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In pursuit of enhancing the conveying performance of the spiral axial flow gasliquid multiphase pump, a comprehensive exploration is conducted to unravel the underlying influence mechanism of impeller structural parameters on gas-liquid separation. This study employs the Box-Behnken design, constructing a sample space that encompasses crucial factors such as impeller hub parameters and blade inclination angle, utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics software to perform numerical simulations of various models within the sample space. Researching the influence of impeller hub diameter ratio and blade inclination angle on the internal flow of a multiphase pump, aiming to determine high-performance parameters under high gas content conditions with the coupled effects of impeller hub diameter ratio and blade inclination angle. The results indicate that the performance improvement becomes more pronounced when the blade inclination angle (γ) is greater than 2°. For hub structure parameters, the relative size of hub inlet coefficient (kd1) and hub middle section coefficient (kd2) is measured using the diameter ratio (kr), where kr ranges from 0.94 to 1.02. After optimization, the impeller hub parameters are kd1 = 0.77, kd2 = 0.76, kr = 1.013, γ = 6.95. In comparison with the original model, when the Inlet Gas Volume Fraction is 60%, the gas phase aggregation (λ) at 0.1Span is reduced by 4.5%, the energy dissipation (σ) is decreased by 5.3%, and the efficiency and head coefficient are increased by 2.331% and 0.05, respectively. Therefore, this study has vital theoretical and technical significance for improving the reliability, stability and efficiency of deepwater oil and gas transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese High Magnetic Field Laboratory (CHMFL) will build a resistive magnet with steady magnetic field strength of 42 Tesla which will set a new record for a single resistive magnet. As one of the important auxiliary systems, the cooling water system needs to be fully upgraded to meet the higher cooling requirements of the magnet and the power system. In this paper, the reconstruction scheme of cooling water system is introduced firstly, then the parameters selection of the chilled water pumps and high-pressure pure water pumps are emphatically analyzed. The data fitting method and the applied fluid technology software ATF Fathom were used to analyze and check the selection of chilled water pump. After these pumps are in place, the effectiveness of the above analysis scheme has been verified through testing, which can provide a reference for the reconstruction of pumps in other systems. For the high-pressure pure water pump, the solution focuses on improving the overall cooling capacity of the pump group and also improving the system stability. Based on the large-circulation-flow magnet of CHMFL, tests were conducted on the parallel operation capability of the new and old pumps, and the system characteristic curve and pump performance curve are analyzed and researched. The result shows that the pump parameters selection is reasonable and the magnet cooling circulation capacity is effectively improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuity of a production process is supported by the availability of good assets. One of the efforts to support asset availability is through asset maintenance. One of the important assets in the industry is the pump. To detect anomalous conditions in the pump, the sound of the engine can be used. However, noisy environmental conditions can change the characteristics of the sound produced. This can have an impact on errors in identifying the condition of the machine. In this study, Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) is used, because the characteristics of MFCC are very attached to the sound signal and are appropriate for sound signals in the case of this noisy environment where the signal tends to be non-stationary. Support Vector Machine will be used as a method that maps input (machine features) and output (machine condition). In this study, a comparison of the use of combined features of time and frequency domains with time-frequency features (MFCC) will be carried out. Improved performance is obtained when the time-frequency domain acoustic feature in the form of MFCC is used with an average accuracy reaching 99.88% on the Medium Gaussian SVM model.

In swash plate type axial piston pumps, slipper/swash plate sliding surfaces is subject to high fluctuating load. Therefore, the slippers are required to provide stable operation and reduce losses due to sliding. The behavior of the slipper fluctuates in a complex manner due to changes in the hydraulic pressure in the cylinder and inertial forces caused by the reciprocating motion of the piston. However, the time variation of the oil film thickness distribution of the slipper has not been measured. Furthermore, there are no measurements of the movement of the spherical joint connecting the slipper and piston, which affects the slipper behavior. In this study, the visualized sliding test rig with a sapphire glass swash plate was developed. The oil film thickness distribution of the slipper and the rotation of the slipper and the piston were measured continuously during one rotation of the pump.

The design factor of surge tank installation is a practical issue in the management of pressurized pipeline systems. To determine the general criteria for surge tank design in pipeline systems, dimensionless governing equations for unsteady flow and their solutions were developed for two widely used pipeline systems equipped with surge tanks. One is the reservoir pipeline surge tank valve and the other is the pipeline system with a pumping station and check valve protected by the surge tank. Two distinct time-domain responses, point- and line-integrated pressure, can be used as objective functions to optimize the surge tank area. The developed formulations were integrated into a metaheuristic engine, particle swarm optimization, to explore a general solution for a wide range of dimensionless resistances that comprehensively address various flow features into one dimensionless parameter. Depending on the dimensionless location of the surge tank, the optimum dimensionless surge tank areas were delineated for a range of dimensionless resistances for the two pipeline systems with and without a pumping station protected by a surge tank. HIGHLIGHTS Dimensionless solutions for pressure response were derived for pipeline systems with surge tanks.; The dimensionless resistance represents flow rate, friction, diameter, length and wave speed.; Both point- and line-integrated pressures were used as objective functions.; The frequency domain models were integrated into particle swarm optimization.; Dimensionless surge tank areas were delineated for dimensionless resistances.;

Abstract This article describes a method for determining the geometric working volume of satellite positive displacement machines (pump and motor). The working mechanism of these machines is satellite mechanism consisting of two non-circular gears (rotor and curvature) and circular gears (satellites). Two variants of the satellite mechanism are presented. In the first mechanism, the rolling line of the rotor is a sinusoid "wrapped" around a circle. In the second mechanism, the rolling line of the rotor is a double sinusoid "wrapped" around a circle. A method for calculating the area of the working chamber as a function of the rotor rotation angle is presented, based on mathematical formulae of the rotor, the curvature and the satellite rolling lines. It has been shown that the second variant of the satellite mechanism is advantageously characterised by a larger difference between the maximum area of the working chamber and the minimum area of this chamber. New mathematical formulas have been proposed to calculate the area of the working chamber for any angle of rotation of the shaft (rotor) based on the maximum and minimum values of the area of this chamber. It was thus confirmed that the geometric working volume depends on the maximum and minimum area of a working chamber and on the height of the satellite mechanism. The analyses of the area of the working chamber were carried out both for the mechanism without gears (the area delimited by the rolling lines of the elements of the mechanism) and for the real mechanism with gears. Differences in the values of these fields were also detected.

The capability to record data in passive, image-based wearable sensors can simplify data readouts and eliminate the requirement for the integration of electronic components on the skin. Here, we developed a skin-strain-actuated microfluidic pump (SAMP) that utilizes asymmetric aspect ratio channels for the recording of human activity in the fluidic domain. An analytical model describing the SAMP's operation mechanism as a wearable microfluidic device was established. Fabrication of the SAMP was achieved using soft lithography from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Benchtop experimental results and theoretical predictions were shown to be in good agreement. The SAMP was mounted on human skin and experiments conducted on volunteer subjects demonstrated the SAMP's capability to record human activity for hundreds of cycles in the fluidic domain through the observation of a stable liquid meniscus. Proof-of-concept experiments further revealed that the SAMP could quantify a single wrist activity repetition or distinguish between three different shoulder activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building energy consumption in China accounts for 45% of the total national energy consumption, with air conditioning energy consumption representing approximately two-thirds of that. Therefore, energy efficiency in buildings is of utmost importance. This study focuses on a chemical industrial park located along the Fujiang River and compares three heating and cooling supply schemes: the river water source heat pump system, which utilizes river water as the heat source and heat sink; the water cooling unit and boiler system, which uses water-cooled electric compression chillers for cooling and an oil-fired boiler system for heating; and the split air conditioning and gas water heater scheme, which relies on refrigerants such as fluorine-containing compounds for cooling and a gas water heater for heating. By calculating the energy consumption of the above three schemes and conducting a comparative analysis, it is found that the river water source heat pump system exhibits significantly higher energy efficiency throughout the year compared to the water cooling unit and boiler system and the split air conditioning and gas water heater scheme. This highlights the notable energy efficiency advantage of the river water source heat pump system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes a method for determining the geometric working volume of satellite positive displacement machines (pump and motor). The working mechanism of these machines is satellite mechanism consisting of two non-circular gears (rotor and curvature) and circular gears (satellites). Two variants of the satellite mechanism are presented. In the first mechanism, the rolling line of the rotor is a sinusoid "wrapped" around a circle. In the second mechanism, the rolling line of the rotor is a double sinusoid "wrapped" around a circle. A method for calculating the area of the working chamber as a function of the rotor rotation angle is presented, based on mathematical formulae of the rotor, the curvature and the satellite rolling lines. It has been shown that the second variant of the satellite mechanism is advantageously characterised by a larger difference between the maximum area of the working chamber and the minimum area of this chamber. New mathematical formulas have been proposed to calculate the area of the working chamber for any angle of rotation of the shaft (rotor) based on the maximum and minimum values of the area of this chamber. It was thus confirmed that the geometric working volume depends on the maximum and minimum area of a working chamber and on the height of the satellite mechanism. The analyses of the area of the working chamber were carried out both for the mechanism without gears (the area delimited by the rolling lines of the elements of the mechanism) and for the real mechanism with gears. Differences in the values of these fields were also detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pumps are considered crucial mechanical devices in any industry. Especially, double-suction pumps, due to their high-flow design and high head, are utilized in diverse industrial sectors. However, despite these advantages, double-suction pumps are vulnerable to issues like losses, vibrations, and cavitation. Pump vibration is mainly caused by suction recirculation occurring at the impeller inlet. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of the impeller inlet design on enhancing the stability of double-suction pumps while expanding the operating flow range. Through a validated CFD study, the influence of the impeller inlet passage size on the head and efficiency was analyzed. Furthermore, research was conducted on the phenomenon of suction recirculation occurring at the impeller inlet, proposing design guidelines to minimize it, especially for operation at low flow rates. The results demonstrate that the ratio of the hub diameter to the shroud diameter at the impeller inlet significantly impacts the avoidance of recirculation at low flow rates. These findings are expected to contribute to improving the stability and efficiency of high-flow pumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmentally friendly, high-output, high-efficiency compact pumps are in high demand in industrial fields such as chemical analysis and medical care. The efficiency of many small pumps is rather low, with peak efficiencies on the order of about 2%, even for commercially available pumps. Considering current environmental issues, improving the efficiency of motors and pumps is an important issue for preventing global warming. In this research, a small two-valve pump that can suck and discharge water by converting the energy of electromagnetic-vibration component resonance into kinetic energy was newly developed. In actual machine tests, two types of electromagnetic vibration pumps (I and II) with two-valve structures and different shapes were prototyped, and the shapes were optimized for efficiency. The type II vibration pump with an acrylic rod attached to the type I pump had excellent suction and discharge characteristics. The maximum efficiency was 12.2%, which is exceptional for a small pump. In addition, it was clarified by the actual machine test that the type II pump can stably discharge water at a high head of 2000 mm. The two types of pumps proposed in this paper were shown to be highly useful industrially in terms of performance, simplicity, cost, and operability and can be used selectively according to the application. Furthermore, since these pumps can be manufactured with a small number of parts, this paper shows their potential to contribute to environmental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in the efficiency of photoelectric panels from year to year is the basis for the large-scale use of this type of renewable energy source. Many subsidies are allocated for the use of renewable energy sources in our country. The use of solar energy, which is one of the renewable energy sources, is one of the most optimal solutions for creating intensive gardens in desert areas. In the article, the efficiency of the photoelectric system (PES) was compared with the portable generator (PG) used to supply water pumps with energy. It was determined that the payback period of PES is equal to 3.5 years compared to PG. It was found that there is an opportunity to use long-term green energy at almost no cost for the remaining 15-20 years. Instead of a system with a total power of 5kW, a PES system of 9.9kW was connected as an energy supply for irrigation works. 4.2 tons of CO2 emissions from PG are avoided annually. This practical work proved that the most problematic desertification, water supply and green energy sources can be solved in one place.

One of the possible directions of using renewable energy sources to save fuel and energy resources in Uzbekistan is the use of the hydropower potential of small rivers. The cost of electricity generated at micro and small hydroelectric power plant is already lower than the cost of electricity generated at traditional types of power plants, including gas turbine, wind, nuclear power plant and thermal power plant. In addition, due to constantly rising energy prices, the cost of electricity at traditional power plants is constantly increasing. The use of the hydropower potential of small rivers will contribute to the decentralization of the integrated energy system and improve energy supply to remote and hard-to-reach rural areas. Analysis of literature sources shows that the use of serial pumps as hydraulic turbines is a successful alternative to the use of specially designed hydraulic turbines for mini and small hydroelectric power plant. To reliably use pumps as hydraulic turbines, manufacturers need to obtain experimental performance of pumps in turbine mode, which can help expand their markets and better utilize available hydraulic potential.

Hypoparathyroidism is the most common endocrinological feature in children with Sanjad-Sakati syndrome. Treatment includes active vitamin D and calcium supplementation. Here, we report a case of a newborn with Sanjad-Sakati syndrome who had severe hypocalcemia since birth who responded to PTH subcutaneous pump infusion. The child was born at 35 weeks with hypocalcemia since the first day of life. The standard medical treatment proved ineffective for the newborn, necessitating the administration of unusually high doses of oral and IV calcium and vitamin D analogue for a 2 months. As a result, intermittent subcutaneous injections of PTH were commenced, resulting in an initial improvement in calcium levels, although this proved to be short-lived. Subsequently, a switch to continuous infusion via a Medtronic Vio pump was made, which unfortunately resulted in iatrogenic hypercalcemia, requiring management of hypercalcemia. Later, calcium carbonate and alfacalcidol were resumed at a lower dosage and continued to have average requirements for patients with hypoparathyroidism. PTH subcutaneous infusion can be highly effective in refractory hypocalcemia cases and can significantly impact the treatment course and facilitate hospital discharge as seen in our case. Careful dosage and monitoring are required to avoid iatrogenic hypercalcemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cavitation erosion failure of pumps or valves induces the low efficiency and reduced service life of nuclear reactors. This paper reviews works regarding the cavitation erosion of pumps and valves in the nuclear power industry and academic research field. The cavitation erosion mechanisms of materials of pumps and valves are related to the microstructure and mechanical properties of the surface layer. The cavitation erosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel can be ten times higher than that of ferritic steel. The cavitation erosion of materials is related to the hardness, toughness, and martensitic transformation capacity. Erosion wear and erosion–corrosion research is also reviewed. Erosion wear is mainly influenced by the hardness of the material surface. Erosion–corrosion behavior is closely connected with the element composition. Measures for improving the cavitation erosion of pumps and valves are summarized in this paper. The cavitation erosion resistance of metallic materials can be enhanced by adding elements and coatings. Adhesion, inclusion content, and residual stress impact the cavitation erosion of materials with coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Here, the perspective of patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency receiving subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIg) via introductory smaller size pre-filled syringes (PFS) or vials were compared. Methods: An online survey was conducted in Canada by the Association des Patients Immunodéficients du Québec (APIQ) (10/2020–03/2021). Survey questions included: reasons for choosing SCIg packaging and administration methods, training experiences, infusion characteristics, and switching methods. The survey captured structured patient-reported outcomes: treatment satisfaction and its sub-domains, symptom state, general health perception, and physical and mental function. Respondents using PFS were compared with vial users, overall and stratified by their administration method (pump or manual push). Results: Of the 132 total respondents, 66 respondents used vials, with 38 using a pump and 28 using manual push. PFS (5 and 10 mL sizes) were being used by 120 respondents, with 38 using a pump and 82 using manual push. PFS users were associated with a 17% lower median (interquartile range) SCIg dose (10 [8, 12] vs. 12 [9, 16] g/week, respectively), a significantly shorter infusion preparation time (15 [10, 20] vs. 15 [10, 30] mins, respectively), and a trend for shorter length of infusion (60 [35, 90] vs. 70 [48, 90] mins, respectively) compared with those on vials. Patient-reported treatment satisfaction scores were overall similar between vial and PFS users (including on the domains of effectiveness and convenience), except for a higher score for vials over PFS on the domain of global satisfaction (p=0.02). Conclusions: Consistent with prescribing that reflects a recognition of less wastage, PFS users were associated with a significantly lower SCIg dose compared with vial users. PFS users were also associated with shorter pre-infusion times, reflecting simpler administration mechanics compared with vial users. Higher global satisfaction with treatment among vial users compared with PFS users was consistent with users being limited to smaller PFS size options in Canada during the study period. Patient experience on PFS is expected to improve with the introduction of larger PFS sizes. Overall, treatment satisfaction for SCIg remains consistently high with the introduction of PFS packaging compared with vials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high cost of fuel has become a significant challenge for farmers in operating water pumps for irrigation in agricultural fields. The pumps are rendered economically inefficient due to the associated high operational costs. Therefore, the proposed solution to address this issue is the utilization of wind energy. Wind energy is converted into electrical energy to power water pumps. This research aims to: determine the average power in the wind use statistical method based on the average of windspeed, evaluate the efficiency of wind power generators, and select the appropriate wind turbine type for installation in the Kedungweru region, Kebumen, Central Java. The study was conducted at the Wind Power Plant (PLTB) in Kedungweru Village, Kebumen Regency, Central Java, and the Laboratory of Thermal Systems Engineering and Renewable Energy at Jenderal Soedirman University. Sampling methods included measuring wind speed, voltage, and current, as well as data from the Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software. The variables of this research were maximum/minimum/average wind speed, electric pump load, power generated by the wind power plant, and the efficiency of wind turbine performance. The results of the study indicate that Kedungweru has a relatively good wind energy potential, with an average wind speed of 4.79 m/s. From the HOMER simulation using 2 AWS HC 650 W wind turbines, the generated electrical energy reached 2,543 kWh/year. Additionally, the simulation showed an electrical surplus of 33.2%, indicating a well-performing system as almost all generated energy can be efficiently utilized without wastage. Thus, the use of wind energy as a renewable resource for irrigating agricultural fields can be an efficient and economical solution to address the high operational costs resulting from expensive fuel prices.

Rational and energy efficient operation of pumps for pumping and transporting liquids used in difficult conditions of mining is possible due to the implementation and use of modern methods of managing the operating modes of the pumps. Nowadays, the methods and resources used to regulate the operating modes of pumping units do not meet modern requirements, and many mines still use outdated methods of regulating the operating modes of pumps, which entails significant energy losses and an increase in the cost of the transported liquid. In the article, the methods of reducing electricity losses and the impact on the performance of pumping units were considered. It is concluded that this method of regulating work makes it possible to operate pumping units in the working area. Our article considers and experimentally substantiates the possibility of achieving savings in electrical energy, as well as increasing the reliability of the operation of pumping units based on the use of modern methods of regulating operating modes.

Vertical centrifugal pumps play a crucial role in numerous water conservancy projects. However, their continuous operation can lead to the development of cracks or even fractures in some centrifugal pump blades, resulting in a substantial adverse impact on the operation of the pumping station unit and jeopardizing safe production. This study employs the fluid-structure interaction method to comprehensively investigate the modal characteristics of the impeller, both in an air environment and immersed in water. Furthermore, the analysis of static and dynamic stress attributes is conducted. The natural frequency of the impeller when submerged in water is significantly lower than its frequency in an air medium, typically accounting for approximately 0.35 to 0.46 of the air-based natural frequency. There are conspicuous stress concentrations at specific locations within the system, specifically at the rounded corners of the blade back exit edge, the impeller front cover, the middle of the blade inlet edge, and the junction where the blade interfaces with the front and back cover. It is crucial to underscore that when the system operates under high-flow or low-flow conditions, there is a pronounced stress concentration at the interface between the impeller and the rear cover plate. Any deviation from the intended design conditions results in an escalation of equivalent stress levels. Through dynamic stress calculations during a single rotational cycle of the impeller, it is discerned that the cyclic nature of stress at the point of maximum stress is primarily influenced by the number of blades and the rotational velocity of impeller. This research carries significant implications for effectively mitigating blade fractures and cyclic fatigue damage, thereby enhancing the operational reliability of vertical centrifugal pumps in water conservancy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Advanced heart failure is becoming more frequent and, in this population, left ventricular assist devices have emerged in the last thirty years as bridge-to-transplant or destination therapy for those with a contraindication for transplant. These devices are continuous flow, contrary to normal hemodynamic physiology, which leads to associated complications with the interaction between the device and the patient, a phenomenon known as “haemocompatibility”. One of its implications is the absence of a central pulse and the need to measure blood pressure through infrequent methods such as Doppler. Various complications are frequently associated with this and can be grouped under the mnemonic A2B2C2D2, including those specific and related to the device. Each of these must be recognized for early and prompt diagnosis and treatment, including prompt cardiopulmonary resuscitation, if indicated, to impact the survival of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Displacement-controlled systems have high efficiency and are widely used in industry. Accurate control of the actuator motion in hydraulic systems is usually a necessity in industrial applications such as the motion of control surfaces in fixed-wing airplanes for flight control as well as the aircraft brake systems. To address this need, the current study was conducted with the goal of developing a high-fidelity model to achieve precise control. This work focused on modeling a hydrostatic transmission that is used for controlling a linear actuator velocity. The flow entering the actuator was changed using a variable displacement pump. The study included examining the stability and performance of the open-loop system. Additionally, the study involved the design of the proportional-integral-derivative PID and H∞ controllers, followed by the analysis of the stability and performance of the closed-loop system with both controllers. Furthermore, the multiplicative uncertainty is taken into account and the robustness of the system is verified using controllers PID and H∞. In the current study,Uncertain parameters such as actuator efficiency, pump speed, and viscous friction coefficient were considered and allowed for a ±5% deviation from their stated values. Taking uncertainty into account ensures that the system performs properly even in case where the design parameters vary within the specified range. The system response is compared for the cases of open-loop system, closed-loop system with PID controller, and closed-loop system with H∞ controller. The results demonstrated that the open-loop system remains stable for real-world applications but shows insufficient performance in terms of input tracking and disturbance rejection. The introduction of the PID controller significantly enhanced the system's response to a reference input; however, its disturbance rejection capabilities in terms of overshoot and settling time were still unsatisfactory. The system equipped with the PID controller failed to meet the robustness requirements. Conversely, the utilization of H∞ controllers yielded superior responses and fulfilled the robustness criteria.

The issue of the influence of the concentration of the solid phase on the reduction of energy costs and specific energy consumption during pulp transportation is considered. The procedure for preparing slurry from the current enrichment tailings is shown. A scheme is given and the operation of a hydroficated unit for thickening and hydraulic transport of backfill mixtures is described. A diagram of the movement of solid particles in one of the units of the complex – a lamellar thickener is shown. The summary table shows the main design parameters and characteristics of the lamellar thickener. A general view of the laboratory setup used for experimental studies with slurry at various concentrations is given. An example of calculating productivity, density and specific load is presented. The dependence of the shear stress on the velocity gradient was determined for various pulp concentrations. Experimental studies of the process of thickening the production of slurry from the current enrichment tailings have been carried out. It was found that the geometric dimensions of the thickener depend on the concentration of the solid phase in the transported mixture. It is concluded that the flow rate of the slurry and the head loss are functions of the rheological characteristics of the viscoplastic slurry and can be calculated from the derived calculated dependencies.

Reiker G Ricks,1,2 Ivan A Cardenas,1,2 Emilie L Ungricht,1,2 Randall J Olson,1 Jeff H Pettey1 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; 2University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USACorrespondence: Jeff H Pettey, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA, Tel +1 801-581-2352, Fax +1 801-581-3357, Email jeff.pettey@hsc.utah.eduPurpose: To evaluate efficiency of grooving, nuclear fragment removal, and changes in pressure control in the Oertli Faros using traditional peristaltic and Speed and Precision (SPEEP) features. The SPEEP mode uses novel peristaltic technology permitting independent control of flow and vacuum.Methods: A porcine lens model was used with an enclosed chamber simulating the anterior segment. Grooving efficiency is evaluated with flow rates of 10, 30, and 50 mL/min using whole lenses. Lens cubes were emulsified at 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% power with both SPEEP and non-SPEEP modes. Surge was evaluated with pressure gauges placed on the irrigation tubing and aspiration tubing. Pressure readings were recorded per the following: fluid and vacuum were initiated for 15 seconds, vacuum tubing was occluded for 5 seconds, tubing patency was then re-introduced for 15 seconds. Differences between sensors were recorded.Results: No significant increase in efficiency was seen with increasing flow rate from 30 to 50 mL/min using SPEEP. No significant differences were shown in lens fragment removal in SPEEP and non-SPEEP modes at any power tested. Pressure difference measurements were not significantly different with SPEEP and non-SPEEP modes.Conclusion: We showed that lower flow rates show comparable efficiency of grooving when using the SPEEP mode. The SPEEP function did not show increased efficiency in nuclear fragment removal when compared to traditional mode. Surge control was also comparable with both SPEEP and non-SPEEP modes. We suggest that the SPEEP function included in the Oertli Faros may have some advantages.Keywords: cataract, grooving, pump, nuclear fragment removal, power, machine setting optimization

The capability to record data in passive, image-based wearable sensors can simplify data readouts and eliminate the requirement for the integration of electronic components on the skin. Here, we developed a skin-strain-actuated microfluidic pump (SAMP) that utilizes asymmetric aspect ratio channels for the recording of human activity in the fluidic domain. An analytical model describing the SAMP’s operation mechanism as a wearable microfluidic device was established. Fabrication of the SAMP was achieved using soft lithography from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Benchtop experimental results and theoretical predictions were shown to be in good agreement. The SAMP was mounted on human skin and experiments conducted on volunteer subjects demonstrated the SAMP’s capability to record human activity for hundreds of cycles in the fluidic domain through the observation of a stable liquid meniscus. Proof-of-concept experiments further revealed that the SAMP could quantify a single wrist activity repetition or distinguish between three different shoulder activities.

In the swimming pool there is a pump system that is useful for circulating water. Pumps in swimming pools can affect water quality. Dirty water will be cleaned by the filter and will be re-circulated to the swimming pool. The calculations that must be known are the volume of the swimming pool, pump power, flow rate, and the curve of the pump. In order for the selection of a swimming pool pump to be appropriate, the correct calculation must be made so that the pump can provide the best performance for a swimming pool with a volume of 67 cubic meters and is able to circulate swimming pool water 4 times during 12 working hours.

The present study aims to reveal wear characteristics of an impeller pump transporting the mixture of liquid and solid particles. An experimental work is conducted to detect patterns of wear of the pump components. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique and the discrete element method (DEM) are jointly used to simulate the two-phase flow and wear of the pump components. After a 30-hour wear experiment, the inlet edge of the long blades exhibits wavy profiles, and the outlet part of the long blades is worn through. Regarding the volute, only the volute tongue is severely worn. At a particle diameter of 2.0 mm and a solid mass fraction of 10 %, the ratio of the average wear depth of the long blades to that of the volute reaches 64.5. Wear of the blade inlet edge depends on the normal cumulative contact energy, while the tangential cumulative contact energy contributes significantly to wear of the outlet part of the long blades. As the particle diameter increases from 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm, the average depth of wear of the long blades decreases monotonically by nearly 45 %, but the maximum depth of wear increases by about 34 %. The solid mass fraction serves as a key factor influencing wear of the pump components, especially when particles of large size are transported.

Over the past decade, the world population has experienced rapid and widespread adoption of smartphones due to their usefulness and convenience. However, researchers have identified a range of adverse behaviours associated with the adoption of smartphones and their higher use. These behaviours are collectively described as Problematic Smartphone Use and Dependence (PSUD). Despite growing research, the underlying processes and drivers leading to these behaviours are inadequately understood. This can partly be attributed to the absence of developed statistical tools and measures that allow researchers to build a comprehensive conceptual understanding of PSUD. To address this issue, this study proposes and evaluates a validated extension to the Problematic Use of Mobile Phones (PUMP) scale. The extension of this tool incorporates factors associated with substance dependence outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), including additional items to measure PSUD accurately, referred to as the modified problematic use of mobile phones (MPUMP) scale. The newly developed tool was used in a cross-sectional online survey during September and October 2022, drawing on 1018 adult Australian participants. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) were conducted to derive the underlying factors. The EFA revealed two distinct factors: Distraction and Dysregulation. Both factors exhibited high internal consistency, with Cronbach's Alpha coefficients of 0.92 and 0.86, respectively. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant variations inthe identified factors' mean scores across different socio-demographic characteristics. The study provides evidence that the MPUMP scale is a validated and reliable measure for accurately assessing PSUD. The study findings offer novel insights into the psychosocial and physical aspects of PSUD, providing a foundation for exploring the causes and potential interventions for PSUD.

This paper presents the partitioning of the closed water distribution network (WDN) serving the city of Pavia, Italy. As a thus far poorly explored aspect in the scientific literature, clustering for the definition of size and extension of district metered areas (DMAs) and of inter-DMA boundary pipes is performed by ensuring that the DMAs respect the altimetric areas of the WDN by leaning on a modified formulation of modularity. To define the boundary pipes to be closed or alternatively fitted with a flow meter for the monitoring of DMA consumption, the dividing is performed with an innovative heuristic algorithm. This technique operates by sequentially implementing the boundary closures that do not cause significant head losses, to obtain an approximation of the Pareto front in the trade-off between number of flow meters installed and WDN reliability. In the last part of the work, the pumps present in the network are assumed to be equipped with the variable speed drive, and their hourly settings are optimized to regulate service pressure. Overall, WDN partitioning and pump setting optimization are proven to mitigate the service pressure and energy consumption of the WDN, offering evident and attractive benefits up to about 50% for water utilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective and reliable performance of any pump can be significantly impacted by the piping system design. One of the essential points is the pump suction pipe. Poor design and dimension of the suction piping can lead to cavitation in the pump which affects its head and efficiency. The primary objective is to reduce the hydraulic losses of the suction piping in order to maintain a Net Positive Suction Head required by the pump. Suction piping is recommended to be short and straight, and branch connections, valves and elbows should be avoided, which is not always possible. In addition, cavitation can occur in the actual hydraulic elements installed on the pump suction. This work is focused on the investigation of cavitating hydraulic element in the suction pipe on the pump performance. A converging-diverging nozzle with a circular cross-section was used for this purpose. A straight pipe segment of constant diameter and the same length was used for comparison. Both elements were characterized by the loss coefficient and the cavitation number. Their influence on the pump head and the Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA) was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes technology improves glycemic control and quality of life for many people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, inequalities in access to diabetes technology exist in many countries. In Germany, disparities in technology use have been described in pediatric T1D, but no data for adults are available so far. We therefore aimed to analyze whether demographic factors and area deprivation are associated with technology use in a representative population of adults with T1D. Materials and methods: In adults with T1D from the German prospective diabetes follow-up registry (DPV), we analyzed the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and sensor augmented pump therapy (SAP, with and without automated insulin delivery) in 2019-2021 by age group, gender, migration background, and area deprivation using multiple adjusted regression models. Area deprivation, defined as a relative lack of area-based resources, was measured by quintiles of the German index of Multiple Deprivation (GIMD 2015, from Q1, least deprived, to Q5, most deprived districts). Results: Among 13,351 adults with T1D, the use of technology decreased significantly with older age: CSII use fell from 56.1% in the 18-<25-year age group to 3.1% in the ≥80-year age group, CGM use from 75.3% to 28.2%, and SAP use from 45.1% to 1.5% (all p for trend <0.001). The use of technology was also significantly higher in women than in men (CSII: 39.2% vs. 27.6%; CGM: 61.9% vs. 58.0%; SAP: 28.7% vs. 19.6%, all p <0.001), and in individuals without migration background than in those with migration background (CSII: 38.8% vs. 27.6%; CGM: 71.1% vs. 61.4%; SAP: 30.5% vs. 21.3%, all p <0.001). Associations with area deprivation were not linear: the use of each technology decreased only from Q2 to Q4. Discussion: Our real-world data provide evidence that higher age, male gender, and migration background are currently associated with lower use of diabetes technology in adults with T1D in Germany. Associations with area deprivation are more complex, probably due to correlations with other factors, like the higher proportion of migrants in less deprived areas or the federal structure of the German health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows an installation for encapsulating food products. Ensuring food security, the constant satisfaction of the population's needs for basic foodstuffs, is one of the main directions of ensuring the national security of any state. There is still an open question of obtaining high-quality capsules with properties and characteristics that dissolve in the desired environment, retain the therapeutic effect and at the same time meet the requirements of the consumer (ease of use, efficiency, reasonable cost). An installation for producing microcapsules was made of such parts: they are Mercury ATX Switching Power Supply-450W power supply; aquarium tube; glass washer pump; variable resistor with 10K switch; DC-dc DC voltage stabilizer, LM2596S module; gelatin, sodium alginate solution; electromagnetic mixer; plastic sprayer for spraying water (nozzle); calcium chloride solution. There are many technologies of the encapsulation process. Capsules can be obtained by drip, disk spraying methods. In this work, sodium alginate and gelatin were selected as the encapsulating material. A gelatin solution with the addition of sodium alginate was used as an aqueous solution of the gel-forming mixture. The best option is the composition of capsules containing 0.5% alginate and gelatin, the solution should be used at a temperature of 40° C. Capsules were obtained by the drip method. Capsules obtained from 0.5% sodium alginate were soft, with a smooth surface, with an average size of 2,0×10-3м.

The article presents the results of the application of a method for calculating the thermal state of a frequency-controlled induction motor of closed design in steady-state heating mode. The study analyzes the excess temperature of thermal bodies, particularly the stator winding of the frequency-controlled induction motor installed in the pumping unit. Previous studies on regulated electric drives based on induction motors have focused on low-voltage induction motor drives for general industrial purposes. However, high-voltage induction motors have distinct specific features in terms of design and operation. The study of thermal processes in such motor drives is mainly based on three research methods: the method of heating thermal parameters, the method of the temperature field, and the method of equivalent thermal circuits. The analysis of these methods of thermal calculation showed that the most acceptable method of thermal calculation of regulated high-voltage induction motors is the method of equivalent thermal circuits (ETC). Based on the analysis of the excess temperature of thermal bodies, in particular the stator winding of the frequency-controlled induction motor installed in the pumping unit, it is shown that the optimal frequency control range lies within 30-50 Hz, that is, the frequency reduction causes an increase in temperature in all thermal bodies of the engine.

Objective: Newborns with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) have an impaired postnatal activation of the gonadotropic axis. Substitutive therapy with recombinant gonadotropins can be proposed to mimic physiological male mini-puberty during the first months of life. The aim of this study was to co mpare the clinical and biological efficacy of two treatment modalities of gonadotropins administration during mini-puberty in CHH neonates. Design: Multicenter retrospective analytical epidemiological study comparing two treatments, pump vs injection, between 2004 and 2019. Methods: Clinical (penile size, testis size, testicular descent) and biological parameters (serum concentrations of testosterone, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and Inhibin B) were compared between the two groups by multivariate analyses. Results: Thirty-five patients were included. A significantly higher incre ase in penile length and testosterone level was observed in the injection group compared to the pump group (+0.16 ± 0.02 mm vs +0.10 ± 0.02 mm per day, P = 0.002; and +0.04 ± 0.007 ng/mL vs +0.01 ± 0.008 ng/mL per day, P = 0.001). In both groups, significant increases in penile length and width, testosterone, AMH, and Inhibin B levels were observed, as well as improved testicular descent (odds ratio of not being in a scrotal position at the end of treatment = 0.97 (0.96; 0.99)). Conclusions: Early postnatal administration of recombinant gonadotropins in CHH boys is effective in stimulating penile growth, Sertoli cell proliferati on, and testicular descent, with both treatment modalities.

Pumps are considered crucial mechanical devices in any industry. Especially, double-suction pumps, due to their high-flow design and high head, are utilized in diverse industrial sectors. However, despite these advantages, double-suction pumps are vulnerable to issues like losses, vibrations, and cavitation. Pump vibration is mainly caused by suction recirculation occurring at the impeller inlet. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of the impeller inlet design on enhancing the stability of double-suction pumps while expanding the operating flow range. Through a validated CFD study, the influence of the impeller inlet passage size on the head and efficiency was analyzed. Furthermore, research was conducted on the phenomenon of suction recirculation occurring at the impeller inlet, proposing design guidelines to minimize it, especially for operation at low flow rates. The results demonstrate that the ratio of the hub diameter to the shroud diameter at the impeller inlet significantly impacts the avoidance of recirculation at low flow rates. These findings are expected to contribute to improving the stability and efficiency of high-flow pumps.

The cavitation erosion failure of pumps or valves induces the low efficiency and reduced service life of nuclear reactors. This paper reviews works regarding the cavitation erosion of pumps and valves in the nuclear power industry and academic research field. The cavitation erosion mechanisms of materials of pumps and valves are related to the microstructure and mechanical properties of the surface layer. The cavitation erosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel can be ten times higher than that of ferritic steel. The cavitation erosion of materials is related to the hardness, toughness, and martensitic transformation capacity. Erosion wear and erosion–corrosion research is also reviewed. Erosion wear is mainly influenced by the hardness of the material surface. Erosion–corrosion behavior is closely connected with the element composition. Measures for improving the cavitation erosion of pumps and valves are summarized in this paper. The cavitation erosion resistance of metallic materials can be enhanced by adding elements and coatings. Adhesion, inclusion content, and residual stress impact the cavitation erosion of materials with coatings.

IntroductionDiabetes technology improves glycemic control and quality of life for many people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, inequalities in access to diabetes technology exist in many countries. In Germany, disparities in technology use have been described in pediatric T1D, but no data for adults are available so far. We therefore aimed to analyze whether demographic factors and area deprivation are associated with technology use in a representative population of adults with T1D.Materials and methodsIn adults with T1D from the German prospective diabetes follow-up registry (DPV), we analyzed the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and sensor augmented pump therapy (SAP, with and without automated insulin delivery) in 2019-2021 by age group, gender, migration background, and area deprivation using multiple adjusted regression models. Area deprivation, defined as a relative lack of area-based resources, was measured by quintiles of the German index of Multiple Deprivation (GIMD 2015, from Q1, least deprived, to Q5, most deprived districts).ResultsAmong 13,351 adults with T1D, the use of technology decreased significantly with older age: CSII use fell from 56.1% in the 18−

The pumping system is a critical component in various industries and consumes 20% of the world's energy demand, with 25–50% of that energy used in industrial operations. The primary goal for users of pumping systems is to minimise maintenance costs and energy consumption. Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis is a valuable tool for achieving this goal while improving energy efficiency and minimising waste. This paper aims to compare the LCC of pumping systems in both healthy and faulty conditions at different flow rates, and to determine the best AI-based machine learning algorithm for minimising costs after fault detection. The novelty of this research is that it will evaluate the performance of different machine learning algorithms, such as the hybrid model support vector machine (SVM) and the hidden Markov model (HMM), based on prediction speed, training time, and accuracy rate. The results of the study indicate that the hybrid SVM-HMM model can predict faults in the early stages more effectively than other algorithms, leading to significant reductions in energy costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, based on Matlab/simulink, the PID vector frequency conversion control of permanent magnet synchronous motor has better drive control performance in the multi-stage centrifugal pump speed control system. The electric-hydraulic coupling system of centrifugal pump has a good evaluation and research function. In view of the low efficiency of the traditional PID control method and the poor adaptability to the change of working environment, a vector control method of permanent magnet synchronous motor based on adaptive and self-adjusting fuzzy control principle is proposed for the speed regulation system of water pump. The simulation results show that the PMSM system controlled by the fuzzy PID controller is superior to the traditional PID control, and has better disturbance resistance, dynamic and steady performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): This research was designed to study the prevalence of OqxAB efflux pump genes and also to investigate the relationship between efflux pump and resistance to antibiotics, especially to fluoroquinolones, evaluate the expression levels of OqxAB genes, and molecular typing of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from hospitalized patients in Hamadan hospitals, west of Iran.Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 100 clinical strains of K. pneumoniae were isolated from hospitalized patients in three major teaching hospitals from January to June 2021. The antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was evaluated by the disk-diffusion agar method. The frequency of genes encoding oqxA and oqxB of efflux pump genes was investigated by PCR, and the expression of the oqxA efflux pump gene was investigated by the Real-time PCR method. The genetic relationship of K. pneumoniae isolates was analyzed by the Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR technique.Results: According to our results, the multi-drug resistance phenotype (MDR) in 65% and high prevalence resistance to ciprofloxacin in 89% of K. pneumoniae isolates was detected. The higher prevalence of oqxA (95%) and oqxB (98%) was also detected. There was a significant relationship between ciprofloxacin resistance and the oqxB gene as well as between ceftriaxone and chloramphenicol resistance and the oqxA gene. The expression of the oqxA gene was higher in ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest a potential reservoir for the spread of OqxAB genes among hospital-acquired bacteria. Infection control strategies should be used prudently to reduce the spread of resistant strains of K. pneumoniae in hospitals.

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the operation of two variants of centrifu-gal pump rotors, a description of the main parameters, and the influence of the blade geometry on the performance characteristics obtained. Rotors have been designed using the arc and point method. Based on the developed 3D CAD models, the rotors were printed using the rapid prototyping method on a 3D printer in FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication) technology, in order to experimentally verify the performance, by placing them on the Armfield FM50 test stand. The analysis part of the CFD includes a fluid flow in Ansys Fluent. The process of creating a flow domain and generating a structural mesh was described, along with the definition of boundary conditions, the definition of physical conditions and the turbulence model. The distribution of pressures and velocities in the meridional sections is shown graphically. The chapter with the experimental analysis contains a description of the measuring stand and the methodology used. The results obtained made it possible to generate the characteristics, making it possible to compare the results received. The results allowed to note the influence of geometry on the behavior of the rotors during operation in the system and to indicate that the arc rotor gets a 7% higher head and 2% higher efficiency than the point method rotor, which gives the basis for its commercial use in industry.

This study focuses on the correlative mechanism of the ambient pressure and inflow uniformity on the vortex and cavitation dynamics of an axial flow pump. The shear stress transport k – ω turbulence model and Schnerr–Sauer cavitation model are applied in the unsteady detached eddy simulation. The results show that the vortex merging between the primary and secondary tip leakage vortices (TLV) happens earlier with the growth of the cavity at a lower ambient pressure. The contact position of the merged TLV to the adjacent blade moves upstream with the decrease in the cavitation number. As the uniformity of the axial inflow decreases, TLV merging and vortex shedding are also promoted. The nonlinear variation of the initial angle of attack of the impeller blade leads to the compression or expansion of sheet cavitation under non-uniform inflow conditions. The evolution process and energy transfer of the vortices are verified quantitatively using a power spectral density analysis of kinetic energy fluctuations, and the short-wave instability leads to the fast decline of spectrum peaks at a higher frequency in the cavitating flow. It is crucial to avoid severe changes of ambient pressure and inflow uniformity to ensure the design performance of pump in actual working environment.

In this study, slipper/swash plate sliding test rigs were developed to measure oil film thickness distribution. For this purpose, fluorescence measurement was performed with a sapphire glass swash plate and a light emitting diode as the light source. The oil film thickness distribution was measured under various conditions by varying the rotation speed and the oil pressure supplied to the cylinder. The shape of the swash plate matched the oil film thickness distribution measured via the fluorescent method, thereby confirming the validity of the measurements. Furthermore, the maximum tilt azimuth angle of the slipper turned outward as the rotational speed increased.

The purpose of the work is to propose methods and means for determining the technical condition of fuel equipment. A method is proposed for determining the technical condition of the high-pressure pump and injectors of the marine diesel MAN B&W 6S50MC-C by changing the maximum fuel pressure and temperature of the outer surface of the pipeline. For fuel equipment with a maximum pressure in the pipeline from 50 to 150 MPa, the permissible pressure change zone is determined. A formula is proposed that additionally takes into account the cyclic fuel supply and its mass when estimating the temperature from its compression by the pump plunger. The fuel temperature during compression is determined depending on the pressure value. The calculation of the heat transfer process through the pipeline wall and from the heated wall surface to the air is performed. A portable RGK PL12 pyrometer is proposed to measure the temperature on the pipeline surface and determine the technical condition of the fuel equipment. The permissible temperature change zone of the pipeline surface is given, according to which the serviceable condition of the pump and the nozzle is evaluated.

The average number of wells at a typical water intake is 30–40; while the power of the submersible pump is usually 32–40 kW; which means that only at one well water intake the power consumption of electric pumping equipment during the hours of greatest water consumption can reach 900–1600 kW. In the structure of operating costs of well water intakes; the share of electricity costs reaches 85 %. Taking into account the requirements for reducing costs and water tariffs of housing and communal services enterprises as well as of water utilities; energy saving is an urgent task. The article considers the optimization of the operation of groundwater intakes with uneven water supply due to the use of two-column water intake wells instead of typical single-column ones. It is shown that the use of powerful pumps in single-column wells of such water intakes causes a sharp decrease in the dynamic water level in the borehole. On the one hand; this provokes the formation of colmating deposits in the filters due to their aeration; reduces the specific flow rate of the well and shortens the intervals between regenerations. On the other hand; this increases the geometric pressure of submersible pumps and energy consumption for lifting water. The theoretical foundations of determining the supply of pumps installed in single- and two-column water intake wells supplying water to the pressure filter of the water treatment plant are considered. An example of a comparative analysis of the operation of one working well with one powerful pump as part of a water intake of two single-column wells (working and reserve) to cover the entire water supply schedule and two two-column working wells containing one less powerful pump in each column is given. The energy efficiency of these pumping systems is investigated. As a result of calculations; it was found that when combining the operation of pumps of two-column wells during periods of peak; main and partial loads; the annual energy savings will amount to 33 %.

The paper considers the technological scheme of the hydraulic elevator installation, according to which water from a pressure tank is supplied by a working pump to the well through two parallel pipelines: a hydraulic monitor with a washing nozzle for destroying a sand plug and a supply pipeline that is connected to the working nozzle of a hydraulic elevator containing suction and supply pipelines for taking slurry and cleaning single- and double-column water wells from sand plugs The methodology for calculation and selection of parameters of technological equipment of the installation is given. Based on the compiled equations of fluid motion along the supply pipeline with an active nozzle and the hydraulic monitoring pipeline with a scouring nozzle, expressions have been obtained for constructing the pressure characteristics of these pipelines. A graphic-analytical method is proposed for determining water flow rates in them by constructing the characteristics of a working pump and pipelines and finding the coordinates of the operating point. By varying the parameters of the pipelines and the characteristics of the working pump, without changing the parameters of the jet pump-hydraulic elevator, the values of the useful lifting height of the hydraulic elevator were calculated, which has made it possible to select two options for the technological equipment of the hydraulic elevator installation (for polypropylene and steel pipes) for removing sand plugs from water wells with a maximum depth of 50 and 75 m.

In urban architecture, the lives and belongings of people begin to cause enormous casualties. An automatic fire alarm system is used to detect the fire in the house. This paper explores the framework for automatic fire warning, composition, and functioning. The fire warning system is a mix of several systems that work together to identify and alert people when smoke is a fire utilizing visual and auditory devices. Smoke sensors or heat sensors may trigger the alarm used in the fire alarm system. Alarms may either be engine bells or sounders or horns mountable on a wall. In keeping and controlling secure conditions and situations of all kinds, the fire alarm system plays a major role. However, it is understood that many modern fire alarms and detection systems can be operated at high costs. The device is collected by the fire alert sensor for fire, failure, and other signals that are sent to the submachine, The re-transmission of such data will be sent to the fire alarm control and then the controller, sound, and light alarm monitor, alarm and other equipment will start. The main aim of this Fire Alarm Management System is to create a fire control and deletion system with cost reliability in building automation using PLC. The BASS fire alarm control system has three major systems: (1) fire warning, (2) alarm and control, and (3) the equipment to open the door and the lift to the ground for security purposes. The fire detector is the warning machine. This machine has elements, such as a flame sensor, a smoke detector, and a heat detector, including bimetallic strips. The key aim of the analysis was the assembly of a PLC-based fire alarm system with a programmable logic controller and its output in the field of smoke and heat detection and its effect on the automatic alarm and sprinkling (PLC). For control and extinguishing of fires, this device is the most powerful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the temperature control system in industrial processes is growing more and more apparent. Recently, a significant amount of research has been undertaken on temperature control systems that use a variety of control algorithms. Because of their powerful self-learning and parameter altering capabilities, neural networks (NN) have been frequently used to solve highly nonlinear control difficulties in industrial processes. The temperature sensor is responsible for measuring the temperature of the process. The mathematical model of the system is identified based on the input and output data from the process itself. After that, the NN predictive controller is constructed to maintain the process temperature at the predetermined temperature. The constructed controller is evaluated using a variety of different inputs. The performance of the controller is evaluated using the metrics such as integral square error, integral absolute error, and integral time absolute error. The response time of the system is taken into consideration in addition to this. The following goals must be met for the project to be a success and put into action. Measure the temperature of the process using RTD, Design an NN predictive controller to maintain the temperature of the process based on the setpoint, and evaluate the controller using ISE, IAE, and ITAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]