son nom à consonance celtique dans les commentaires de La Guerre des Gaules ou dans la correspondance de Cicéron, aucun lien matériel n’a pu être établi entre la ville romaine et un antécédent gaulois, ni même avec un camp césarien. Il semble bien que ce soit la construction de la voie de l’Océan, peut-être lors du second gouvernement d’Agrippa en Gaule, entre 19 et 16 av. J.-C., qui est à l’origine d’une agglomération au bord de la Somme. La voie a été retrouvée extrêmement bien conservée dans le fond de la vallée. Cette agglomération prend l’aspect d’une ville organisée selon un vaste quadrillage de rues régulier entre la fin du règne d’Auguste et le milieu du Ier s. apr. J.-C. L’analyse du plan général montre que ce quadrillage répond à un schéma directeur cohérent, accréditant l’hypothèse d’un acte de fondation initial. La question principale qui se pose aujourd’hui est la datation de cette fondation. Si la mise en place des chaussées de gravier et silex est datée partout, à l’exception de deux voies du centre de la ville, des années 50 qui correspondent effectivement à un moment décisif dans l’histoire de la ville, divers indices suggèrent l’existence d’une agglomération déjà fort étendue à la fin du règne d’Auguste avec des habitats organisés selon ce même schéma directeur. Nous verrons de quelle façon et dans quelle mesure il est possible à partir de la documentation disponible de surmonter ces difficultés.

The topography of the Tsarev settlement site, one of major Golden Horde monuments in the Lower Volga region, is analyzed. The first descriptions of the settlement refer to the second half of the 18th century, while the initial large-scale excavations on the monument were conducted in the mid-19th century. By that time, the scientific community had adhered to the opinion that the ruins of Sarai (the city mainly associated with the Tsarev settlement site) would stretch to a great distance from the Akhtuba river-head to Kolobovka village. The results of archaeological research of the 20th – early 21st century make it possible to challenge this view. To date, it is an established fact that the size of the actual urban area had constituted 5 x 2.2–2.3 km. The southern part of the city was occupied by the estates of the nobility, the central and northern parts were represented by trade and artisan quarters. Around the city, there were suburban cemeteries, including brick mausoleums (the ruins of which could be mistaken for the remains of dwellings in the 19th century), as well as the areas of irrigated agriculture.

En Bogotá la construcción de vivienda presentó importantes cambios en la forma de su estructura urbana a partir de la implementación de los planes de desarrollo y ordenamiento. Las formas urbanas surgidas entre el periodo de 1948 y 2000 obedecieron a la manera de proceder de los diferentes actores que se vinculan a los procesos de construcción, teniendo en cuenta que la vivienda social y la vivienda privada adoptan conceptos y modelos particulares que inciden en los cambios morfológicos. Se analizaron autores que han tratado la evolución de la forma urbana y la construcción de vivienda en Colombia. A través de un método analítico y comparativo se estudiaron algunos de los desarrollos materializados en diferentes momentos, en los cuales se reconoció la realización de barrios con manzanas alargadas, el cambio de centro de manzana, la aparición de conjuntos, supermanzanas y las denominadas agrupaciones de vivienda. Se logró evidenciar el paso de la manzana al bloque en Bogotá como ya lo había manifestado Panerai con sus análisis en Europa hacia los años setenta.AbstractIn Bogotá the housing construction presented important changes in the form of its urban structure starting from the implementation of the development plans and classification. The urban forms arisen among the period of 1948 and 2000, obeyed the way of coming from the different actors that are linked to the construction processes, keeping in mind that the social housing and the private housing, they adopt concepts and particular models that impact in the morphological changes. Authors were analyzed that have treated the evolution in the urban way and the housing construction in Colombia. Through an analytic and comparative method some of the developments studied materialized in different moments, in which the realization of neighborhoods was recognized with lengthened apples, the change of apple center, the appearance of groups, super-blocks and the denominated housing groupings. It was possible to evidence the step from the apple to the block in Bogotá like Panerai had already manifested it with its analyses in Europe toward the years 70.

Natural ventilation and the use of fans are recognized as sustainable design strategies to reduce energy use while reaching thermal comfort. A big challenge for designers is to predict ventilation rates of buildings in dense urban areas. One significant factor for calculating the ventilation rate is the wind pressure coefficient (Cp). Cp values can be obtained at a high cost, via real measurements, wind tunnel experiments, or high computational effort via computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation. A fast surrogate model to predict Cp for a schematic urban environment is required for the integration in building performance simulations. There are well-known surrogate models for Cp. The average surface pressure coefficient model integrated in EnergyPlus considers only a box-shaped building, without surrounding buildings. CpCalc, a surrogate model for Cp, considers only one height of neighbouring buildings. The Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (TNO) Cp Generator model was available via web interface, and could include several box-shaped buildings in the surrounding area. These models are complex for fast integration in a natural ventilation simulation. For optimization processes, with thousands of simulation runs, speed is even more essential. Our study proposes a new surrogate model for Cp estimation based on data obtained from the TNO CP Generator model. The new model considers the effect of different neighbouring buildings in a simplified urban configuration, with an orthogonal street pattern, box-shaped buildings, and repetitive dimensions. The developed surrogate model is fast, and can easily be integrated in a dynamic energy simulation tool like EnergyPlus for optimization of natural ventilation in the urban areas.

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Urbanismo, apresentada pela Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Arquitetura. Submitted by Pilar Lago (mpilar@fa.utl.pt) on 2015-03-05T11:51:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 03_TESE_Genese e Forma dos Traçados Urbanos_doc final.pdf: 80066713 bytes, checksum: 15cdcfb3466146395d80e48f15ab0c1d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T11:51:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 03_TESE_Genese e Forma dos Traçados Urbanos_doc final.pdf: 80066713 bytes, checksum: 15cdcfb3466146395d80e48f15ab0c1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05