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Objectives: the aim of the study was the evaluation of healing in bony defects comparing milled teeth versus beta tricalcium phosphate (B-TCP) as bone graft materials. Materials and methods: Forty-five male albino rats, were divided into three groups each group included 15 rats; one control and two experimental groups. Under general anesthesia, 1.5 cm incision was created to expose the cranial bone. Then two bone defects (each one with a diameter of 3 millimeter) were created one in each parital sides. In Group I (control group): the two bony defects (30 bony defects) were left to heal without any intervention. While, in Group II & III the bony defects were completely filled with (B-TCP) and milled teeth, respectively. At the 7th, 15th, and 30 days postoperatively five rates were randomly selected from each group to be sacrificed. Results: histomorophometric and histological results showed a higher level of bone regeneration in the two experimental groups than that of the control group all over the study period, moreover there was a significant increase in the amount of (newly formed bone) in the milled teeth than in the (B-TCP) group. The remaining particles of the two graft materials was significantly less in the milled teeth group than in the (B-TCP) group during the whole study time. Conclusion: Bone activity, formation and maturity were ahead in tooth ash filled calvarial bony defects.

Objectives: to evaluate the effect of milled teeth versus beta tricalcium phosphate bone graft material on new bone formation at the cell level using transmission electron microscope Materials and methods: Forty-five adult male albino rats, were divided into three main groups (n=15); control and two experimental groups. Under general anesthesia, 1.5 cm incision was done exposing the cranial bone. Then two noncritical size bone defects were created one in each parital sides of the rat calvarial bone. In Group I (control group): the bilateral calvarial bony defects were left to heal spontaneously. In Group II the bilateral calvarial bony defects completely filled with β-TCP. In Group III: the bilateral calvarial bony defects completely filled with tooth ash. Five rats from each group were sacrificed after 7, 15, and 30 days postoperatively. Results: tooth ash group: showed more new bone formation. Different types of cells appeared more active: multiple lymphocytes, fibroblast, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts. Multinucleated osteoclasts with prominent vacuolated cytoplasm and ruffled border in Howship’s lacunae were clearly seen. At day 30, disappearing of the tooth ash and infiltration of different types of cells; osteoprogenitor cells, bone lining cells, and osteoblasts while β-TCP particles were still seen in the sections. Conclusion: Bone activity, formation and maturity were ahead in tooth ash filled calvarial bony defects. Tooth ash had a role in the stimulation of osteoblastic activity in matrix formation and its mineralization.

Reconstruction of bone defects represents a serious issue for orthopaedic and maxillofacial surgeons, especially in extensive bone loss. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) with tri-calcium phosphates (TCP) are widely used for bone regeneration facilitating the formation of bone extracellular matrix to promote reparative osteogenesis. The present study assessed the potential of cell-scaffold constructs for the regeneration of extensive mandibular bone defects in a minipig model. Sixteen skeletally mature miniature pigs were divided into two groups: Control group and scaffolds seeded with osteogenic differentiated pADSCs (n = 8/group). TCP-PLGA scaffolds with or without cells were integrated in the mandibular critical size defects and fixed by titanium osteosynthesis plates. After 12 weeks, ADSCs seeded scaffolds (n = 7) demonstrated significantly higher bone volume (34.8% ± 4.80%) than scaffolds implanted without cells (n = 6, 22.4% ± 9.85%) in the micro-CT (p

The present work was conducted for evaluation of the effects of iliac crest autograft (ICBG) and Hydroxyapatite / β tri- calcium phosphate (HA / β -TCP), on the healing process of an experimentally induced right femoral fractures with 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm partial bone defect at the fracture site in dogs fixed with standard dynamic compression plate (DCP) and self taping cortical screws. It was carried out on twenty seven apparently healthy male mongrel dogs divided into three equal groups, each of 9 dogs. Group I left as a control. Groups II and III were treated with ICBG and HA / β -TCP respectively. Clinical, radiographical and histological examinations were carried out for judgment of the healing process. This study came to the conclusion of; ICBG provides the most dense callus formation and the fastest possible healing. While, HA / β -TCP was an excellent substitute for ICGB that solve the problem of two operations on the same animal.

This study investigated to evaluate the effect of Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense, Trichoderma harzianum and Tri-calcium phosphate on sprouted barley grains under hydroponic culture conditions. The results showed that increase of a total weight of sprouted barley grains in treatments of A. chroococcum 257.3 g, Tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) 255.6 g and A. brasilense 254.3 g, whereas T. harzianum + TCP, A. brasilense + TCP and TCP recorded highest height of sprouted barley 25.8, 25.7 and 25.6 cm respectively, the protein ratio in the roots of sprouted barley was increased in A. chroococcum 19.8% followed by T. harzianum 18.4%, while the protein ratio in the vegetative portion was increased in T. harzianum + TCP, A. brasilense + TCP, A. chroococcum and A. chroococcum + TCP which reached 36.4, 32.7, 32.5 and 31.0 % respectively.

Purpose: Hydroxyapatite/tri-calcium phosphate (HA/TCP) mixture is an osteoconductive material used as a bone graft substitute, and demineralised bone matrix (DBM) is an osteoinductive material. A combination of DBM and HA/TCP mixture would probably create a composite with both osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the combination of DBM and HA/TCP mixture on healing of rat radius segmental defects. Methods: Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were used. Bilateral radial defects were created in each animal. Radial defects were implanted with DBM, HA/TCP mixture and a combination of both substances. Control defects were left unfilled. Ten weeks after implantation, the animals were sacrificed, and the radii were evaluated by radiograhic and histopathological studies. Results: The use of DBM alone demonstrated improved healing on radiographic and histological studies compared to other groups and the control group. There were no differences between the other two groups and the control group. Conclusion: The DBM group showed the best healing response. Combined use of DBM and HA/TCP mixture did not improve bone healing, and the osteoinductive properties of DBM were inhibited by HA/TCP mixture.

© 2017, Australian Ceramic Society. Nanofibrous composites of the poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) with different compositions were manufactured by using an economical and non-complicated method called electrospinning. Produced fibrous structures showed no bead formation and had a clean surface. Characterization of the composites showed that particles were successfully mixed with polymer phase. High cell activity of SaOS-2 cells on the composites was observed with SEM images. In addition, fibrous scaffolds are biocompatible with human bone tissue and are highly degradable.

β-Tri calcium phosphate ceramics play a significant role in several biomedical application for their marked resorbability and bioactivity. One of them is in bone grafting, where it is used for treating bone defects caused by wounds or osteoporosis. In the present work an in-depth and systematic study of pure and different doped variants (Zinc, Magnesium and Titanium) of β-Tri calcium phosphate was done. We have prepared pure β-Tri calcium phosphate and its different dopants of different strength. All together seven different composition were studied. We have tried to investigate some important features which are the prerequisite for their application. These include lattice parameter study, mechanical properties, contacts behaviour with SBF, haemolytic characteristics, and its cytotoxic nature. The capability of new apatite development on the surface of pure and doped β-TCP samples were also considered and compared by using Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) to observe their interaction with human body fluid.

One of the main objectives of periodontal therapy is to prolong the lifespan of dentition as there is no ideal substitute for natural dentition even in the era of dental implants. Treatment of teeth with advanced periodontal disease with hopeless prognosis is always extraction. However in this case report, we discuss a novel regenerative strategy using a combination of platelet rich plasma and bi-phasic tri calcium phosphate for a lower central incisor that was considered for extraction. Clinical and radiographic examination during the six-year follow-up postoperatively revealed stable periodontal health in the lower right central incisor. The surgical re-entry done in the sixth year postoperatively revealed good periradicular healing and alloplastic bone graft incorporation within the host bone.

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate clinically and radiographically the efficacy of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) versus β-tri-calcium phosphate (β-TCP) in the treatment of Grade II mandibular furcation defects. Materials and Methods: Forty-five Grade II furcation defect in mandibular molars which were assigned to open flap debridement (OFD) with PRF Group I (n = 15), to OFD with β-TCP Group II (n = 15), and to OFD alone Group III (n = 15) were analyzed for clinical parameters (probing pocket depth [PPD], vertical clinical attachment level [VCAL], horizontal clinical attachment level [HCAL], gingival recession, relative vertical height of furcation [r-VHF], and relative horizontal depth of furcation [r-HDF]) and radiographical parameters (horizontal depth of furcation [H-DOF], vertical height of furcation [V-HOF]) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) at 6 months interval. Results: For clinical parameters, reduction in PPD and gain in VCAL and HCAL were higher in Group II as compared to Group I. Change in r-VHF and r-HDF was greater in Group II as compared to Group I. Mean percentage clinical vertical defect fill was higher in Group II as compared to Group I (58.52% ± 11.68% vs. 53.24% ± 13.22%, respectively). On CBCT, mean change at 6 months for all parameters showed nonsignificant difference between the two experimental groups. Mean change in V-HOF was higher in Group I as compared to Group II, but mean change in H-DOF and furcation width was more in Group II as compared to Group I. Conclusion: For both experimental and control groups, there was statistically significant improvement at 6 months follow-up from baseline values.

Scaffold-like hydroxyapatite/tri-calcium-phosphate (HA/TCP) coatings have been deposited on strong zirconia-substrates using a unique HA-slip coating-deposition and coating-substrate co-sintering process. Bending strength of such layered composites is over 300 MPa, higher than the upper strength limit of natural bones. Thick scaffold-like HA-coatings with open pores larger than 100 lm can be deposited onto the micro-porous HA/TCP surface using the same technique. Such load-bearing “HA-scaffolds” with adequate bending strength and large open pore structures provide useful options as loadbearing bone implants.

Background: Angiogenesis is crucial for the success of bone reconstruction through tissue engineering. Currently, is still not known the activity of endothelial cells that is responsible for blood vessel formation, cultured in HA/TCP/chitosan scaffold. The ability of the scaffold to facilitate the proliferation and migration of endothelial cell to form blood vessel is essential for cell survival especially in the inner area of the scaffold that is susceptible for cell death if adequate vascularization is not occurred. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the porosity of HA/TCP/chitosan scaffold and the biocompatibility of HA/TCP/chitosan scaffold to endothelial cells. Methods: Endothelial cells were isolated from umbilical vein (human umbilical vein endothelial cells/ HUVEC). HA/ TCP/chitosan scaffold was made from two gelling agents and various basic washing solutions. The characteristic of scaffold was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The activity of HUVEC was evaluated by MTT assay. Results: Initial average scaffold porosity size range from 68 μm and increased up to 134 μm after 7 days incubation with 10 mg/L lysozyme. There was no significant difference in the viability of HUVEC incubated with the scaffold compared to control. Conclusion: HA/TCP/chitosan has a good biocompatibility for HUVEC. This condition supports the activity of HUVEC in the scaffold for angiogenesis process, to provide oxygen and nutrient necessary for osteoblast.Latar belakang: Angiogenesis merupakan proses yang penting untuk keberhasilan rekonstruksi tulang melalui rekayasa jaringan. Saat ini, aktifitas sel endotel pembentuk dinding pembuluh darah pada HA/TCP/chitosan scaffold belum diketahui. Kemampuan scaffold sebagai tempat proliferasi dan migrasi sel endotel untuk membentuk pembuluh darah penting untuk kelangsungan hidup sel osteoblast terutama di bagian dalam scaffold. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi porositas HA/TCP/chitosan scaffold serta sifat biokompatibilitas scaffold terhadap sel endotel. Metode: Sel endotel diisolasi dari vena tali pusat (human umbilical vein endothelial cells/HUVEC). HA/TCP/ chitosan scaffold dibuat dengan variasi gelling agents dan dicuci dengan berbagai larutan basa. Karakter scaffold dievaluasi dengan scanning electron microscope. Aktifitas HUVEC dievaluasi dengan MTT assay. Hasil: Pada tahap awal, rata-rata ukuran porus 68 μm dan meningkat menjadi 134 μm setelah inkubasi dengan 10 mg/mL lysosyme selama 7 hari. Kultur HUVEC pada scaffold selama 24 jam tidak menunjukkan tingkat viabilitas yang berbeda dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Kesimpulan: HA/TCP/chitosan memiliki sifat biokompatibilitas yang baik terhadap sel HUVEC. Kondisi ini memberikan dukungan terhadap aktifitas sel HUVEC pada scaffold untuk proses angiogenesis yang akan memberikan oksigen dan nutrisi untuk osteoblas.

Tricalcium Phosphate Anhydrous Powder typically contains 300 to 400 mg/Kg (w/w) of aluminum. This level can be determined utilizing AAS and standard based on known standards. In this study, we have determined the amount of aluminum metal present in sample of Tricalcium Phosphate Anhydrous Powder using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The method has high precision and accuracy. The results of aluminum determinations obtained by employment of N2O-C2H2 flame AAS methods. Great care is necessary for preparation of the blank. The need to subtract blank with standard calibration curve this was done automatically. The accuracy was checked with recovery test of aluminum added to the sample before analysis. With employment of AAS method 98.5% and 99.0% of added aluminum was recovered. The detection limit for the determination of Al was 0.5 mg/Kg and results meet the requirements.

Purpose: Hydroxyapatite/tri-calcium phosphate (HA/TCP) mixture is an osteoconductive material used as a bone graft substitute, and demineralised bone matrix (DBM) is an osteoinductive material. A combination of DBM and HA/TCP mixture would probably create a composite with both osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the combination of DBM and HA/TCP mixture Oil healing of rat radius segmental defects. Methods: Twenty-four adult mate Wistar rats were used. Bilateral radial defects were created in each animal. Radial defects were implanted with DBM, HA/TCP mixture and a combination of both substances. Control defects were left unfilled. Ten weeks after implantation, the animals were sacrificed, and the radii were evaluated by radiograhic and histopathological studies. Results: The use of DBM alone demonstrated improved healing on radiographic and histological Studies compared to other groups and the Control group. There were no differences between the other two groups and the control group. Conclusion: The DBM group showed the best healing response. Combined use of DBM and HA/TCP mixture did not improve bone healing, and the osteoinductive properties of DBM were inhibited by HA/TCP Mixture.

Aim: To assess the clinical outcome by comparing β-tri calcium phosphate (Septodont RTR) TM along with platelet rich plasma (PRP) and β-tri calcium phosphate (β-TCP) alone in intrabony defects, by clinical evaluation in a 6-month analysis. Methodology: Ten patients participated in the study. Using a split-mouth design, interproximal bony defects were surgically treated with either platelet rich plasma (PRP) combined with β-tri calcium phosphate (β-TCP) or β-TCP alone. Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index, Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) were recorded 6 months after surgery. Results: At 6 months after therapy, the PRP combined with β-TCP group showed mean PPD reduction of 2.50, CAL mean gain of 2.60 + 1.43. The β-TCP group showed mean PPD reduction of 2.80 mm, mean CAL gain of 2.60 mm. On intra-group comparison, there was greater PPD reduction and CAL gain at 6 months in both the groups. In intergroup comparison of PRP/β-TCP and β-TCP alone, there was no statistical significant difference observed. (P = 0.55, and 0.87 for PPD and CAL gain). Conclusion: Both therapies resulted in significant PPD reduction, CAL gain. The present study shows that treatment of intrabony periodontal defects with combination of PRP and β-TCP does not have additional improvements when compared with β-TCP alone within 6 months follow-up.

Aims: The aim of this study was to estimate the pH of saliva, concentration of calcium and inorganic phosphate, and calculus formation before and after usage of Recaldent ® (GC Tooth Mousse Plus TM ), Functionalized Tricalcium Phosphate (3M ESPE ClinPro TM Tooth Creme) and standard dentifrice (Colgate dental cream). Settings and Design: Randomized double-blind study. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 subjects were recruited, the subjects were assessed at their first visit, on the 21 st day and on the 42 nd day. At the first visit, scaling was carried out and oral hygiene instructions were given. After 21 days, the subjects were given coded dentifrices where the operator and the subjects both were unaware of the type of dentifrice. Clinical parameters assessed were Plaque index, Gingival index, and Calculus index. Salivary samples were obtained to measure calcium, phosphate levels, and pH at 21 st day and 42 nd day. Statistical Analysis: ANOVA test, t-test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The mean salivary calcium level and mean salivary phosphate level were higher in Group III (functionalized tricalcium phosphate (3M ESPE ClinPro TM Tooth Creme) as compared to Group II (Recaldent ® GC Tooth Mousse Plus TM ) and Group I (Colgate dental cream) on the 42 nd day after using dentifrices, which was statistically significant. This showed that the usage of remineralizing dentifrices led to an increase in the salivary calcium, phosphate, and pH but it did not reach the level of super saturation of the ions caused by elevated pH which could lead to calculus formation. Conclusions: Thought here was a statistically significant increase in salivary calcium and phosphate level in all three groups from baseline to 42 nd day, there was no calculus formation.

It is a well known fact that calcium in some form must be added to poultry rations in order to obtain the necessary amount of this element for optium egg production. Buckner and Martin1 have pointed out that the lack of the supply of calcium results in a decrease of egg production and finally a cessation. All investigators are agreed as to the need of supplementing the average poultry ration with an ample supply of calcium in order that the producing bird may have an ample supply of this element for egg shell formation. The question arises as to the best available form of calcium to add to a ration for the laying bird. Buckner, Martin, Pierce and Peter2 report that the hen can utilize calcium carbonate to a greater extent than tri calcium phosphate for egg production. Oyster shell and limestone were the forms of calcium carbonate used. Later, . . .

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A number of experiments have been conducted during the past two years at the Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station on the phosphorus requirements of the chick and the poult. In most of these tests sodium acid phosphate has been used as the source of readily available inorganic phosphorus. This product has a number of characteristics, such as physical condition, freedom from other minerals affecting bone calcification and solubility which commend it for use in research of this type. The fact that the phosphorus level may be varied independently of the level of calcium is an additional advantage to be cited. The question has been raised, however, as to whether or not the extreme solubility and acid nature of the compound creates an un-natural condition in the intestine which actually reduces the phosphorus requirement and possibly also the vitamin D requirement. Should such be the case, its use would be undesirable since . . .