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O uso de sistemas biométricos de reconhecimento facial automatizado na Segurança Pública requer grande cuidado, considerando que estamos tratando da possibilidade de privação de liberdade. Dessa forma, é de extrema importância que o processo de identificação seja baseado em métodos técnicos científicos, respeitando os princípios de unicidade, imutabilidade, perenidade, praticabilidade e classificabilidade. O objetivo do presente estudo é revisar a literatura sobre a aplicação dos sistemas biométricos de reconhecimento facial no processo de identificação humana por meio de imagem e sua aplicação na Segurança Pública. Foi feita uma revisão de literatura narrativa, bem como a descrição e uma demonstração da técnica do exame pericial de comparação facial visando identificação humana. Os estudos revelaram que, por mais que se tenha avançado na tecnologia de reconhecimento facial automatizado, diversos fatores são sensíveis e influenciam a acuracidade dos seus resultados em cenários práticos, sendo indicada a verificação humana. Em relação ao seu uso na segurança pública, são relatadas experiências de sucesso e de equívocos, tendo-se observado o seu banimento em vários locais em função da falta de acurácia, intromissão de privacidade e tendências discriminatórias. Deste modo, a melhor solução para o uso em Segurança Pública, dado o estado da arte da tecnologia de reconhecimento facial utilizada, aponta para uma convergência de dois elementos fundamentais nesse processo: máquina e humano. Por esta razão, este estudo indica o uso dos sistemas biométricos de reconhecimento facial como etapa prévia à identificação facial por imagem realizada por meio de técnica pericial.

Linear fractional Galton–Watson branching processes in i.i.d. random environment are, on the quenched level, intimately connected to random difference equations by the evolution of the random parameters of their linear fractional marginals. On the other hand, any random difference equation defines an autoregressive Markov chain (a random affine recursion) which can be positive recurrent, null recurrent and transient and which, as the forward iterations of an iterated function system, has an a.s. convergent counterpart in the positive recurrent case given by the corresponding backward iterations. The present expository article aims to provide an explicit view at how these aspects of random difference equations and their stationary limits, called perpetuities, enter into the results and the analysis, especially in quenched regime. Although most of the results presented here are known, we hope that the offered perspective will be welcomed by some readers.

Privately-owned forests provide important environmental, economic, and cultural benefits to the general public. Resulting impacts from landownership changes and conversion of working forests to other land uses threaten these benefits. The USDA Forest Service Forest Legacy Program (FLP) permanently protects threatened private forests that are of environmental, cultural, and economic importance to the greater public while keeping land ownership and forest management at the private or local level. FLP provides grants to state agencies to purchase conservation easements on private forestlands or, less frequently, acquisition by public agencies. We employed IMPLAN’s input-output model of the 2016 economy to estimate how land protected by FLP in four regions of the United States contributes to the economy. FLP land adds tens of millions of dollars of value annually and supports thousands of jobs in the four study areas and, due to the permanent protection of these lands, they will continue to do so in perpetuity. Nonfederal partners contributed 34%–60% of total project costs, highlighting the importance of land conservation to multiple stakeholders and the ability to leverage federal resources. The permanent nature of FLP protection provides long-term security for the economic and cultural benefits these lands provide.

The article provides an analysis of the spatial configuration of the Hindi novel Naukar kī kamīz by Vinod Kumar Shukla (translated into English as The Servant’s Shirt). In highlighting the argumentative and structural similarities between the content of the novel and various concepts of social space and literary spatiality developed by Catherine Régulier, Henri Lefebrve, Edward Soja, Mikhail Bakhtin, and others, the article proposes to read the novel not only as a rare example of a detailed engagement with the social space of a postcolonial small town, but also as a text that provides a useful method and indeed a theory for the analysis of such a small town and its literary representation.

SYNOPSIS The relevance of academic accounting research to practice has been frequently discussed in the accounting academy, yet very little data has been put forth in these discussions. We create Relevance of Accounting Research (ROAR) scores by asking accounting professionals to read and evaluate the titles and abstracts of every article published in 12 leading accounting journals for the years 2016 to 2018, inclusive. These scores allow for an evidence-based evaluation and discussion of how academic accounting research is perceived by accounting professionals. The scores also allow us to identify the articles, authors, journals, and accounting topic areas that are perceived to be more relevant to accounting practice. By continuing to produce these scores in perpetuity, we expect this data to help academics and professionals better identify and utilize research relevant to the accounting profession.

A majority of protected areas are not being managed effectively enough to ensure the perpetuity of biological resources they contain due to impediments such as poor governance. This study focused on the experiences in the shared governance of people involved in partnership-managed protected areas and also on developing critical success factors in implementing such partnerships. The interpretivism approach was appropriate for this qualitative, inductive, descriptive, and exploratory three-case study that used in-depth interviews and open-ended quester-views with a purposive sample to generate data. In the early stages of the projects, the protected area shared governance was not stable and was characterized by many pitfalls because the concept of partnerships was new in Zimbabwe. It is important to develop guiding frameworks and build capacity that eliminates governance vacuum, ambiguity, deficiencies, overcrowding, redundancies, bureaucracy, and politics from the early stages of the partnerships. Community participation is crucial in the management and long-term sustainability of protected areas in developing countries. Further, governance reforms for the protected areas needed to recognize traditional and cultural sites in the project areas and develop governance types of the sacred sites formally attributed to the local ethnic indigenous people nested within project shared governance. Some critical success factors of well-shared governance of protected areas are in the text. However, all the principles of good governance may not be usable in one case study

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively discuss the issue of risk vis-à-vis the perpetuity restriction principle inherent in waqf (Islamic endowment). Specifically, it attempts to consolidate the axioms in both conventional and Islamic finance, such as the risk-return trade-off and al-ghunm bi al-ghurm (liability accompanies gain), with the perpetual nature of waqf. Overall, this paper attempts to find a resolution to the dilemma of perpetuity restriction inherent in cash waqf against the natural occurrence of the risk. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on the secondary research methodology; past literature encompassing journal articles, books, relevant financial axioms, fatwas (Islamic rulings) and state enactments is critically reviewed to present its case. In regard to state enactments, only Malaysian state enactments have been used, thus restricting the study to the Malaysian case only. Findings This study contends that the dilemma of the perpetuity restriction and the natural occurrence of risk can be resolved through the integration of waqf risk management, especially concerning cash waqf, with the Islamic spiritual approach. By implementing standard operating procedures that inculcate awareness on waqf risk management and Islamic spirituality in waqf stakeholders (wāqif (donor), trustee and beneficiaries), the stakeholders may accept the reality of risk that is inevitable even after all efforts have been exhausted. In other words, the violation of perpetuity is exonerated given that mental faculties aligned with revealed texts have been exhaustively used beforehand. Practical implications Findings from this study may broaden the choice of investment avenues for waqf trustees while adhering to the perpetual restriction of waqf. More importantly, waqf trustees will not be forced to invest in interest-bearing securities or be involved in any usurious transactions just to obtain guaranteed returns and preserve the corpus of waqf. Originality/value This study offers a unique perspective on cash waqf risk management by re-analyzing the axioms and concepts of finance and waqf while observing the welfare of the beneficiaries.

Debruçando-se sobre o universo criado por Sébastien Mounier na série Ad Vitam (2018), dirigida por Thomas Cailley e Manuel Schapira, tem-se a oportunidade de debater sobre a perpetuidade da vida e as motivações subjetivas individuais à luz de referenciais socioantropológicos e comunicacionais contemporâneos. Ao considerar a vivência em ambiente distópico, seus desafios e insurgências para a sociedade e o coletivo, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar questões acerca dos efeitos da saúde, do tempo e da construção de projetos de vida a partir do enredamento narrativo da série.

In the USA, an interchangeability designation provides biosimilar sponsors with a pathway for achieving what is standard for small-molecule generics: pharmacy-level auto-substitution for an innovator. No other major health authority links interchangeability to automatic substitution, as all require the involvement of the prescriber or patient in a medication change. This editorial considers the clinical impact and practicality of auto-substitution. First, interchangeability is linked to non-medical switching (NMS), the practice of switching treatment in patients with stable disease for non-clinical reasons. NMS may generate negative sentiment in those unwilling or reluctant to switch, which can adversely impact treatment outcomes (i.e., nocebo effect). Indeed, in real-world studies of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, discontinuation rates have been shown to be higher in patients switched to biosimilars for non-medical reasons than in historical cohorts maintained on innovators. Second, interchangeability may impede pharmacovigilance and traceability, as not all jurisdictions require innovators and biosimilars to have distinct biologic names. Third, an interchangeability designation from the US Food and Drug Administration only permits a biosimilar to be automatically substituted for its innovator, not other biosimilars (if available). Pharmacist education would be needed to avoid off-label, automatic substitution among biosimilars of a single innovator. Last, once granted, an interchangeability designation exists in perpetuity under current US federal law. However, the supply chains of innovators and biosimilars are maintained independently, with no requirement for reconfirmation of biosimilarity or interchangeability. We feel that additional guidance is needed for the auto-substitution of biosimilars and innovators to become a reality.

My laboratory has been providing services to a modest number of dental professionals for a while now. As part of prosthodontic work I have done, one has witnessed a generalised upsurge, albeit steady, in the request for gold inlays, followed by silver and grills overtime. The demand for these services is correlated with the location, period and ethos of the practice. Our practice has seen a drastic tapering down of requests during the Covid -19 period. Ultimately, there is a discernable driver for the demand of these services. We have also observed from dental casts that, the dentition appeared to be without any noticeable pathology. This implies that most patients requiring these prosthesis, have “virgin” teeth prepared. Being a small laboratory, our numbers, are insignificant compared to bigger laboratories. Additionally, unregistered laboratories and jewellers have entered this space and are providing ‘affordable’ alternatives. On a typical month, our laboratory fabricates a total of 320 prosthesis of which gold inlays, constitute about 60%, silver, 30% and grills, 10%. These numbers are an under-representation of the extent of this phenomenon and the potential ‘subdued’ and untapped market, especially during this fierce Covid -19 economic downturn. We hypothesise that we are witnessing the tip of an iceberg, and that under the right conditions, this grills and gold teeth epidemic will go beyond the tipping point. Given the cultural, economic and other factors, more and more youth will sustain the demand for these services in perpetuity.

Summary Economic development is increasingly impacting biodiversity, leading to a rise in biodiversity offset policies globally that aim to compensate for biodiversity losses. Many developments generating offsets create long-term, irreversible losses of biodiversity and, therefore, require biodiversity gains from offsets to be retained over the long term to have any hope of achieving “no net loss” (NNL) of biodiversity. This raises important ecological and institutional challenges that current offset mechanisms, built for politico-economic systems with short-term policy horizons, do not sufficiently consider. We explore this issue and discuss several responses to the problem ranging from incremental changes for improving on-ground management, through to major governance shifts required to support the long-term social-ecological resilience of offset sites. We argue that without these changes, at best, NNL policies participate in temporarily reducing permanent biodiversity loss. At worst, they participate in a false promise, distracting institutions from the transformative changes needed to reverse biodiversity depletion.

Dernek, oda veya vakıf tarafından çıkarılan bilimsel dergilerde, söz konusu kurumların yönetim kurullarının belirli periyodlarda değişmesi, derginin yayımlanmasının, dağıtımının ve erişiminin sağlanması için gereken maddi olanakların sınırlı olması, baş editörün ve editör kurulunun gönüllülük esasına göre çalışması gibi unsurlar bilimsel dergilerin sürekliliği önünde tehdit oluşturabilmektedir. Dolayısıyla, bu paydaşların uyumlu ve özverili çalışmaları dergilerin yaşam sürelerinin uzun soluklu olmalarında önemli bir rol oynar. Dergilerin sürekliliği bu kurullarda yer alan kişilerin iş birliği içinde çalışmalarının yanı sıra bilimsel dergi yayıncılığındaki gelişmeleri yakından takip etmelerine, politika geliştirmelerine ve bu politikaları etkili bir şekilde uygulamalarına da bağlıdır. Bu yazıda Bilgi Dünyası dergisinin niteliğini ve kalitesini daha da yükseltmek ve sürekliliğini sağlamak amacıyla 2016 - 2020 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen politika geliştirme ve standartlaşma çalışmalarına yer verilmiştir. Yazının sonunda Dergi ile ilgili kısa ve uzun vadede yapılması planlanan çalışmalar belirtilmiştir.

Hipoteca reversa é um instrumento financeiro que permite que idosos proprietários de imóvel possam usufruir de uma renda adicional até o final da vida, quando o bem fica para a instituição financeira que propiciou o benefício. Com base nos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) Contínua de 2019, e considerando como público-alvo proprietários de imóveis que habitam sozinho o domicílio ou que residem com o cônjuge, este estudo tem como finalidade dimensionar o mercado para hipoteca reversa no Brasil. Um objetivo importante é identificar o volume mensal de crédito que entraria na economia. Nossa metodologia segue os seguintes passos. Estimamos uma regressão com a amostra não restrita da PNAD para determinação do preço do aluguel, obtendo o valor dos imóveis para a amostra restrita de elegíveis, por meio de uma regra sobre o valor predito do aluguel. Com o preço do imóvel, aplicamos um modelo que estima o benefício mensal da hipoteca reversa compatível com o equilíbrio financeiro e atuarial do sistema. Os resultados mostram que o benefício médio da hipoteca reversa é de R$ 1,1 mil, enquanto o volume mensal de crédito passível de ser gerado é próximo a R$ 9 bilhões. Tendo em vista a pressão existente sobre o sistema de previdência, do qual o Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC) faz parte, avaliamos o potencial de redução do dispêndio público com o BPC caso parte dos beneficiários desse programa optasse por aderir à hipoteca reversa.

The conversation group session was grounded in research conducted in December 2019 and January 2020 which investigated collection development trends of theological and religious studies librarians responsible for purchasing materials for their libraries located in the United States and Canada. After briefly introducing the details of how the research was conducted and key findings, the presenters facilitated guided discussion among attendees. Prior to the conference session, the presenters pre-populated a Padlet (an online, editable platform) with questions to which small groups of conference attendees could respond. These questions centered on collection development practices and the platform created a space for attendee responses to “live” in perpetuity, functioning also as a snapshot of the collection development trends that conference attendees embody.

The present work has the objective of analyzing what generates or maximizes the market value of the financial groups listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange (BMV), given an increase in either growth or profitability. For this, the terminal value or perpetuity developed by Gordon and Shapiro is considered and used in the valuation methodology for discounted dividend flows, as well as financial information for the period 2014 to 2018. In addition, the analysis proposed by Mass is applied to assess the potential for growth and yield. It is determined that the value generated by the growth is greater than that obtained by the increase in profitability in the five financial institutions analyzed. The results would still imply that potential growth exists, that the financial institutions are not yet fully mature or developed and/or not operate in a mature or developed market, so that Fintech strategies to promote growth would be better valued by the market.

The academic discourse on ‘family’ perpetuity in family-owned businesses (FOB) is still burgeoning. Current findings suggest the importance of family control and family inter-generational sustainability in family-owned businesses. Though literature in family perpetuity and sustainability is well documented from the advanced economies, there is a scarcity of insights from emerging markets where this research relates. The study, therefore, sought to investigate, understand and interpret the underlying drivers of sustainability in small and medium family businesses using the stewardship theory paradigm and relying on evidence from an emerging market economy the Nigerian family business environment. A qualitative method with 41 in-depth interviews involving owners and managers of family-owned small and medium businesses was conducted. The study empirically shows that there is an interrelationship between family structure and business sustainability, hence the practice of polygamy was found to be inimical to family business success and sustainability. The study also showed that the element of spirituality arising from the ideals and values of the owning family is a significant factor for ensuring family wellbeing and business sustainability, and founding owner characteristics (industry experience) and impacts positively on the business performance and continuity. The study confirmed that the stewardship of non-family member employees within the business is provisional stewardship as non-family members rely on other incentives from the owning family members to behave as stewards. Building on the stewardship theory, the paper develops a model of sustainability for small and medium family businesses. The study contributes to the theoretical literature on stewardship and family business sustainability

Este artigo questiona de que modo operam os regimes de visibilidade de si na publicação de imagens de eventos em plataformas de redes sociodigitais. Nesse sentido, propõe, de forma breve, como exercício para pensar, o fenômeno no Instagram do uso da hashtag #tbt – do inglês throwback Thursday, em referência a momentos e contextos passados que voltam a circular mais especificamente na galeria, prioritariamente às quintas-feiras. Reconhece-se o risco de assumir um recorte empírico mais ensaístico, na medida em que há estudos mais verticalizados e orientados às materialidades que circulam nos espaços digitais, a exemplo de Manovich (2017), Lemos e De Sena (2018). Entretanto, sugere-se alguns insights dos modos de observação para tensionar o debate em curso. Ancora-se na análise os conceitos de memória, as discussões sobre a estrutura da rede quanto aos modos de produção e circulação das imagens e sobre a dualidade tempo e espaço nos fluxos das narrativas de si. Conclui-se que, mesmo em um contexto de identidades múltiplas, os regimes de visibilidade impõem o esforço de uma coerência expressiva dos sujeitos conectados que buscam a publicação de memórias não apenas com o sentido de permanência, mas como estratégia de conversação. Destaca-se o presente como período homogeneizador das experiências, ainda que essas lembranças (#tbt) se ancorem no passado.

This article considers the issue of whether Singapore should amend its trust laws to allow for non-charitable purpose trusts (NCPTs) for the specific purpose of holding company shares in perpetuity. The authors argue that such trusts should be allowed for two reasons. First, NCPTs in general should not be regarded as repugnant to the trust concept. Secondly, the practical advantages of allowing non-charitable trusts in a limited fashion outweigh the disadvantages. The article concludes by proposing possible reforms to the Singapore trust legislation.

The first serious study (and first quantitative study) of influence of capital structure of the company on its indicators of activities was the work by Nobel Prize Winners Modigliani and Miller. Their theory has a lot of limitations. One of the most important and seriouse assumptions of the Modigliani – Miller theory is that all financial flows as well as all companies are perpetuity. This limitation was lift out by Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova in 2008 (Filatova et al. 2008), who have created BFO theory – modern theory of capital cost and capital structure for companies of arbitrary age. Despite the fact that the Modigliani–Miller theory is currently a particular case of the general theory of capital cost and capital structure – Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova (BFO) theory – it is still widely used at the West. In current paper we discuss one more limitation of Modigliani – Miller theory: a method of tax on profit payments. Modigliani – Miller theory accounts these payments as annuity–immediate while in practice these payments are making in advance and thus should be accounted as annuity–due. We generalize the Modigliani–Miller theory for the case of advance payments of tax on profit, which is widely used in practice, and show that this leads to some important consequencies, which change seriously all the main statements by Modigliani and Miller. These consequencies are as following: WACC starts to depend on debt cost kd, WACC turns out to be lower than in case of classical Modigliani–Miller theory and thus company capitalization becomes higher than in ordinary Modigliani–Miller theory.We show that dependence of equity cost on leverage level L is still linear, but the tilt angle with respect to L–axis turns out to be smaller: this could lead to modification of the divident policy of the company. Correct account of a method of tax on profit payments demonstrates that shortcomings of Modigliani – Miller theory are dipper, than everybody suggested: the underestimation of WACC really turns out to be bigger, as well as overestimation of the capitalization of the company. This means that systematic risks arising from the use of modified Modigliani – Miller theory (MMM theory) (which is more correct than "classical' one) in practice are higher than it was suggested by the "classical" version of this theory.

At present there is a clear distinction between robots and persons. In this article I explore the possibility that this distinction may not hold in perpetuity, as some robots attain personhood. I a...

The progressive aging of the population forces the world to face new challenges, especially in the financial sector. The paper strives to present possible forms of coverage of long‑term care in the private and public market. A reverse mortgage and perpetuity are a point of consideration for the world of science and practice but they are also associated with a great deal of controversy. According to the authors of this paper, the theme requires cognitive exploration. The aim of the study is to diagnose the current situation of financial markets in selected European countries related to a reverse mortgage and perpetuity. Assuming that the sources of funding the current needs of elderly people available on the financial market are voluntary ones, it is necessary to present a forecast covering the costs of long‑term care from public funds. Postępujące starzenie się populacji stawia przed światem nowe wyzwania, szczególnie przed sektorem finansowym. W artykule przedstawiono możliwe formy pokrycia opieki długoterminowej na rynku prywatnym i publicznym. Odwrócony kredyt hipoteczny i renta dożywotnia stanowią punkt rozważań świata nauki i praktyki, ale niosą również z sobą wiele kontrowersji. Zdaniem autorów artykułu temat wymaga poznawczego zgłębienia. Celem opracowania jest diagnoza aktualnej sytuacji rynków finansowych związanej z odwróconą hipoteką i rentą dożywotnią w wybranych krajach europejskich. Przyjmując dostępne na rynku finansowym źródła finansowania bieżących potrzeb osób starszych za dobrowolne, konieczne jest przedstawienie prognozy pokrycia kosztów opieki długoterminowej ze środków publicznych.

We use a payment pattern of the type {1k,2k,3k,…} to generalize the standard level payment and increasing annuity to polynomial payment patterns. We derive explicit formulas for the present value of an n-year polynomial annuity, the present value of an m-monthly n-year polynomial annuity, and the present value of an n-year continuous polynomial annuity. We also use the idea to extend the annuities to payment patterns derived from analytic functions, as well as to payment patterns of the type {1r,2r,3r,…}, with r being an arbitrary real number. In the process, we develop possible approximations to k! and for the gamma function evaluated at real numbers.

From more of an esthetic than a museographic perspective, this paper enquires into the perpetuating of “monuments” throughout time. Because monuments are works made “in the memory of,” the question is not so much to know how to conserve monuments themselves, but rather how to conserve and continue the memory they contain. Whether this memory be personal and intimate or historical and collective, this paper analyzes the decisive role the shadow plays in the necessary refreshing of memory. By taking account of a living past that exists in a continuous dialogue between the ephemeral and the eternal, between the stone’s fixity and the shadow’s evanescence, between absence and presence, the monument and in particular the moment of the monument can be seen and above all understood and grasped, within themselves, today and for tomorrow. The monument is thus analyzed through the prism of the shadow.

We extend risk-value models for valuing streams of risky cash flows by introducing the well-known concept of terminal value (based on the application of the perpetuity formula) in this context, where it cannot be used straight forward. For a constant growth assumption we are able to derive upper and lower bounds for the terminal value in case of a translation-invariant and in case of a position-invariant risk measure. For both cases we also derive an exact formula under a special growth assumption for the future cash flows. Furthermore, we provide results on the applicability of the general findings if the log-return of the risky investment follows a Brownian motion.

This paper analyses socially optimal nuclear plant operation and nuclear waste management. Two waiting rules are derived: the first characterizes the optimal continuation of electricity production, and the second gives the optimal nuclear waste disposal date. Both rules balance the cost and benefit of either continuing production or delaying waste disposal into a deep geological repository. In addition, multiple regulatory options are investigated. The optimized waste storage and disposal cost forms the payment that should be collected from the nuclear power firm into a nuclear waste fund. The properties of this payment and other regulatory options including a tax to be paid at the shutdown date of the plant are investigated, and it is shown that the money can be collected by a plant-specific constant fee targeted at firm's profit or output. Numerical illustration shows that waste disposal to a deep geological repository is a cost-minimizing solution only with very low interest rates. For interest rates above one percent it is optimal to store the waste in an on-ground storage facility in perpetuity.

Biodiversity is in rapid decline, largely driven by habitat loss and degradation. Protected area establishment and management are widely used to maintain habitats and species in perpetuity. Protected area extent has increased rapidly in recent years with area-based targets set within international conservation agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11. Researchers have proposed new targets to guide conservation actions post-2020, but most do not provide concrete recommendations to practitioners on how to navigate the inevitable and complex decisions between conservation actions to achieve these goals. We propose a decision-theoretical framework to better achieve components of Aichi Target 11 (expand protected areas, improve representation of conservation features, and manage protected areas better). We provide summaries of current system states within our framework and recent evidence-based guidelines on allocating resources between states. These guidelines will enable the next generation of conservation investments to achieve better conservation outcomes.

Çalışmanın konusu, I. Göktürk (542-581) ve Doğu Göktürk (582-630) devletlerinin kuruluşlarından itibaren kağanların kendi kültüründen uzaklaşma eğilimi ve kültürden uzaklaşmaya sebep olan etkenlerin neler olduğunun Çin kaynaklarından faydalanılarak araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmada; kağanların Çin ile olan ilişkileri, devletlerin iç ve dış siyaseti, kültürleri ve kültürel etkileşimler sebep ve sonuçlarıyla incelenerek Türk tarihine ışık tutulmaya çalışılmıştır. Konu I. Göktürk dönemi kağanı Taspar Kağan (Tuobo Kehan佗钵可汗) ve Doğu Göktürk dönemi kağanı olan İşbara Kağan (Shetu Kehan摄图可汗) merkeze alınarak açıklanmıştır. Bu çerçevede temel kaynaklar olarak Zhou Tarihi (Zhōu Shū), Sui Tarihi (Suí Shū), Eski Tang Tarihi (Jiù Táng Shū) kullanılmıştır. Kağanların Çin ile olan dış siyaseti ve kendi meşrutiyetlerini korumak için uyguladıkları politikalar üzerinden iç siyaseti incelenmiş, Taspar Kağan’ın Budizm’e meyletmesi ve İşbara Kağan’ın Çin’e teslimiyeti konuları üzerinde durulmuştur. Dönemin siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik şartları düşünüldüğünde kağanların bu kararları devletin ayakta kalması amacıyla zorunlu olarak aldığı ve bu faaliyetlerin geçici olarak uygulanan siyasi adımlardan ibaret olduğu sonucuna varılabilir, The main objective of this study is to investigate the inclination of khagans to be estranged from their own cultures from the foundation of I. Gokturk - Eastern Gokturk State and to find out what the factors are leading to alienation by using Chinese written sources.In this study, it is aimed to shed light to Turkish history via analyzing the connection between Khagan and China, internal and external policies of the states, their culture and cultural interactions along with the causes and effects. The internal politics of Khagan have been examined considering the Khagan's foreign policy with China and their policy to protect its own constitutionalism; it was focused on Taspar Khagan's inclination to Buddhism also Isbara Khagan’s surrendering to China. When the political, social and economic conditions of the period are considered, it can be concluded that the Khagans have taken these decisions aim to establish perpetuity of the state and these activities consist of the temporary political steps.Key Words: First Gokturk State, Eastern Gokturk State, Cultural Interaction, Taspar Khagan, Isbara Khagan

We exhibit an exact simulation algorithm for the supremum of a stable process over a finite time interval using dominated coupling from the past (DCFTP). We establish a novel perpetuity equation for the supremum (via the representation of the concave majorants of L\'evy processes) and apply it to construct a Markov chain in the DCFTP algorithm. We prove that the number of steps taken backwards in time before the coalescence is detected is finite. We analyse numerically the performance of the algorithm (the code, written in Julia 1.0, is available on GitHub)., Comment: 26 pages, 3 figures, Julia implementation of the exact simulation algorithm is in the GitHub repository: https://github.com/jorgeignaciogc/StableSupremum.jl

The aim of this paper is to carry out a bibliographic study, which intends to identify the impact that the organizational culture has within the IT governance. This task is performed by measuring the growth of the articles in the dissemination of information in scientific journals in Sciello and SPELL databases. The research method used in this study was the comparison of 18 articles searched in the databases through the keyword "IT Governance and Culture" applied to the title and summary of the periodicals. In the complete analysis of the results, the article verified that the analyzes carried out in the NVIVO Software 11, coincide with the theoretical basis of this work, aligning points that show a direct relationship between Organizational culture and IT Governance, and a strong evidence of the need of an alignment between the two for improving the system performance and for attaining greater transparency in the information and constant perpetuity of the business. The article concludes that Organizational Culture and IT Governance are directly linked and influence each other within companies.

‘Indebtedness’ of the tribes increases their woe. They live in inaccessible terrain with inadequate infrastructure. Living on subsistence, majority of them depend on borrowings to finance their budget deficit. Being in debt tends to become perpetual with several drastic consequences like being subject to exploitation through bonded labour, losing of assets or transfer of ownership of land and other assets under several pre-text to non-tribal or private lenders, etc. This indebtedness itself has other adverse social impacts on the tribes like the low level of education, ill-health, employment status etc. which has a spiral relationship with indebtedness. This study seeks to identify the various facets of their indebtedness from close quarters, find the extent of absorption of institutional credit by these tribes and identify the gap in their likely absorption perpetuating their indebtedness. It is based on the analysis of primary data collected through structured schedules directly from the respondents. It has been analysed using relevant statistical and econometric tools. It finds the perpetual aspect of tribes' indebtedness due to various ingrained social, cultural and economic factors. It suggests ways to end this perpetuity and amalgamate them on the path of development.

I investigate ethical questions concerning a novel cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, using a Fichtean account of the ethics of currency. Fichte holds that currencies should fulfill an ethical purpose: providing access, in perpetuity, to the material welfare that underwrites citizens' basic rights. In his nineteenth‐century context, Fichte argues that currencies fulfill this purpose better when nations control them (i.e., when they are “national currencies”) than when foreigners freely trade them (as “world currencies”). After exploring conditions in which national currencies fail to secure material stability over time, e.g., in corrupt regimes, I develop a Fichtean model for ethically evaluating currencies and evaluate the extent to which Bitcoin meets its standards for ethical currency. I argue that Bitcoin undermines the (monetary) power of nations and, as such, threatens their ability to provide access to necessary material goods. While offering citizens a means of defending themselves against corrupt regimes, Bitcoin forsakes the general welfare and is, as such, unethical by Fichtean lights.

The article seeks to advocate a change in English law by the introduction of a statute validating private purpose trusts along the lines of the legislation already in force in several offshore jurisdictions. It considers the various elements of any such new statute with particular reference to the definition of a private purpose trust, the mechanism of an enforcer, the subject of perpetuities, the definition of purpose, the type of trust instrument, the nature of determining events, the definition of default beneficiaries and trustees, and the problem of disclosure.

In our digital age, encryption represents both a tremendous social benefit and a significant threat to public safety. While it provides the confidence and trust essential for digital communications and transactions, wrongdoers can also use it to shield incriminating evidence from law enforcement, potentially in perpetuity. There are two main legal reforms that have been proposed to address this conundrum: requiring encryption providers to give police “exceptional access” to decrypted data, and empowering police to compel individuals decrypt their own data.This article evaluates each of these alternatives in the context of policy and constitutional law. We conclude that exceptional access, though very likely constitutional, creates too great a risk of data insecurity to justify its benefits to law enforcement and public safety. Compelled decryption, in contrast, would provide at least a partial solution without unduly compromising data security. And while it would inevitably attract constitutional scrutiny, it could be readily designed to comply with the Charter. By requiring warrants to compel users to decrypt and giving evidentiary immunity to the act of decryption, our proposal would prevent inquisitorial fishing expeditions yet allow the decrypted information itself to be used for investigative and prosecutorial purposes., À l’ère du numérique, la cryptographie représente à la fois un avantage social considérable et une menace importante à la sécurité publique. Bien que cet outil assure la confiance essentielle à l’intégrité des communications et transactions numériques, des malfaiteurs peuvent également s’en servir pour dissimuler des preuves incriminantes des forces de l’ordre. Deux réformes juridiques ont été principalement proposées pour remédier à cette problématique: obliger les fournisseurs de systèmes cryptographiques à offrir à la police un « accès exceptionnel » aux données décryptées et à leur donner le pouvoir d’obliger les particuliers à décrypter leurs propres données.Cet article évalue ces deux options dans le contexte de politiques publiques et du droit constitutionnel. Nous concluons que l’option de l’accès exceptionnel, bien que très probablement constitutionnelle, génère un risque d’insécurité trop important pour en justifier les avantages qu’il peut offrir aux forces de l’ordre et à la sécurité publique. Le déchiffrement forcé, en revanche, proposerait au moins une solution partielle à la problématique, sans compromettre indûment la sécurité des données visées. Et bien que cela attirerait inévitablement un examen constitutionnel, cela pourrait être facilement conçu pour se conformer à la Charte. En exigeant des mandats pour obliger les utilisateurs à décrypter leurs données et en donnant l’immunité en matière de preuve à l’acte de décryptage, notre proposition empêcherait les expéditions de pêche inquisitoriales tout en permettant l’utilisation des informations déchiffrées à des fins d’enquête et de poursuite.