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U radu su prikazani razvoj dijamantnih žičnih pila i konstrukcija dijamantne žice. Na temelju dosadašnjih istraživanja i iskustava, analizirani su učinci dijamantnih žičnih pila u kamenolomima vapnenca, travertina, mramora i granita. Poseban osvrt dan je na čimbenike koji utječu na učinkovitost piljenja. Neke od tih čimbenika nije moguće kontrolirati i vezani su uz karakteristike stijene koja se pili. Čimbenici koji utječu na učinkovitost, a moguće ih je djelomično kontrolirati, vezani su uz uvjete rada, karakteristike stroja i konstrukciju reznog elementa. U zaključku rada prezentirane su neke od smjernica za postizanje optimalnih učinaka pri piljenju dijamantnom žičnom pilom.

Kroz ovaj završni rad bit će prikazana izrada projekta organizacije građenja za stambenu zgradu u Novom Vinodolskom. Kao podloga za izradu završnog rada korišten je arhitektonski projekt za navedenu zgradu. Cilj završnog rada je da se pokušaju predvidjeti moguće greške na gradištu prije početka građenja zgrade i da se greške svedu na minimum. Organizacija gradilišta bitna je zbog toga da sve na gradilištu funkcionira po pravilima i da izvođač radova ima što manje moguće financijske i vremenske gubitke., Through this final paper, the creation of the construction organization plan for a residential building in Novi Vinodolski will be presented. The design project for the mentioned building will be used as a basis for the creation of the final work. The goal of the final work is to try to predict possible errors on the construction site before the construction of the building begins and to reduce errors to a minimum. The organization of the construction site is important so that everything on the construction site functions according to the rules and that the contractor has as little financial and time losses as possible.

Pronalaženje prikladne alternative malom broju postojećih antimikrobnih sredstava za suzbijanje biljnih patogena, vitalan je zadatak u suvremenoj poljoprivredi. U tu svrhu se provode intenzivna istraživanja kako bi se otkrili ekološki prihvatljivi i učinkoviti spojevi koji mogu suzbiti patogene otporne na primjenjivane antimikrobne aktivne tvari. Učinkovitost fenilboronske kiseline (PBA) protiv nekoliko fitopatogenih bazidiomicetnih vrsta u smislu zaštite drvne građe, poznata je od ranije, ali do sada nije testirana u suzbijanju uzročnika bolesti poljoprivrednih kultura. Cilj disertacije je testirati antibakterijski i antimikotički učinak PBA na patogene u uzgoju rajčice i kontaminantnog patogena svježih plodova rajčice u uvjetima in vitro i in vivo. Dobiveni rezultati potvrđuju letalan učinak PBA na fitopatogenu gljivu Alternaria alternata i bakteriju Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato pri niskoj koncentraciji (0,05 %) u uvjetima in vitro. U usporedbi s tim, borna kiselina (BA) je na patogenu gljivu imala fungistatički učinak, dok je rast bakterijskih patogena inhibiran pri pri 6 puta većoj koncentraciji od primijenjene koncentracije PBA. Bakterija Escherichia coli je ispirana s plodova rajčice otopinama PBA i BA, a otopine nakon ispiranja su nanošene na hranjive podloge odmah ili 120 min kasnije. Broj razvijenih kolonija na mediju s 0,05 % (1/2 MIC) PBA bio je oko 40 % manji u odnosu na kontrolu (ispranje sterilnom destiliranom vodom), a taj broj se 2,5 puta smanjio nakon inkubacije u trajanju od 120 min. Podjednako smanjenje broja živih stanica bakterije postignuto je s 3 puta većom koncentracijom BA. Preventivnim tretiranjem biljaka rajčice cv. Rutgers s 0,05 % (1 MIC) PBA, provedenom 7 dana prije inokulacije gljivom Alternaria alternata ili bakterijom Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, zabilježeno je značajno smanjenje površine lezija koncentrične pjegavosti (za 42 – 61 %) i bakteriozne pjegavosti (za 55 - 71 %) u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu biljaka koje nisu preventivno tretirane. Niska koncentracija PBA značajno je reducirala simptome koncentrične i bakteriozne pjegavosti u odnosu na učinak BA, pri čemu značajne razlike u učinku na fiziologiju zaraženih biljaka tretiranih s PBA, odnosno s BA, nisu zabilježene. Dokazana je profilaktička aktivnost PBA i BA na uzročnike bolesti rajčice, pri čemu je PBA pokazala značajniji učinak na supresiju simptoma bolesti rajčice od BA. Također, dokazano je da PBA, kao i BA, nemaju štetan utjecaj na zdravlje biljaka u baktericidnim i fungicidnim koncentracijama. Ova disertacija je prvo istraživanje antibakterijskog i antimikotičkog učinka PBA na uzročnike bolesti zeljaste domaćinske biljke, a testiranje je provedeno usporedno s istraživanjem učinka medicinski značajne BA. Ostvarenjem ciljeva i prihvaćanjem hipoteza disertacije, postignut je preduvjet za nastavak istraživanja PBA kao potencijalnog sredstva za suzbijanje ekonomski značajne fitopatogene bakterije i gljive u uzgoju rajčice, ali i za razmatranje PBA kao potencijalnog dekontaminanta svježih plodova rajčice od patogene bakterije Escherichia coli. Budući da nije štetna za zrele biljke rajčice, kao ni za sisavce, a otpornost na testiranu fitopatogenu gljivu i bakteriju nije zamijećena, navedene spoznaje kvalificiraju ekološki prihvatljivu PBA kao prikladan antimikrobni spoj. Finding a suitable alternative to the limited number of existing antifungal agents aimed to control plant pathogens is a vital task in modern agriculture. Therefore, intensive research is being conducted to identify environmentally friendly and effective compounds that can control plant pathogens resistant to the antimicrobials used. Various studies cite phenylboronic acid (PBA) as a commercially available, environmentally and pharmaceutically acceptable compound known as the simplest boric acid (BA) derivative that in certain concentrations has bactericidal and fungicidal effects on several species of human fungi and bacteria. Previous studies demonstrate antifungal effect of PBA on basidiomycete fungi that cause wood decay, but it has not been tested in controlling plant pathogens in agriculture. This fact puts PBA in the context of a potential plant protection compound and explains the need for research on agriculturally interesting herbaceous host pathogens. Because tomato is globally one of the most famous crops whose cultivation is hampered by damage caused by attack of resistant pathogens, it was selected as the herbaceous host on which the bactericidal and fungicidal effect of PBA was investigated in this research. For testing this compound, the economically important pathogens, after isolation from symptomatic tomato leaves, were molecularly identified and morphologicaly characterized. The aim of the dissertation is to test, in vitro and in vivo, the antibacterial and antifungal effect of PBA and BA on two tomato pathogens (fungus Alternaria alternata and bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato). The obtained results confirm the lethal effect of PBA on the fungus A. alternata and the bacterium P. syringae pv. tomato at low concentration (0.05 %) in vitro. In comparison, BA had a fungistatic effect on the pathogenic fungus, while the growth of bacterial pathogen was inhibited at 6 times higher concentration of BA than that of the applied PBA. The severity of symptoms caused by infection of economically important tomato plant pathogens was determined experimentally alongside with quantification of physiological parameters of treated plants. Also, it has been shown that PBA, like BA, does not have a detrimental effect on plant health in bactericidal or fungicidal concentrations when applied in the late phenophase of development. By preventive in vivo application on tomato cv. Rutgers 7 days before inoculation with fungus A. alternata or P. syringae pv. tomato, low PBA concentration (0,05 %, 1 MIC) significantly reduced the symptoms of early blight (42 - 61 %) and bacterial speck (55 – 71 %) compared to the control group of plants that were not treated. Prophylactic activity of PBA and BA on tomato pathogens has been demonstrated, with PBA showing a stronger effect on the suppression of tomato disease symptoms than BA. In addition to economically important phytopathogens in tomato growing (A. alternata and P. syringae pv. tomato), the negative aspect in tomato production is caused by the human pathogen - bacterium Escherichia coli, which contaminates fruits through manuring and irrigation with contaminated water. The bactericidal effect of PBA on E. coli washed off from tomato fruits was investigated by the in vitro experiment. E. coli was washed off from tomato fruits with PBA and BA solutions and these bacterial suspensions were transferred to nutrient media immediately or 120 min later. Inactivation of E. coli from tomato fruits (97 %) was achieved by 120 min exposition of the bacterium to 0,05 % PBA (1/2 MIC) solution is equivalent to the effect of 3-time higher concentrations of BA. The number of bacteria that developed colonies in 0,05 % (1/2 MIC) PBA was about 40 % lower compared to the control, washed with water, and this number decreased 2,5 times after incubation for 120 min. This dissertation is the first study of the bactericidal and fungicidal effect of PBA on pathogens of herbaceous host plant. By achieving the goals and accepting the hypotheses of dissertation, the precondition for continuing research on PBA as a potential plant protection compound for the control of economically important plant pathogenic bacterium and fungus in tomato was achieved, as well as for considering PBA as a potential decontaminant of fresh tomato fruits from human pathogen – bacterium E. coli. Since PBA is not harmful to mature tomato plants and mammals, and no resistance of plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria has been observed, the mentioned findings effectively qualify PBA as a suitable antimicrobial compound. Additional advance of PBA is its environmental friendliness.

Deklaracija o e-zdravlju, projekt Odbora za e-zdravlje Akademije medicinskih znanosti Hrvatske (AMZH), objavljena je 2011. godine na mrežnim stranicama Akademije medicinskih znanosti Hrvatske. Uz manje izmjene, tekst Deklaracije na hrvatskom jeziku dostupan je na mrežnim stranicama Akademije medicinskih znanosti Hrvatske i, na engleskom jeziku, u Biltenu Hrvatskog društva za medicinsku informatiku te na društvenoj mreži ResearchGate.net. Da bi se vidjelo što se dogodilo s Deklaracijom nakon 10 godina provelo se je vrednovanje prema OECD-ovom modelu „ulog-odgovor-ishod-učinak“, i to kroz direktne posljedice, tj. službene dokumente koji u potpunosti preuzimaju pojedine njezine navode, i kroz činjenice realizirane nakon objave Deklaracije a koje su u skladu s navodima u njoj. U radu je opisan svaki korak (ulog, odgovor, ishod, učinak). Glavni ishodi su navedeni u tablici s nazivima dokumenata i citata koji potvrđuju usklađenost s navodima Deklaracije. Što se tiče učinka, pet je navoda iz Deklaracije postiglo zamjetljiv učinak, impakt u zdravstvenom sustavu. Iako još nije realizirano u potpunosti (npr. nemaju sve bolnice zadovoljavajući sustav koji se uklapa u centralni zdravstveni informacijski sustav; zdravstveni portal za komunikaciju s građanima postoji ali je otvoreno pitanje koliko ga građana koristi; certifikacija se provodi prema određenim kriterijima i protokolima ali nije u potpunosti usklađena s kriterijima EuroRec-a; medicinsko/zdravstveno informatičko obrazovanje postoji ali nije ujednačeno na svim medicinskim/zdravstvenim obrazovnim ustanovama – ni sadržajno, niti mjestom u obrazovnom kurikulu), postoji niz ishoda koji su usklađeni s Deklaracijom i međunarodnim stremljenjima i koji su na putu da postanu zamjetljiv učinak Deklaracije. Treba uzeti u obzir da i međunarodno gledajući nema konačnog i zadovoljavajućeg rješenja i da još treba i vremena i napora da bi se realizirao digitalizirani zdravstveni sustav u nacionalnim okvirima ali i međunarodno., Declaration on eHealth (Declaration), the project of the eHealth Committee of the Croatian Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), was published in 2011 on the website of CAMS. With minor changes, the text of the Declaration in Croatian is available on the website of the CAMS and, in English, in the Bulletin of the Croatian Society for Medical Informatics (CroSMI) and on the social network ResearchGate.net. To find out what happened to the Declaration after 10 years, an evaluation was carried out according to the OECD's input-output-outcome-impact model, (a) through direct consequences, i.e., official documents quoting some of Declaration’s statements, and b) through facts being in line with the Declaration, occurred after the Declaration was published. The paper describes input, output, outcome, and impact as the steps in evaluation. The main outcomes are listed in the table, then titles of documents, as well as quotations confirming compliance with statements in the Declaration. Considering the effect, five statements in the Declaration have achieved a noticeable effect in the Croatian eHealth. Although not yet fully implemented (like, some hospitals have not yet implemented the system compatible with the central health information system; there is the health portal for communication with citizens, but it is unknown how many citizens use them for now; criteria and protocols for the certification process have been defined, but certification is not entirely in accordance with EuroRec criteria; medical / health informatics issue (MHI) for future healthcare professionals exists, but differently in different teaching programs, even for the same type and level of educational institutions). There are several outcomes in accordance with Declaration and international trends, which could be considered as the effect of the Declaration. Finally, there is no complete and satisfactory solution for eHealth even internationally. Thus, it takes more time and effort to fully achieve the digitalized health system at the national and international level.

Over the past decade, a growing interest of consumers in the consumption of organic milk has been recognized, mostly because of its positive effect on human health, besides other various positive effects. The main goal of organic milk production is to bring agricultural production in close alignment with the requirements of a sustainable system. Human capital in organic farming is an important factor as it significantly influences production and financial results. As an important factor in the production, socio-economic characteristics of producers considerably determine possibilities of the future development of this system of production in a certain country. Focusing on the aspect of human capital, this paper examines the possibilities of the development of organic agricultural production in the Republic of Serbia. The research has been conducted on the territory of Serbia on individual farms which are certified for organic farming. Following the findings, the authors conclude that human capital in organic milk production of the Republic of Serbia does not represent a limiting factor in the future development of this system and that human capital in terms of learning and education, experience and expertise, innovation and creativity, and sources of knowledge has a positive relationship with the business performance., U posljednjem desetljeću raste interes potrošača za konzumaciju ekološki proizvedenog mlijeka, zbog njegovog pozitivnog učinka na zdravlje ljudi, ali i brojnih drugih pozitivnih učinaka. Glavni cilj ekološke proizvodnje mlijeka je uskladiti poljoprivrednu proizvodnju sa zahtjevima održivog sustava. Ljudski kapital u ekološkoj poljoprivredi važan je čimbenik jer značajno utječe na proizvodne i financijske rezultate. Kao važan čimbenik u proizvodnji, socio-ekonomske karakteristike proizvođača uvelike određuju mogućnosti budućeg razvoja ovog sustava proizvodnje u određenoj zemlji. Fokusirajući se na aspekt ljudskog kapitala, ovo istraživanje ispituje mogućnosti razvoja ekološke poljoprivredne proizvodnje u Republici Srbiji. Istraživanje je provedeno na području Republike Srbije na individualnim gospodarstvima koja su certificirana za ekološku poljoprivredu. Slijedom dobivenih rezultata, autori zaključuju da ljudski kapital u ekološkoj proizvodnji mlijeka Republike Srbije nije ograničavajući faktor u budućem razvoju ovog sustava, te da ljudski kapital u smislu učenja i obrazovanja, iskustva i stručnosti, inovativnosti i kreativnosti i izvorima znanja imaju pozitivan odnos s poslovnim učinkom.

Nakon više od sedam godina od početne inicijative i četiri godine pregovora, novi europski okvir za zaštitu osobnih podataka konačno je usvojen u travnju 2016. godine. Opća EU uredba o zaštiti osobnih podataka 2016/679 ili GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) zamjenjuje trenutnu EU direktivu i izravno se primjenjuje u svim državama članicama Europske unije. Mogućnost prilagodbe određenih dijelova ipak je ostavljena u nacionalnom zakonodavstvu zaključno s 25. svibnja 2018. kada se GDPR počinje primjenjivati! Ključna pretpostavka razvoja suvremene digitalne ekonomije temelji se na ubrzanom razvoju informacijskih i komunikacijskih tehnologija, istodobno stvarajući nove izazove i ugroze privatnosti i zaštite osobnih podataka. Obrada podataka, osobito obrada osobnih podataka, novi IT alati i digitalno tržište, razvilo je potrebu za povećanjem zaštite privatnosti novih digitalnih proizvoda i usluga. Rješenje je navedeno u novoj reformi EU okviru zaštite osobnih podataka koja unosi velike promjene u načine upravljanja osobnim podacima i izravno se primjenjuje na sve organizacije koje raspolažu osobnim podacima građana Europske unije. Također, GDPR sa sobom donosi bitne promjene u pravilima koja definiraju osobne podatke te uvoodi nove pojmove kao i usklađenost, planiranje, implementaciju, održavanje usklađenosti te procjenu učinka. U nekim slučajevima organizacije će trebati imenovati i kvalificiranog službenika za zaštitu osobnih podataka (DPO – Data Protection Officer) koji će odgovarati izravno Upravi. Ustanove i tvrtke dužne su usklađivanje završiti do 25. svibnja 2018., kada se GDPR počinje primjenjivati u cijeloj Europskoj uniji. U ovom radu autori će predstaviti odredbe i primjenu nove EU Uredbe o zaštiti podataka i odredbama javnog i privatnog sektora u provedbi GDPR-a, s posebnim naglaskom na procjenu učinka koja će osigurati modernizirani okvir za zaštitu podataka u Europi. Nova će pravila uspostaviti europski zakon o zaštiti podataka, uvodeći novu definiciju osobnih podataka i zamjenjujući trenutne nedosljedne nacionalne zakone u svrhu u povećanja razine zašite podataka kao i povećanja pravne sigurnosti u rastućoj digitalnoj ekonomiji., After more than seven years from the initial initiative and four years of negotiations, the new EU General Protection Regulation was finally adopted in April 2016. In full name Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (here and after GDPR) replaces the current EU Directive 95/46/ EZ and comes into force on the date of adoption and is directly applicable in all EU Member States. The ability to adapt certain parts is still left in national legislation as of May 25, 2018, when GDPR starts to apply!The key assumption of the development of the contemporary digital economy is based on the accelerated development of information and communication technologies, at the same time creating new challenges and threats to privacy and the protection of personal data. Data processing, especially personal data processing, new information and communication tools and the digital market, have developed the need to increase privacy protection of new digital products and services. The solution is mentioned in the new EU data protection framework called GDPR. The Regulation introduces major changes in personal data management and applies directly to all organizations that have personal data of EU citizens. Also, GDPR brings significant changes to the rules that define personal information and defines new concepts as well as compliance, planning, implementation and compliance compliance, as well as performance appraisal. In some cases the organization will also need to appoint a qualified Data Protection Officer who will be directly responsible to the Administration. Institutions and companies are required to complete alignment by May 25, 2018 - then the GDPR will come into force throughout the European Union. In this paper, authors will present the impact assessment of the new EU Data Protection Regulation and the legal remedies obligatory to the public and private sector in the implementation of GDPR, which will provide the modernized data protection framework in Europe. The new rules will establish the new European Data Protection framework introducing a new definition of personal data and replacing current inconsistent national laws with a view to increasing the level of data protection and increasing legal certainty in the growing digital economy., Nach mehr als sieben Jahren seit der Initiative dazu und nach vier Jahren von Verhandlungen wurde im April 2016 endlich der neue europäische Datenschutzrahmen verabschiedet. Die allgemeine Verordnung (EU) 2016/679 zum Schutz personenbezogener Daten oder GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) hebt die Richtlinie 95/46/EG auf und wird direkt in alllen EU-Mitgliedstaaten angewandt. EUMitgliedstaaten andererseits dürfen Änderungen mancher Vorschriften vorschlagen und sie bis zum 25. Mai 2018 (Inkrafttreten der GDPR) der Kommission mitteilen. Die Entwicklung moderner digitaler Ökonomie beruht auf schneller Entwicklung der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie, aber gleichzeitig schafft sie neue Herausforderungen und Gefahren für den Schutz personenbezogener Daten. Die Datenverarbeitung, insbesondere die Verarbeitung personenbezogener Daten, neue IT-Tools und digitale Märkte haben das Bedürfnis nach Erhöhung des Schutzes personenbezogener Daten bei neuen digitalen Produkten und Diensten geweckt. Die Lösung dazu wurde in der neuen Reform des europäischen Datenschutzrahmens angeboten, welcher groβe Änderungen im Bereich der Verarbeitung personenbezogener Daten einführt und wird direkt an alle mit personenbezogenen Daten der EU-Bürger verfügenden Vereinigungen angewandt. Ebenfalls führt die GDPR wesentliche Änderungen in den Regeln zur Definierung personenbezogener Daten ein und definiert sowohl neue Begriffe als auch die schon bekannten Begriffe der Angleichung, Planung, Umsetzung, Aufrechterhaltung der Angleichung und Auswirkungsbewertung. In manchen Fällen sollten die Vereinigungen den Datenschutzbeauftragten (DPO – Data Protection Officer) ernennen, der direkt den höchsten Managementebene berichtet. Stiftungen und Unternehmen müssen die Angleichung bis zum 25. Mai 2018 beenden, wenn die GDPR in allen EU-Mitgliedstaaten in Kraft tritt. Diese Arbeit stellt die Bestimmungen und die Anwendung der neuen Verordnung (EU) zum Schutz personenbezogener Daten sowie auch die Bestimmungen des öffentlichen und privaten Sektors zur GDPR-Umsetzung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Bewertung ihrer Auswirkung dar. Neue Regeln werden zum europäischen Datenschutzrahmen beitragen, indem sie die neue Definition personenbezogener Daten einführen und uneinheitliche nationale Gesetze ersetzen, alles mit dem Ziel den Datenschutz und die Rechtssicherheit in der Zeit der ständig fortschreitenden Entwicklung digitaler Ökonomie zu erhöhen., Dopo più di sette anni dalla proposta iniziale e dopo quattro anni di trattative, finalmente nell’aprile del 2016 è stato emanato il nuovo quadro normativo in materia di protezione dei dati personali. Il Regolamento UE sulla protezione dei dati personali 2016/679 o anche noto come GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) sostituisce l’attuale direttiva UE e si applica direttamente in tutti gli Stati Membri dell’UE. Tuttavia, viene lasciata ai singoli legislatori nazionali la possibilità di adeguamento di alcune parti fino al 25 maggio 2018, data in cui il GDPR entrerà in vigore! Il presupposto fondamentale dello sviluppo dell’economia digitale contemporanea si basa sullo sviluppo delle tecnologie dell’informazione e della comunicazione; al tempo stesso, ciò crea nuove sfide e nuove insidie per la privacy e per la protezione dei dati personali. Il trattamento dei dati, in particolare dei dati personali, come i nuovi strumenti IT ed il mercato digitale, impongono la necessità di un innalzamento della protezione della privacy nell’ambito dei nuovi prodotti e dei servizi digitali. La soluzione è indicata nella nuova riforma UE nell’ambito della protezione dei dati personali, la quale introduce grandi cambiamenti nel modo di amministrare i dati personali, applicandosi direttamente a tutte le organizzazioni che dispongono di dati personali dei cittadini dell’Unione europea. Altresì, il GDPR porta con sé significativi cambiamenti nelle regole che determinano i dati personali e definisce le nuove nozioni, come pure l’adeguamento ed il suo mantenimento, la pianificazione, l’attuazione e la valutazione degli effetti. In alcuni casi le organizzazioni dovranno nominare un responsabile qualificato per la protezione dei dati personali (DPO – Data Protection Officer) il quale risponderà direttamente all’amministrazione. Gli enti e le società hanno l’obbligo di concludere l’adeguamento entro il 25 maggio 2018, quando il GDPR entra in vigore nell’intera Unione europea. In questo lavoro gli autori presenteranno le disposizioni e l’applicazione del nuovo Regolamento UE sulla protezione dei dati personali ed illustreranno le disposizioni rilevanti tanto nel settore pubblico, che in quello privato in occasione dell’applicazione del GDPR, prestando attenzione alla valutazione dell’efficacia che garantirà un quadro moderno per la protezione dei dati in Europa. Le nuove regole porranno il fondamento per la legislazione europea sulla protezione dei dati personali, sostituendo le attuali contradditorie legislazioni nazionali al fine di innalzare la soglia della protezione dei dati personali, come anche di aumentare la certezza del diritto nella crescente economia digitale.

U radu je istražena uporaba imenica učin i pridjeva učinski u hrvatskom elektrotehničkom nazivlju, od objave Šulekova Hrvatsko-njemačko-talijanskoga rječnika znanstvenoga nazivlja 1874. godine do danas. Utvrđeno je da naziv energetska elektronika obuhvaća samo dio učinske elektronike, i to onaj koji se koristi u elektroenergetici. Naziv učinska elektronika u skladu je s nazivima u većini europskih jezika, npr. s nazivima na engleskom, njemačkom, francuskom, ruskom, talijanskom i slovenskom jeziku te zadovoljava sva terminološka načela., The use of the noun učin (effect) and adjective učinski (effective) in Croatian electrotechnical terminology is examined, covering the period from the publication of Šulek’s Hrvatsko-njemačko-talijanski rječnik znanstvenog nazivlja [Croatian-German-Italian Dictionary of Scientific Terminology] in 1874 until today. It has been established that the term energetska elektronika (energy electronics) encompasses only part of meaning of učinska elektronika (power electronics), that is, the part used in power engineering. The term učinska elektronika is in line with the terminology used in most European languages (e. g. English, German, French, Russian, Italian, Slovenian) and satisfies all the principles of the formation of professional terminology.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi kako stres utječe na obavljanje kognitivnih zadataka različite zahtjevnosti. U istraživanju si korištena tri kognitivna zadatka: zadatak pamćenja na razini prepoznavanja, zadatak pamćenja na razini dosjećanja i problemski zadatak. Pretpostavljeno je da učinak stresa neće biti jednak na svim razinama zahtjevnosti zadatka, već da će doći do interakcijskog djelovanja ovih dvaju faktora i to na način da će stres imati negativno djelovanje kod najzahtjevnijeg i ujedno kompleksnijeg zadataka (problemski zadatak), a pozitivno kod najmanje zahtjevnog zadatka (pamćenje na razini prepoznavanja). U istraživanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 59 ispitanika, studenata Sveučilišta u Zadru čija je prosječna dob iznosila 20, 75 godina. Sudionici su podijeljeni u tri grupe, pri čemu je svaka grupa obavljala jednu vrstu zadatka i to u dva navrata, jedan put u uvjetima sa, a drugi put u uvjetima bez stresa. Stres je izazivan prikazivanjem 20-minutnog isječka ratnog filma. Za svaki zadatak su postojale dvije paralelne forme (za svaku eksperimentalnu situaciju po jedna), a svaki sudionik je dolazio dva puta na ispitivanje, s razmakom od oko tjedan dana. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da kada je riječ o kognitivno najmanje zahtjevnom zadatku, pamćenju na razini prepoznavanja, izloženost stresu je dovela do poboljšanja učinka, nema efekta stresa kada je riječ o srednje zahtjevnom zadatku (dosjećanje), dok kod problemskih zadataka, koji su s obzirom na kognitivne zahtjeve najkompleksniji i najzahtjevniji stres ima negativan utjecaj na učinak. Dakle, može se reći da na pitanje kakav je utjecaj stresa na učinak u kognitivnim zadacima nema jednoznačnog odgovora, već njegov utjecaj ovisi o zahtjevnosti samog zadatka.

Model upravljanja policijskom organizacijom koji je zasnovan na učinku i koji se u ovom radu predlaže obuhvata sledeće faze: (1) identifikaciju faktora učinka, (2) indikaciju učinka, (3) identifikaciju izvora podataka oučinku i određivanje uzorka, (4) identifikaciju načina merenja učinka, (5) identifikaciju rezultata merenja učinka, (6) poređenje učinka istovrsnih organizacionih celina, (7) praćenje učinka, (8) identifikaciju upravljačkih mera usmerenih na poboljšanje učinka, (9) utvrđivanje metodologije za merenje učinka, (10) utvrđivanje metodologije za praćenje učinka i (11) utvrđivanje metodologije izveštavanja o učinku. Ključna među njima je faza (8) identifikacija upravljačkih mera usmerenih na poboljšanje učinka, odnosno model učinka. Sam učinak je funkcija: (1) performansi, (2) kompetencija, (3) motivacije i (4) koordinacije sa drugim subjektima (područne funkcije upravljanja učinkom), čije poslovanje je od značaja za efektivnost i efikasnost pojedinaca i organizacija. Model upravljanja na bazi učinka obuhvata šest funkcija, koje povezuju aktivnosti policije sa njenom svrhom. To su: (1) definisanje misije i željenih ishoda, (2) utvrđivanje standarda o učinku, (3) identifikovanje i prikupljanje indikatora o učinku, (4) povezivanje učinka sa budžetom, (5) strukturiranje odgovornosti i (6) izveštavanje o učinku (procesne funkcije upravljanja učinkom). Dakle, predloženim modelom upravljanja policijskom organizacijom na bazi učinka, rukovodioci treba da utiču na navedene funkcije, tako što će na svaki od navedenih faktora uticati praktikovanjem šest navedenih procesnih funkcija upravljanja učinkom. Performance management is burdened by numerous problems caused by contradictions concerning the need for better results in the form of outputs and outcomes, on the one hand and the rationalization of operations, on the other hand. In such circumstances, there are rigging the results of police work (eg. percentage of solved crimes with unknown perpetrator), which police respond to increased expectations from it, in terms of limiting the intensive resources that she made available. This phenomenon requires a turnover from the populist (eg. “The fight against crime and corruption”) to a sincere approach, which the police organization declares and practice their own social roles (eg. “Serve and protect”), as expressed by its mission and achievement of outputs and outcomes that are consistent with it. Such a qualitative turning point in the management and functioning of police organizations is complementary and corrective to the quantitative approach, thereby contributing to the development of the police profession. The police organization management model that agrees with this and such demands of work and the results that they are achieving the cooperative management style. The management model of police organization which is based on performance and that this work proposed includes the following phases: (1) identification of performance factors, (2) indication of performance, (3) identification of the source of data on the performance and determination of sample, (4) identification of performance measurement modes, (5) identification of performance measurement results, (6) comparison of the effect same kind of organizational units, (7) performance monitoring, (8) identification of management measures aimed at improving performance, (9) establishing of methodology for performance measurement, (10) establishing of methodology for performance monitoring and (11) establishing of methodology for performance reporting. Key among them is the phase 8. The performance is function of: (1) capabilities, (2) competences, (3) motivation and (4) coordination with other subjects, whose operations is of importance to the effectiveness and efficiency, as branch functions of performance management. The management model based on the performance includes six elements, which link the activities of the police with its purpose. Those are: (1) defining the mission and desirable outcomes, (2) setting standards on the performance, (3) identification and collection Koncept upravljanja učinkom u policijskoj organizaciji 17 of performance indicators, (4) connecting performance with the budget, (5) allocation of responsibilities and (6) performance reporting, as process functions of performance management. Thus, the proposed management model of police organization based on the performance should influence the capabilities, competence, motivation and coordination, by each of the above factors affect the process that includes six performance management process functions. Applying of this conclusion is possible in the programs of study оf parent institution dedicated to the education of staff for the police and related agencies, and programs for professional training of police officers. On the other hand, the directions of future research in the field of police on the basis of the impact relating to the identification of key performance indicators, time and its factors, as well as in determination of methodology of their measurement and monitoring, aimed at its improvement.

Problemi koje unutar područja organizacije proizvodnje rješava znanstvena disciplina studija rada počeli su se na našim prostorima sustavno rješavati 1960tih godina, a razvoj metoda koje se pritom koriste (npr. kronometraže) traje i danas. Značaj studije rada jest nastojanje racionalizacije organiziranja rada kroz definiranje i praćenje sastavnih elemenata vremena rada s ciljem utvrđivanja normativa koji će vrijediti za radnu operaciju u cjelini. Izračunavanje praktičnih učinaka građevinske mehanizacije je od velike važnosti za utvrđivanje što realnijeg trajanja strojnog rada na gradilištu, a time i veće točnosti predviđanja trajanja cjelokupnog građevinskog projekta. Okosnica ovoga rada je studija i analiza vremena jednog standardnog cikličkog građevinskog stroja u svom jednom tehnološkom postupku. Pritom se promatrala i analizirala radna operacija utovara bagerom u transportno sredstvo. Korištena je povratna metoda kronometraže kojom su se prikupljali podaci na gradilištu s ciljem normiranja rada odnosno utvrđivanja stvarnog učinka rada bagera pri utovaru. Podaci dobiveni mjerenjem su analizirani te je izračunato stvarno vrijeme definiranog tehnološkog postupka i njemu pripadajući normativ. Također, izvršila se usporedba s proračunom praktičnog učinka strojnog rada koji je izračunat pomoću normiranih tablica za proračun učinka standardnog cikličkog građevinskog stroja. Usporedbom su utvrđena odstupanja između izračuna temeljenih na mjerenim podacima i izračunima temeljenim na postojećim tablicama za izračun praktičnog učinka stroja. Analizirana su utvrđena odstupanja kao i razlozi njihova nastanka te su doneseni zaključci s preporukama za ažuriranje postojećih proračunskih tablica., Problems within the area of production organization, which are solved by scientific discipline of the work-study, have begun to be systematically dealt with in our region during 1960s, and method development (such as chronometry) persists today. The significance of the work-study is the attempt to rationalize the work organization through the definition and monitoring of the constituent elements of working time with the aim of establishing the norms that will be valid for the work operation as a whole. The calculation of construction machinery practical effect is of great importance for determining the more realistic duration of machine work on construction site, and thus the more accurate prediction of the whole construction project duration. The main topic of this paper is the time study analysis of a standard cyclic construction machine in its one technological process. At the same time, the work operation of the excavator loading into transportation vehicle has been observed and analyzed. Data were obtained by snapback chronometry method with the purpose of determining work efficiency i.e. defining the actual excavator work efficiency during the operation of loading. The data obtained by measurement were analyzed and the actual time of defined technological process was calculated as well as a corresponding normative. Moreover, a comparison was made with the calculation of excavator practical effect, which was calculated using the standardized tables for the calculation of standard cyclic construction machine. The comparison resulted in differences between these two approaches. The identified deviations were analyzed as well as the reasons for their occurrence and conclusions were drawn resulting in recommendations for updating the existing standardized tables for the calculation.

Stroboskop je uređaj koji proizvodi periodične bljeskove svjetlosti. Postoje mehanički i elektronički stroboskopi. Razlika između mehaničkih i elektroničnih stroboskopa, osim izgleda, je u tome što je kod promatranja periodičnog kretanja objekta s mehaničkim stroboskopom objekt osvijetljen vanjskim izvorom svjetlosti koja nema oku vidljive prekide, a kod elektroničkog stroboskopa se objekt osvjetljava bljeskovima. Stroboskopski učinak je optička iluzija mirovanja tijela, koje se periodički giba, ili njegova usporenog kretanja ili kretanja u suprotnom smjeru od stvarnog smjera kretanja, prilikom promatranja njegova gibanja u periodično izdvojenim trenutcima. Stroboskopski učinak može se postići i pomoću kamere. Jedan od primjera u kojima se uočava stroboskopski učinak je lebdeća voda. Prilikom promatranja vode koja teće iz titrajuće cjevčice ili periodično kaplje, ovisno o frekvencijama titranja cjevčice /kapanja vode i stroboskopskog svjetla, promatraču se može činiti da voda polako teče prema dolje, da lebdi ili čak da ide prema gore. Dio ovog diplomskog rada je i izrada uređaja koji demonstrira lebdeću vodu. Konačan izgled uređaja je dan na slikama 3.28, 3.29 i 3.30 A stroboscope is an instrument which produces brief repetitive flashes of light. There are two types of stroboscopes: mechanical and electronic. The difference between them is not only in their appearance. In a mechanical stroboscope an object is illuminated by an external light source which doesn’t flicker visibly, while in an electronic stroboscope the object is being illuminated by light flashes. The stroboscopic effect is a perceptual illusion that causes objects in periodic motion to appear stationary, moving more slowly in their proper direction or even moving in reverse direction when observed in periodically separated moments. The stroboscopic effect may be also achieved with a camera. Levitating water is one of the perceptual illusions due to the stroboscopic effect. Under stroboscopic light, periodically falling water may appear stationary, falling more slowly or even moving upwards. A part of this thesis was to build a device which demonstrates levitating water. The final look of device is shown in figures 3.28, 3.29 and 3.30.

Viličari su vozila, prijevozno-prekrcajna sredstva koja imaju vilice koje omogućavaju zahvat tereta te njegov transport, utovar ili istovar. Predstavljaju transportna sredstva koja se koriste u skladištima industrijskih tvornica i slično za slaganje i pretovar tereta. U tehnologiji transporta vrlo je važno poznavati vremena pretovara kako bi se odredio učinak koji služi u procjeni ekonomske isplativosti određenog proizvoda ili usluge. U ovome radu, stoga, prikazan je izračun teorijskog vremena trajanja pretovara uporabom viličara. Osim trajanja pretovara potrebno je odrediti broj viličara koji će se koristiti pri pretovaru zadane količine tereta. U tu svrhu u radu je prikazan način odabira potrebnog broja viličara, ovisno o traženom učinku. Predstavljeni su ilustrativni primjeri zadataka određivanja parametara rada viličara. Također je dana usporedba potrošnje potrebne energije s usporedbom potrošnje između električnog, dizelskog i benzinskog goriva. Uporabom prikazanih proračuna omogućava se unaprjeđenje tehnologije pretovara uporabom viličara te odabir viličara., Forklifts are vehicles with forks which allow manipulation of cargo, its transportation, loading and unloading. We find them in transport hubs such as ports, warehouses, etc. where they are used for cargo handling and storage. It is very important in transport technology to know transshipment time in order to determine the output that serves in the evaluation of economic viability of a product or service. Therefore, in this paper the calculation of theoretical duration of transshipment using forklifts is discussed. In addition, the calculation of the number of forklifts used in transshipment activities is given in order to reduce transshipment time. The calculation of engine power needed to transfer cargo is also given as well as the calculation of the consumption of energy required. The latter has been provided through a comparison between the consumption of electric, diesel and petrol fuels. The use of calculations presented in this paper can help improve transshipment technology and the selection of forklifts.

The main purpose of this paper is to contribute to the discussion of whether the effectiveness of salespeople is improved through sales force automation tools. A survey was carried out in three local firms in the Republic of Kosovo, dealing with the distribution of FMCG (fast-moving consumer goods). Survey data were collected from 58 employees in local fi rms “X”, “Y”, and “Z. This topic was chosen for research because FMCG wholesale distribution firms in Kosovo are undergoing transition with regard to the use of specialized information technologies such as the introduction of handheld computers, also known as Personal Digital Assistants - PDAs. Some firms started to use these advanced technological tools in the daily course of their operations a little earlier, and some a little later. However, there are also some firms that have not made any changes yet to make progress and step away from their traditional approach. It is proposed that FMCG wholesale distribution firms that have adopted sales force automation tools, have more effective salespeople as compared to firms that operate through the traditional approach - no handheld computers, no vehicle surveillance systems etc. The results of the empirical study are consistent with the three hypotheses proposed in the paper., Glavna svrha ovog rada je doprinos raspravi o tome dolazi li do poboljšanja učinkovitosti prodavača kroz upotrebu alata za automatizaciju prodaje. Obavljeno je istraživanje na uzorku od tri lokalne tvrtke u Republici Kosovo, koje se bave distribucijom robe široke potrošnje (FMCG, fast-moving consumer goods). Ispitano je 58 zaposlenika lokalnih tvrtki „X“, „Y“ i „Z“. Ova je tema izabrana jer veleprodajne tvrtke koje se bave distribucijom robe široke potrošnje na Kosovu prolaze kroz tranziciju u pogledu upotrebe specijaliziranih informacijskih tehnologija poput dlanovnika (Personal Digital Assistant – PDA). Neke su tvrtke započele sa svakodnevnom upotrebom ovih naprednih tehnoloških alata ranije, dok su ih drugi prihvatili kasnije. Međutim, neke tvrtke još nisu napredovale niti odstupile od tradicionalnog pristupa. U radu se iznosi tvrdnja kako veleprodajne tvrtke u distribuciji robe široke potrošnje koje su prihvatile alate za automatizaciju prodaje, imaju učinkovitije prodajno osoblje u usporedbi s tvrtkama u kojima se upotrebljava tradicionalni pristup bez dlanovnika i sustava za praćenje vozila (eng. vehicle surveillance system). Rezultati empirijske studije u skladu su s trima hipotezama koje se iznose u radu.

Članak daje pregled potrebnih postupaka održavanja standardne građevinske mehanizacije. Aktivnosti održavanja provode se ovisno o rezultatima ispitivanja i propisanim obvezama, kao i potrebama njihovog vlasnika. Opisani su mogući oblici organizacije obavljanja tih poslova i odlučivanje o ulaganju u održavanje i obnovu strojeva. Zato se analizira utjecaj održavanja i neodržavanja na učinak i sigurnost rada te direktne i indirektne troškove strojeva.

Harvesting represents one of the most challenging problems in managing vineyards. 'Quality picking' is considered when it is done in the period when the grapes are suitable for its purposes, especially related with the soluble solid content, and the appropriate sugar/acids relation. Hand picking costs represent around 45% of total labor per hectare, which is equivalent of 30-50 working days for one laborer. Study of the mechanical picking of grapevine cultivars intended for winemaking by applying dragged combine 'Volentieri' ensemble with tractor 'New Holland Tn 95 F' are shown in this paper. Experiment was done in the Ćemovsko Field's production vineyards, with cultivars Vranac and Župljanka. Grapevine planting was done on the planting distance 2.6 x 0.7 m and 2.6 x 1 m, respectively. Row length was 168 m, with training system modified horizontal bilateral cordon with green strip width in grape area 50-60 cm. Aggregate's working results of the investigation are showing that average running speed was 4.8 km/h, and output 0.62 ha/h, i.e. 4.98 ha/day in cultivar Vranac. In cultivar Župljanka following values were achieved: running speed was 4.1 km/h, output 0.53 ha/h i.e. 4.24 ha/day. Turning time in headlands of examined harvester was 30 - 32 s. It was necessary to reduce green leaves just before harvesting, especially in the zone bunches, in order to decrease slowdowns and losses. Dragged combines, except in larger plantations, have commercial adequacy both in smaller households. Jedan od najsloženijih problema u obavljanju radnih operacija u vinogradarstvu predstavlja proces berbe grožđa. Kvalitetna berba se smatra ona koja se obavi u periodu kada sastav grožđa odgovara njegovoj nameni, što se pre svega odnosi na suvu materiju i odgovarajući odnos šećera i kiselina. Troškovi ručne berbe grožđa čine oko 45% od ukupnog utroška ljudskog rada po hektaru što odgovara 30-50 radnih dana jednog radnika. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja mehanizovane berbe vinskih sorti grožđa, primjenom vučenog kombajna 'Volentieri' u agregatu s traktorom 'New Holland Tn 95 F'. Ispitivanja su obavljena na proizvodnim površinama Ćemovskog polja, sorte Vranac i Župljanka. Sadnja loze je obavljena na međurednom i rednom rastojanju 2,6 x 0,7 m i 2,6 x 1 m. Dužina redova je iznosila 168 m a zastupljen uzgojni sistem je modifikovana horizontalna dvokraka kordunica sa širinom zelenog pojasa u zoni grožđa 50-60 cm. Rezultati ispitivanja agregata u radu pokazuju da je ostvarena prosječna radna brzina od 4,8 km/h, a učinak 0,62 ha/h tj. 4,98 ha/dan - sorta Vranac. Kod sorte Župljanka ostvarene su vrednosti: brzina rada 4,1 km/h, učinak 0,53 ha/h tj. 4,24 ha/dan. Pri radu kombajna javljaju se gubici od 36 kg/ha kod sorte Vranac, a 70 kg/ha kod sorte Župljanka. Vreme okretanja na uvratinama ispitivanog kombajna je iznosilo 30 -32 s. Neposredno pred berbu neophodno je zelenom rezidbom smanjiti lisnu masu posebno u zoni grožđa kako bi se smanjili zastoji u berbi i gubici. Vučeni kombajni, osim u većim plantažnim zasadima imaju ekonomsku opravdanost i na manjim posjedima.

Cilj rada je istražiti učinkovitost drobilice kamena Vermeer T 855 pri pripremi buduće trase šumske protupožarne ceste, kao i pri meliora ciji krškog zemljišta obraslog makijom. Istraživanje je provedeno na području šumarije Zadar i šumarije Buzet tijekom 22 radna dana, pri čemu su se dne vno prikupljali sljedeći parametri: ukupno utrošeno vrijeme rada, efektivno (pogonsko) vrijeme stroja, potrošnja goriva, broj potrošenih noževa bubnja, duljina izrađene trase, dubina rada i vrsta podloge. Osnovna se podjela rad nih dana odnosi na dubinu rada i vrstu podloge. Iz mjerenih podataka je za svaki radni dan izračunat učinak stroja, izražen u duljini izrađene trase u jedi nici vremena, potrošnja goriva po jedinici vremena i duljini izrađene trase te potrošnja noževa po duljini izrađene trase. Na osnovi rezultata mjerenja, ponajprije se želi naglasiti mogućnosti pri mjene pokretne drobilice kamena Vermeer T 855 pri gradnji šumskih protupo žarnih cesta. Prednost pokretne drobilice ogleda se u mogućnosti korištenja kamenog materijala na trasi šumske protupožarne ceste, te u novoj tehnologi jie gradnje protupožarnih cesta, gdje rad jednog stroja djelomično zamjenjuje nekoliko građevinskih strojeva., The paper deals with performance of terrain leveler Vermeer T855 in forest fire road construction and carst melioration. Research was ca ried out in the Mediterranean region on southern part of Croatia (Dalmatia) exactly on the area of forest office Zadar and forest office Buzet. The research was performed during three weeks of the machine work and the following pa rameters were recorded on a daily basis: effective time, fuel consumption, number of broken knives, length of the processed route, working depth and type of surface. The data gathered covered 22 working days in total. The basic classification of the working days was made according to the depth of work and type of surface. The first 13 days the working depth was 40 cm and during first 3 days the fire-prevention road route was on the ground of loose stones, and the following 10 days, on hard stone ground. During 9 days of work on the depth of 75 cm, the machine was working 6 days on the ground consisting of loose stones and 3 days on hard rocky ground. The measured data served to calculate on a daily basis the efficiency of the machine expressed in the length of processed route within the time unit as well as the fuel consumption per time unit and the length of the processed route and dependence of number of broken knives on the length of the processed route The largest average productivity of the machine of 4.30 m/min has been ac hieved at the work in ground 40 cm deep consisting of loose stones. At the same working depth, the productivity appears to be considerably lower on hard rocky ground (2.42 m/min). A lower efficiency is achieved at larger wor king depth. A general conclusion can be made that the productivity depends on the working depth and the type of ground. The larger working depth and the harder ground, the lower productivity. The same sequence occurs when the consumption of knives is examined with regard to the working conditions. On average, when working on the depth of 40 cm in loose stone ground the smallest number of knives are used up. When working at 75 cm in hard stone, the consumption could be from 15 knives/km. The fuel consumption was researched in regard to the constructed route length and to the effective (productive) working time. There are no more signi ficant differences in fuel consumption within a time unit (from 0.89 L/min to 1.04 L/min) in regard to the working conditions. The average fuel consump tion regardless of different working conditions comes to 0.93 L/min. Neverthe less, the differences in fuel consumption according to the length of the constructed road route considerably differ with regard to the working depth and the surface. The consumption of only 0.21 L/m has been registered with the work on the depth of 40 cm in loose stone ground. At the same depth, the consumption is almost double by the route length on the rocky ground (0.41 L/m). As the working depth increases the consumption by route length increa ses too and the largest consumption was from 0.53 L/m established with the work on the depth of 75 cm in hard stone. Based on the measurement results and introductory study, we can make a conclusion on use of the terrain leveler Vermeer T855 in construction of the forest fire-prevention roads. The advantage of the terrain leveler lies in a pos sibility of use of the stone material on the forest fire-prevention roads route as well as in new technology of construction of fire-prevention roads where the operation of a machine substitutes several construction machines.

Highly intensive fruit production in both basic and supplemental soil cultivation, along with other agricultural practices was found to impact both growth and fertility of fruit trees. Favorable effects may be expected provided appropriate and timely soil cultivation is employed. Soil cultivation practices range from intensive to completely lacking, which results in the implementation of technical solutions such as machines and tools. The choice depends on the training system, interrow spacing, climate, soil, ...... The aim of the study was to analyze exploitation parameters of the most frequently used rotary hoe ('Nardi', Model ZH/B 145 C). Based on the results obtained, both current and potential machine users may be informed of the advantages and disadvantages of the cultivation. The machine may be used provided working widths amount to 1.45 m and in palmette and slender spindle training systems. Optimal aggregates from the aspect of basic exploitation possibilities need to be analyzed focusing on the financial effect of fruit production. Obrada zemljišta, osnovna i dopunska, u visokointenzivnim voćnjacima, sa ostalim agrotehničkim merama, neposredno utiče na rast i rodnost gajenih voćaka. Navedeni efekti postižu se samo u uslovima pravilne i pravovremene obrade zemljišta. Iskustava u obradi zemljišta kreću se od vrlo intenzivne do potpunog izostavljanja, što ima za posledicu primenu velikog broja tehničkih rešenja mašina i oruđa. Metod izbora polazi od uzgojnog oblika, međurednog rastojanja biljaka, klime, zemljišta... Predmet rada je ispitivanje ekspoatacionih parametara rotofreze za istovremenu rednu i međurednu obradu marke 'Nardi' model ZH/B 145 C. Ispitivani tip mašine je veoma zastupljen u našoj voćarskoj praksi. Na osnovu analize dobijenih rezultata, sadašnjim i potencijalnim korisnicima mašine mogu se predočiti prednosti i nedostatci ove varijante obrade zasada. Uzgojni oblik koji dozvoljava upotrebu ove mašine, čiji je radni zahvat od 1,45 m, su svi tipovi Palmeta, Vitko vreteno… Optimizacija složenih sistema značajno ističe i nužnost optimalnog agregata sa aspekta elementarnih eksploatacionih mogućnosti, koje treba posmatrati u interakciji sa finansijskim efektom koji opterećuje proizvodnju u voćnjacima.

U članku se tematizira Spinozino shvaćanje ontologijskog statusa konačnih bića koje je bilo pod znatnim utjecajem matematike odnosno geometrije. Spinoza je konačna bića (konačne moduse) stratificirao na dvije teško pomirljive razine: jedna je ona subjektivno zamišljena (upravo kao što se i matematičke entitete može smatrati tek subjektivno zamišljenim), a druga bi trebala biti zbiljska razina. Prva se razina odnosi na bit bića koju uzrokuje Bog na način imanentne uzročnosti: radi se o slijeđenju na logičkoj i spoznajnoj razini (o razlogu i posljedici), a ne o zbiljskoj razini (o uzroku i učinku). Za razliku od bîti, egzistencija predstavlja drugu razinu bića: egzistenciju uzrokuje zbiljsko konačno biće na način tranzeuntnog uzroka. Prva je razina po svome ontologijskom statusu vrlo bliska matematičkim entitetima, zbog čega se rabi kvalifikacija da je Spinoza ‘geometrizirao stvarnost pod vidikom bîti’. Geometrizirao je, naime, segment kojim se bavi ontologija, a to su bîti konačnih modusa. U završnom dijelu članka navodi se jedan od glavnih razloga Spinozina nezadovoljavajućeg rješenja ovog ontologijskog problema, iako to nije i jedini ontologijski problem njegova sustava. Taj bi razlog bila Spinozina velika usredotočenost na etiku (a onda i na epistemologiju koja vodi ispravnoj etici), a na štetu metafizike, odnosno ontologije kao opće metafizike. Spinoza je ontologiju promatrao u funkciji epistemologije i etike, pa se govori o ‘funkcionalnoj metafizici’., The paper aims to present Spinoza’s understanding of the ontological status of finite beings, which was heavily influenced by mathematics, i.e. geometry. Spinoza stratified finite beings (finite modes) into two fairly incompatible layers: the one subjectively conceived (in the same way as mathematical entities may be considered subjectively conceived), while the other is the objective level. The first level is related to the essence of being that is caused by God through immanent causality: here, we speak of entailment on the logical and epistemological level (reason and consequence), and not the level of reality (cause and effect). Unlike essence, existence represents the second level of being: existence is caused by the real finite being through transeunt cause. The first level, by its ontological status, is very close to mathematical entities, therefore the qualification that Spinoza ‘geometrized reality under a species of the essences’. Namely, he geometrized the segment under the scope of ontology, i.e. the essences of finite modes. The final part of the paper is dedicated to one of the main reasons why Spinoza failed to provide a satisfactory solution to this ontological problem, which is not the only such problem of his system. This would be that Spinoza paid too much attention on ethics (and consequently on epistemology that leads to proper ethics), to the detriment of metaphysics, i.e. ontology as general metaphysics. For Spinoza, ontology is subjected to epistemology and ethics, therefore the name ‘functional metaphysics’.

Introduction of new generation harvesters is analyzed through efficiency losses and quality of harvested crop. Purpose of the investigation is analysis of new generation harvesters working parameters in corn harvesting. On this base will be defined possibilities of improvement of efficiency and productivity, as well as decrement of fuel consumption. Results of investigation have shown the fallowing parameters: - at harvester A - fuel consumption was 14.04 l/ha, or 58.97 l/h, with the efficiency of 4.2 ha/h and average working speed of 8.0 km/h. - at harvester B - fuel consumption was 22.50 l/ha, or 45.82 l/h, with the efficiency of 2.065 ha/h and average working speed of 6.4 km/h. Efficiency coefficient of the harvester is 0.7 but it can be significantly increased with better harmonizing of working regime and working conditions. Uvođenje savremenih kombajna nove generacije u tehnološki proces ubiranja poljoprivrednih kultura, sagledava se sa aspekta učinka, gubitka i kvaliteta ovršene mase. Cilj ispitivanja je analiza parametra i pokazatelja rada kombajna nove generacije u uslovima ubiranja kukuruza, na osnovu čega će se sagledati mogućnosti povećanja učinka, produktivnosti rada, i smanjenja utroška goriva po jedinici proizvoda. Na osnovu ispitivanja utvrđene su vrednosti relevantnih parametara i pokazatelja: - kod kombajna A- potrošnja goriva od 14,04 l/ha, odnosno 58,97 l/h pri učinku od 4,2 ha/h i prosečnoj brzini kretanja od 8,0 km/h. - kod kombajna B- potrošnja goriva od 22,50 l/ha, odnosno 45,82 l/h pri učinku od 2,065 ha/h i prosečnoj brzini kretanja od 6,4 km/h. Stepen iskorišćenja oba kombajna iznosi 0,7, s tim da bi se vrednost ovog stepena mogla znatno povećati sa boljom usaglašenosti režima i uslova rada.

Relevant factors needed to determine appropriate tractor, regarding technology (operations it has to perform), technical characteristics and economy were analyzed in this paper. Methodology was presented for matching tractor and implements, in accordance with farm size, productivity and economy. Rad obuhvata analizu uticajnih faktora na izbor traktora sa agrotehničkog, tehničkog i ekonomskog gledišta. Data metodika se zasniva na naučnom pristupu koji obuhvata prethodno utvrđene parametre i ima opšti karakter primene za poljoprivredna gazdinstva sa različitom veličinom poseda jer uzima u obzir ko proizvodi (veličina poseda), sa čim proizvodi, koliko proizvodi (vrednost proizvodnje), koliko ulaže energije i ljudskog rada u proces proizvodnje i koliko košta jedinica proizvoda.

In this paper working parameters of semi mounted machine in chamomile harvesting were discussed, as well as possibility for improvement. This research is justified by need for finding solutions for several problems that exists in machine chamomile harvesting. Influence of machine work speed and harvesting rotor speed on efficiency, flow of harvested chamomile, losses and quality of harvested chamomile was investigated. Based on analysis of results, it could be possible to improve work speed, efficiency and quality of harvested chamomile. Purpose of the research is analysis of chamomile harvesting machine working parameters in plantation production. . U radu su prikazana istraživanja eksploatacionih karakteristika polunošene mašine u berbi kamilice, kao i mogućnost unapređenja istih. Opravdanost ovih istraživanja ogleda se u potrebi rešavanja niza problema koji su prisutni u proizvodnji kamilice sa aspekta mehanizovanog ubiranja. Razmatran je uticaj brzine kretanja mašine i broja obrtaja beračkog rotora sa aspekta učinka, gubitaka i kvaliteta ubrane kamilice. Na osnovu analize dobijenih rezultata istraživanja može se sagledati mogućnost povećanja radnih brzina, učinaka, kao i postizanje boljeg kvaliteta ubrane kamilice. Cilj ispitivanja je analiza parametara i pokazatelja rada mašine za ubiranje kamilice u uslovima plantažne proizvodnje. .

The goal of the investigation was to analyze parameters and indicators of performance for modern combine harvesters in grain harvesting, as a basis to review the possibility for improved performance, productivity, as well as decrease of fuel consumption per product unite. Relevant parameters and indicators were established, according to investigations results. The results achieved in maize harvesting were: fuel consumption was 14.04 l/ha, and 58.97 l/ha for efficiency of 24.2 ha/h and average working speed 8.0 km/h. Based on investigations in wheat harvesting, values of relevant parameters and indicators of fuel consumption were up to 13.61 l/ha. i.e. 38.11 l/ha for performance of 2.8 ha/h and average speed of 5.5 km/h were established. The utilization range of investigated harvesters was 70%, with a considerable potential for improvement, through better harmonizing of the working regime and the working conditions. Cilj ispitivanja je analiza parametara i pokazatelja rada savremenih žitnih kombajna u uslovima ubiranja kukuruza i pšenice, na osnovu čega će se sagledati mogućnosti povećanja učinka, produktivnosti rada, i smanjenja utroška goriva po jedinici proizvoda. Na osnovu ispitivanja utvrđene su vrednosti relevantnih parametara i pokazatelja pri ubiranju kukuruza potrošnje goriva od 14,04 l/ha, odnosno 58,97 l/h pri učinku od 4,2 ha/h i prosečnoj brzini kretanja od 8,0 km/h. Pri ispitivanju kombajna u uslovima ubiranja pšenice utvrđeni su sledeći pokazatelji rada kombajna, potrošnje goriva od 13,61 l/ha, odnosno 38,11 l/h pri učinku od 2,8 ha/h i prosečnoj brzini kretanja od 5,5 km/h. Stepen iskorišćenja kombajna u uslovima ubiranja i pšenice i kukuruza iznosi 70%, s tim da bi se vrednost ovog stepena mogla znatno povećati sa boljom usaglašenosti režima rada i uslova rada.

The goal of the investigation was to analyze parameters and indicators of performance for modern combine harvesters, under conditions of PKB Corporation, as a basis to review the possibility for improved performance productivity, and decrease in fuel consumption, per unit of product. Based on investigations values for relevant parameters and indicators of fuel consumption up to 14.04 l/ha. i.e. 58.97 l/ha for performance of 24.2 ha/h and average speed of 8.0 km/h were established. The level of combine harvesters utilization was 0.70% with the potential for considerable improvement of this parameter by providing better coordination between the regime and working conditions. Cilj ispitivanja je analiza parametra i pokazatelja rada savremenih žitnih kombajna u uslovima ubiranja kukuruza, na osnovu čega će se sagledati mogućnosti povećanja učinka, produktivnosti rada, i smanjenja utroška goriva po jedinici proizvoda. Na osnovu ispitivanja utvrđene su vrednosti relevantnih parametara i pokazatelja, potrošnje goriva od 14,04 l/ha, odnosno 58,97 l/h pri učinku od 4,2 ha/h i prosečnoj brzini kretanja od 8,0 km/h. Stepen iskorišćenja kombajna iznosi 0,70%, s tim da bi se vrednost ovog stepena mogla znatno povećati sa boljom usaglašenosti režima rada i uslova rada.

Mechanized harvesting processes of table pome fruits are an issue of major concern. Although there has been substantial enhancement in the mechanization used in pome fruit orchards, manual harvesting is known to be primarly employed. Modern technical solutions focused on platforms are used in order to increase output and eventually productivity. The objective of the study was to obtain data with regard to the application of self propelled platform, a modern technical solution used in apple harvesting. Investigations were conducted in 9-year old orchards using cultivars Idared, Jonagold, Golden Delicious and Granny Smith. Spindle bush growing orchards with interrow and row spacing 3,6x1.5 -1,7m was employed. The platform was investigated on a plot size of 3,66ha with 53 rows and an average number of 120 trees yielding 19,5hg/tree. Manual harvesting only was used as the control. Based on the results obtained harvesting time amounted to 520 minutes or 86,7%, aggregate turning time at the end of the row was 464 minutes or 77,4%. The total time for palette box change amounted to 41 minutes or 6,8% and halting time needed to take down palette boxes was 15 minutes or 2,5%. The number of harvested trees per shift was 600, i.e. the average time needed to harvest a tree was 0,45min. Output per apple picker was determined to be about 100kg at average fertility of 20kg/tree and engaging 8 apple pickers. Harvest output using the platform was found to be affected by orchard conditions, personnel training, harvest organization (delivering empty and loading full palette boxes). Orchard conditions are primarily characterized by the growing method, plant distribution, crown height, row length, fertility per tree, fruit size, variety, interrow area etc. Technical parameters of the platform need permanent improvement in order to raise harvest output. U radu su prikazani rezultati eksploatacionih ispitivanja samohodne platforme savremenog tehničkog rešenja primenjene u procesu berbe jabuka. Ispitivanja su obavljena u zasadu starosti devet godina na sortama: Ajdared, Jonagold Zlatni delišes i Greni Smit. Zasad je međurednog i rednog rastojanja 3,6 x 1,5-1,7m, uzgojnog oblika vretenasti žbun. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je prinos plodova po stablu u znatnoj meri varirao po pojedinim sortama a u proseku iznosio je 19,5kg/stablu. U toku dana optimalno vreme za berbu je bilo 10h od koga proizvodno vreme je iznosilo 520min što čini 86,7%. Sam proces berbe u toku dana je trajao 464min odnosno 77,4%. Za date uslove zasada uz pomoć ispitivane platforme koju su opsluživali osam radnika postignut je učinak po jednom beraču u proseku 300kg/h, obzirom da je učinak pri ručnoj berbi bez pomoćnih sredstava iznosi u proseku 100kg, predstavlja odnos 3:1.

The goal of the investigation was to analyze parameters and indicators of performance for modern combine harvesters, under conditions in PKB Corporation, as a basis to review the possibility for improved performance productivity, and decrease in fuel consumption, per unit of product. Based on investigations values for relevant parameters and indicators of fuel consumption amounting to 13.61 l/ha. i.e. 38.11 l/ha for a performance of 2.8 ha/h and average speed of 5.5 km/h were established. The level of combine harvester utilization was 0.70%, with the potential for considerable improvement of this parameter by providing better coordination between the regime and the conditions of work. Cilj ispitivanja je analiza parametra i pokazatelja rada savremenih žitnih kombajna u uslovima PKB korporacije, na osnovu čega će se sagledati mogućnosti povećanja učinka, produktivnosti rada, i smanjenja utroška goriva po jedinici proizvoda. Na osnovu ispitivanja utvrđene su vrednosti relevantnih parametara i pokazatelja, potrošnje goriva od 13,61 l/ha odnosno 38,11 l/h pri učinku od 2,8 ha/h i prosečnoj brzini kretanja od 5,5 km/h. Stepen iskorišćenja kombajna iznosi 0,70%, s tim da bi se vrednost ovog stepena mogla znatno povećati sa boljom usaglašenosti režima rada i uslova rada.

The goal of the investigation was to analyze parameters and indicators of performance for modern combine harvesters, in PKB Corporation conditions, as a basis to review the possibility for improved performance, productivity and decrease in fuel consumption, per unit of product. Based on investigated values for relevant parameters and indicators of fuel consumption amounting to 13.61 l/ha. i.e. 38.11 l/ha for performance of 2.8 ha/h and average speed of 5.5 km/h were established. The level of combine harvesters utilization was 0.70% with the potential for considerable improvement of this parameter by providing better coordination between the regime and the conditions of work. Cilj ispitivanja je analiza prametra i pokazatelja rada savremenih žitnih kombajna u uslovima PKB korporacije, na osnovu čega će se sagledati mogućnosti povećanja učinka, produktivnosti rada, i smanjenja utroška goriva po jedinici proizvoda. Na osnovu ispitivanja utvrđene su vrednosti relevantnih parametara i pokazatelja, potrošnje goriva od 13,61 l/ha odnosno 38,11 l/h pri učinku od 2,8 ha/h i prosečnoj brzini kretanja od 5,5 km/h. Stepen iskorišćenja kombajna iznosi 0,70%, s tim da bi se vrednost ovog stepena mogla znatno povećati sa boljom usaglašenosti režima rada i uslova rada.

Ispitivala se produktivnost smjenskih radnica, koje su radile u tri smjene u jednoj tvornici. Smjene su se izmjenjivale tjedno. Najproduktivnija je bila poslijepodnevna, a najmanje produktivna noćna smjena. Najveća razlika između smjena bila je u prva dva dana rada u tjednu, kada je noćna smjena bila najmanje produktivna; od sredine pa do kraja tjedna više nije bilo razlike u produktivnosti rada medu smjenama. Između najproduktivnijih i najmanje produktivnih radnica u noćnoj smjeni nije bilo značajnih razlika u ekstraverziji i trajanju spavanja tijekom dana nakon noćne smjene. Nakon rada u noćnoj smjeni najmanje su spavale radnice koje su imale veliku obiteljsku odgovornost, a najviše one koje nisu imale obiteljske obaveze. Ta razlika nije bila povezana s produktivnošću rada u noćnoj smjeni. Nakon rada u poslijepodnevnoj smjeni radnice su spavale u prosjeku 2 sata duže (8 sati i 40 min) nego u druge dvije smjene. Ova razlika, pored cirkadijurnih varijacija budnosti, spremnosti za rad i momentalnih radnih sposobnosti, dovedena je u vezu s dobivenim razlikama u produktivnosti rada u pojedinim smjenama., The productivity of female shift workers, working on a weekly rotating three-shift system, was examined. The afternoon shift was found to be the most productive and the night shift the least productive one. The greatest difference in productivity between shifts was found in the first two days of the week, when the productivity on night shift was significantly lower than that on the other two shifts. From the third day on there were no longer significant differences in productivity between shifts. The most productive and the least productive workers on night shift did not significantly differ in extraversion or in sleep duration after the night shift. Family responsibility was found to be associated with the duration of sleep after the night shift: married women slept significantly shorter after the night shift than unmarried women. However, this difference in sleep duration was not associated with productivity on night shift. Sleep duration after the afternoon shift (8 hours 40 minutes) was on average two hours longer than after the other two shifts. The difference in sleep duration after different shifts, along with circadian variations in alertness, readiness for work and performance efficiency, could be responsible for differences in productivity between shifts.