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Mountain social‐ecological systems (MtSES) are vital to humanity, providing ecosystem services to over half the planet's human population. Despite their importance, there has been no global assessment of threats to MtSES, even as they face unprecedented challenges to their sustainability. With survey data from 57 MtSES sites worldwide, we test a conceptual model of the types and scales of stressors and ecosystem services in MtSES and explore their distinct configurations according to their primary economic orientation and land use. We find that MtSES worldwide are experiencing both gradual and abrupt climatic, economic, and governance changes, with policies made by outsiders as the most ubiquitous challenge. Mountains that support primarily subsistence‐oriented livelihoods, especially agropastoral systems, deliver abundant services but are also most at risk. Moreover, transitions from subsistence‐ to market‐oriented economies are often accompanied by increased physical connectedness, reduced diversity of cross‐scale ecosystem services, lowered importance of local knowledge, and shifting vulnerabilities to threats. Addressing the complex challenges facing MtSES and catalyzing transformations to MtSES sustainability will require cross‐scale partnerships among researchers, stakeholders, and decision makers to jointly identify desired futures and adaptation pathways, assess trade‐offs in prioritizing ecosystem services, and share best practices for sustainability. These transdisciplinary approaches will allow local stakeholders, researchers, and practitioners to jointly address MtSES knowledge gaps while simultaneously focusing on critical issues of poverty and food security. ISSN:2328-4277

Dans la pensée doctrinale de l’armée de terre, à partir des années 1920, l’espace montagnard est considéré comme un terrain spécifique. Des documents importants sont publiés pour toutes les unités de l’armée de terre française, en particulier pour les bataillons de chasseurs alpins. Les conditions géographiques et leur influence sur la manœuvre militaire font l’objet de considérations précises et théoriques en s’inspirant des expériences de la Grande Guerre, de la Seconde Guerre mondiale ainsi que de la guerre d’Algérie. La géographie militaire des montagnes, sur le territoire français, conduit à comprendre l’exploitation des données géographiques en cas de guerre. Durant la Guerre froide notamment, elle aboutit à une riche réflexion qui fait des montagnes des espaces de résistance à privilégier. Geography is always part of a healthy military culture. All great strategists and tacticians were and still are geographers. They apply geographical methods and concepts to the practice of their military activities. Sun Tzeu, the Chinese strategist and tactician of the 5th century B.C., established geography as an essential aspect of warfare. In The Art of War he described various types of operations corresponding to different types of terrain, taking also the climate into consideration, and he insisted on the geographical dimension in his directions to his followers. This development of the geographic culture actually predates the official recognition of the geographical factor in the doctrinal thought of the French land forces. Since its development in the 18th century, military doctrine, with the exception of texts relating to fortifications, has never really considered geography. Any military doctrine is the synthesis of passed experiences in preparation for future actions. More time was therefore needed before the fundamental place of geography in military affairs could be recognized. The main reason rests on the idea of action. Between the second half of the 19th century and the Great War of 1914-1918, the basic concept for army employment focused on all-out offensive. Preparation of the terrain and geographical knowledge had very secondary roles. The experience of the Great War transformed all this doctrinal basis. Geography, in a broader sense, officially entered the doctrinal culture from this moment, and its importance always kept growing ever still. " Knowledge of potential zones of operations is a determining element for any form of military action " recognizes the White Paper of 2008. The interest in mountainous zones is part of this evolution of military thought. The French territory includes several chains of middle and high-level mountains. So the French military tried to master this terrain and exploit all its advantages. How the geography of mountainous zones is viewed in the French military doctrine since the First World War?

International audience; Il paesaggio è la percezione che l’uomo ha dell’ambiente che lo circonda e del risultato dei processi dinamici nel tempo e nello spazio che agiscono su un territorio.Nell’ultimo secolo i paesaggi agricoli hanno subìto cambiamenti radicali in risposta a forti trasformazioni sociali e importanti innovazioni tecnologiche. Queste ultime, in generale, hanno reso possibile lo sfruttamento di maggiori superfici agrarie con minori costi di manodopera. La meccanizzazione di alcune pratiche agronomiche è una spinta innovativa che ha agito in maniera disomogenea: nelle zone di montagna e/o in quelle in forte pendenza persiste un’agri- coltura composta da piccoli appezzamenti, spesso terrazzati, dove la meccanizzazione risulta difficile o impossibile. Tuttavia, nonostante le difficoltà gestionali legate alla conformazione orografica, questi paesaggi si sono mantenuti nel tempo conservando una forte e peculiare identità territoriale.In Trentino (IT) coesistono in equilibrio dinamico due tipologie di paesaggio vitato: il fondovalle è meccanizzato e gli appezzamenti hanno estensione maggiore, sui versanti a forte pendenza si sviluppa una viticoltura di montagna terrazzata, di piccola taglia ed a bassissima meccanizzazione.In questo lavoro si ipotizza che l’emergenza dei due differenti contesti viticoli - di forte pendenza e di fondovalle - scaturisca dalla complessità dei processi che sottendono lo sviluppo di un territorio, che i differenti fattori in gioco debbano essere studiati nella loro diversità intrinseca e che nessuno di questi singoli fattori possa essere considerato come la causa principale.Basandosi su ipotesi semplici di strutturazione del paesaggio è stato sviluppato un modello parsimonioso basato su un sistema multiagente per la simulazione di queste dinamiche. I risultati ottenuti sono stati messi a confronto con l’evoluzione storica del paesaggio documentata in alcuni archivi storici e con lo stato attuale del territorio.L’obiettivo è determinare la plausibilità di un modello semplificato che possa descrivere sia le forzanti socio-economiche complesse sia l’evoluzione del paesaggio verso le configurazioni attuali. Si mostreranno, infine, le rappresentazioni preliminari del modello sviluppato per descrivere le dinamiche di evoluzione del paesaggio viticolo trentino sottoposto a queste forzanti.

Mountain areas in Portugal are usually defined as territories with rough morphology, low demographic densities, and peculiar agrarian systems based on cattle raising and husbandry. The use of fire has been a common management practice in traditional land use, mainly to control vegetation encroachment and to promote pasturelands. Therefore, historically fire has been a strong driver of vegetation patterns, soil properties and ecosystem services throughout Iberian mountains. Recently, however, a generalized tendency for abandonment of agriculture and pastoralism is promoting vegetation recovery and changes in fire regimes, driving a shift from small fires in recurrently burnt areas to energetic and largely unpredictable wildfires. We present results from studies of ecosystem resilience and vegetation dynamics driven by fire regimes, discussing their connection to the provision of ecosystem services. We report strong effects of fire recurrence, distance to the latest wildfire, and geology on scrubland resilience, with potential implications for regulating services. We also evaluated the resistance and resilience of young deciduous forests to fire disturbance and its implications for supporting services. Overall, our results support the idea that fire regime is a major driver of functional diversity in Mediterranean mountains and suggest that land abandonment and related shifts in fire regimes promote unpredictability in the spatiotemporal patterns of several ecosystem services. Finally, we discuss response options for managing changing mountain landscapes.

pdf du manuscrit; Les montagnes de France ont fait l'objet d'incursions et d'exploitation de leursressources minérales et biologiques dès le plus ancien Paléolithique. Larecherche systématique des sites d'altitude ne fait que commencer : elleconstitue un axe privilégié pour mieux comprendre, dans un milieu riche enfacteurs limitants, les potentiels adaptatifs des populations du passé.