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In 2050 moeten grote zeewierplantages op zee voorzien in onze behoefte aan voedsel en grondstoffen. In de Oosterschelde doen Wageningse onderzoekers nu experimenten met duurzame zeewierteelt.

Anthropogenic and climate-related stressors challenge the health of nearly every part of the global oceans. They affect the capacity of oceans to regulate global weather and climate, as well as ocean productivity and food services, and result in the loss or degradation of marine habitats and biodiversity. Moreover, they have a negative impact on maritime economic sectors and on the social welfare of dependent coastal populations. In order to overcome the deficiencies of traditional single-sector management, in the recent decades several scientific approaches emerged, based on the view of marine systems as Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS), i.e. systems where components interact in non-linear, path dependent ways, with lock-in and feedback loop mechanisms, and unpredictable effects also across scales. These approaches have been introduced into the texts of several international agreements related to marine CAS, and related management practices, with contrasting results in relation to effectiveness and integration of governance. This thesis evaluates for the first time the current international and European legal frameworks from the perspective of marine CAS. To accomplish this objective, four research objectives are formulated: (1) Develop a framework for marine CAS assessment and management; (2) Evaluate the entire European Union (EU) legal framework against the framework developed; (3) Evaluate the international legal framework for the assessment and management of the global oceans against the framework developed; and (4) Evaluate the implementation of the EU and global legal frameworks into practice. Chapter 2 develops a framework for marine CAS, based on the combination of two promising theoretical approaches: Adaptive Management (AM) and Transition Management (TM). The framework is based on the idea that AM and TM have the potential to overcome each other’s limitations, which are related to the insufficient attention to micro-level socio-economic components, and to the limited incorporation of environmental aspects into socio-technical assessments, respectively. More into detail, the proposed framework is articulated into three components. First, the two sets of marine social-ecological systems and connected socio-technical systems (e.g. fisheries, maritime transportation, coastal tourism and energy) must be clearly identified, and the complex interactions and influences between socio-economic patterns of production and consumption, and ecological components must be assessed. Second, the achievement of ecological resilience of a marine social-ecological system should be performed in coordination with transitions of unsustainable connected socio-technical systems. This implies that sustainability should be evaluated in relation to the pressures socio-technical systems generate on the ecological resilience of connected social-ecological systems, and related impacts. Third, the implementation of the two approaches should be articulated into iterative, learning- and science-based policy cycles, with mechanisms to foster coordination between the policy cycles of social-ecological and socio-technical systems. The benefits of this framework are threefold. First, the assessment of the two sets of social-ecological and socio-technical systems, taken together, allows to overcome current AM limitations and include micro-level socio-economic components into the assessment of ecological resilience. Second, by linking AM managers with established transition arenas, it is possible to overcome TM limitations and streamline the consideration of ecological aspects into the TM process. Third, by linking AM and TM policy cycles, it is possible to reduce the current legal and policy fragmentation. Chapters 3 and 4 apply the framework proposed in Chapter 2 to evaluate the EU and global legal frameworks for the assessment and management of marine CAS. Chapter 3 presents the first comprehensive review ever realised of the entire EU legal framework, composed of more than 12,000 EU legal acts, from the perspective of marine CAS assessment and management. It concludes that the EU legislation does not provide a fully coherent framework for the assessment and management of EU marine CAS. Although the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD; 2008/56/EC) is a major step towards this purpose, the present research highlights three major limitations: (1) the limited capacity of the MSFD to support the coordination between Member States sharing the same marine region or sub-region; (2) the insufficient characterisation of marine ecological resilience, in particular in relation to socio-economic elements, ecosystem services, human benefits and cross-scale interactions; and (3) the limited capacity of the MSFD to tackle the fragmentation of the EU legal framework and integrate ecological resilience into the objectives of sector-based laws and policies. Chapter 4 reviews 500 multilateral agreements, evaluated for the first time from the perspective of marine CAS. It shows that there is no international agreement aiming at the ecological resilience of the global oceans social-ecological system. Instead, the international legal framework is fragmented along two dimensions. On the one side, global agreements focus on specific objectives for determined socio-economic activities, ecological features or anthropogenic pressures. On the other side, regional agreements are in place for 18 ocean regions of the world, with a varying level of inclusion of elements of marine CAS assessment and management. The need is highlighted for a reformed global ocean governance framework, which should be based on a bio-geographical approach to the ecological resilience of the global oceans, and build on iteration, learning, and science-based advice to policy and management. Chapter 5 evaluates the implementation of the EU and global legal frameworks into the practice of assessment and management of a case-study area, the Adriatic Sea. It shows the importance of the MSFD as the first policy trying to deliver a CAS approach to marine assessment and management. However, the case-study investigation confirms the three limitations of the MSFD, laying in: 1) an insufficient geographical approach, where implementation is driven at national level and the requirement of cross-border cooperation is weak; 2) the vagueness of legal requirements, and the limited capacity to include socio-economic aspects into the required assessment; and 3) an insufficient capacity to coordinate with other laws, policies and programmes at various levels of governance. Based on the identified limitations, suggestions are advanced on how to strengthen the implementation of the MSFD, both at Adriatic and EU level. These suggestions are further advanced in Chapter 6, which includes detailed proposals on how to foster integrated large-scale marine monitoring in the EU, in order to contribute to the implementation of the MSFD in an efficient and effective way, also in relation to costs. Chapter 7 synthesizes the major findings of this thesis and evaluates the capacity of the framework to deliver a CAS approach to marine systems. It concludes that AM and TM, although holding different visions on sustainability and referring to different principles, have the potential to be put in synergy at the practical level. Further scientific research and management practices should focus on the need for AM and TM to overcome the relative isolation and foster synergies across sector-based management, in order to integrate environmental considerations into economic sectors. Suggestions are advanced to improve legal frameworks and policy practices at the global and EU level. They focus on the need: (i) to fill the gaps in the geographical scope of legal texts and to foster international cooperation at the right social-ecological scale; (ii) to increase guidance in translating complex scientific requirements into clear management objectives, and improve related data collection and sharing; and (iii) to reduce current legal and policy fragmentation through targeted, ecological resilience-based marine environmental impact assessments and maritime spatial planning. Lines for further scientific research are suggested, focusing on: (i) improving the evidence-base through additional case-studies; (ii) analysing legal frameworks and governance regimes in place for other marine social-ecological systems, like e.g. the United States of America, Canada, Australia and China; (iii) improving existing tools, or creating new ones for marine ecological resilience assessment; and (iv) developing innovative instruments and mechanisms to strengthen global oceans governance.

Oceans and seas are among the most ecologically vital and socio-economically important systems on the planet. Despite the acknowledged pristine nature of the marine environment, there is a growing interest in exploring the sea for human use such as offshore wind production, extraction of sand, oil and gas, deep sea mining, gene mining and aquaculture. This is the result of, among other things, the food and energy needs of the growing world population, globalisation processes and technological innovation. This intensified use of the sea has led to new governance initiatives to address the resulting environmental effects and risks for the marine environment. Actors involved in governing maritime activities are not necessarily located in the same geographical place and may not even be in direct contact, but they increasingly interact through global and transnational institutions or networks. Globalisation results in communities characterised by the interplay between territorially defined actors (e.g. national states, port agencies and island communities) and less territorially defined actors (e.g. mobile and transnational industries). The community literature conceptualises communities as small spatial units, homogenous social structures or sets of shared norms. These conceptualisation of communities provide insufficient insights in the type of community involved in environmental governance of maritime activities. This thesis, therefore, presents the marine community concept as a new analytical lens for studying environmental governance of maritime activities. A marine community is a community of socio-economic and policy actors and institutions organised around a certain maritime activity that influences or will be affected by the (marine) ecosystem in which the activity occurs. The aim of this PhD thesis is twofold: first, to understand environmental governance of maritime activities by different marine communities, and second, to understand how different governance modes, shifts, styles and processes affect the role of the user and policy community in the marine community. The central research question is: How can the marine community concept enrich our understanding of environmental governance of maritime activities in distinct maritime settings? 1. How are marine communities organised to govern environmental problems in different sectoral and geographical settings? 2. How do marine communities develop in relation to various institutional settings, and how do different governance modes, shifts, styles and processes affect the role of the user and policy community in the marine community? A case study methodology and cross-case comparative analysis were chosen to study the research question. The selection of cases is based on two distinct marine regions (the Caribbean Netherlands and the European Arctic) and two different maritime activities (cruise tourism and oil & gas activities). The case studies are investigated through the collection of primary data from semi- structured interviews and (participatory) observations, supplemented with secondary data from literature, policy documents, social media, and newspapers. Chapter 2 illustrates how the marine community of liquefied natural gas production in Hammerfest transforms from a local fisheries marine community into an international oil and gas marine community in Northern Norway, driven by a discourse on economic growth. This is implemented through a strong institutional coalition between the Norwegian State and Statoil in which both actors participate in the user and policy community. Although non-governmental organisations, Sámi indigenous people, fisheries and local inhabitants of Hammerfest engage in strategic and oppositional coalitions to strive for environmental and community development related to liquefied natural gas production, the success of these coalitions is constrained by centralised decision-making by the institutional coalition. Chapter 3 illustrates the institutional change in the marine community of oil transhipment at St. Eustatius. Since 2010, St. Eustatius is a special municipality of the Netherlands, and since 2015, the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure & Environment, instead of the island government, is responsible for the environmental management of the oil terminal at St. Eustatius. The Dutch Ministry relies on Dutch and European standards for environmental management, which deviate from the standards of small islands. This structural power change, however, is not perceived as legitimate by part of the local population of St. Eustatius. This chapter analyses the reversal of the existing power relationships from strong intertwinement of the user and policy community, stereotypical of small island developing states, to the user and policy community drifting apart. In Chapter 4, the marine community of cruise tourism at Bonaire is situated between the transnational cruise network and the local tourism industry of Bonaire. This case study analyses how two interconnected flows of cruise ships and passengers are governed by this transnational-local interplay. An important conclusion is that the transnational cruise ship flow increasingly determines the local cruise passenger flow at Bonaire. As a result, the marine community, and the user community especially, increasingly connects and adapts to the requirements of the transnational cruise network. Chapter 5 analyses the changes in the marine community of expedition cruise tourism at Svalbard changes because of the establishment of the self-governing Association of Arctic Expedition Cruise Operators. Collective self-governance complements regulation by the Norwegian government through the implementation of an industry code of conduct and providing access to knowledge and information, such as statistical information and a track-and-trace system for cruise ships. At the same time, the demanding information generation and provision of collective self-governance creates distance between the Association of Arctic Expedition Cruise Operators and the Governor of Svalbard in the policy community and the expedition crew in the user community. Information generation and provision becomes a challenge for sustainable cruise tourism. Once information provision requires too much time and resources, self-interest is prioritised over collective interest. In Chapter 6 the conclusions of the thesis are drawn, based on the cross-case comparative analysis. First, the comparison of environmental governance illustrates the use of different problem-solving styles in marine regions. The islands of Bonaire and St. Eustatius (in the Caribbean Netherlands) are eager for short- term economic growth. The lack of a strong government results in a curative problem-solving style in relation to urgent environmental problems. In the European Arctic the activities are more recent. Governance, therefore, attempts to prevent problems through stakeholder involvement and informed decision-making. Second, the analysis shows that environmental governance of maritime activities depends upon the mobility of the maritime activity and consequently the level at which regulations are developed and implemented. A difference is observed between governing through transnational regulations predominantly by the user community for cruise tourism and governing through territory-bound regulations predominantly by the policy community for oil and gas. In the second part of the conclusion, marine communities as a governance arrangement is discussed in relation to theories on governance modes and shifts, policy styles and mobilities. In the first place, changes in governance modes illustrate a shift towards more contemporary modes, such as open co-governance and self-governance, with St. Eustatius being the exception because of its political situation. In this thesis the complexity of governance is further structured according to two analytical dimensions: the governance style, ranging from reactive to proactive, and the governance process, which distinguishes governance of the marine community from governance through the marine community. In the analysis it becomes clear that the spatial scale of the maritime activity is crucial as it defines the mobility of the activity and the marine community. Therefore, the thesis concludes that the maritime activity has a larger influence on environmental governance than the marine region. The chapter ends with methodological reflections, future research and policy implications for the new concept of marine community.

Mangroves occur in the tropics and subtropics region and an important coastal habitat for the artisanal fisheries along the coast of Indonesia. Around 19% of the total mangrove area in the world is located in Indonesia. Besides providing a barrier against coastal/Delta erosion, mangrove forest plays a significant role as a nursery area for most of the marine communities. Unluckily, 57% of the ±3.2 million ha of the mangroves in Indonesia is currently in degraded, mostly because of human activities (anthropogenic disturbance). The primary sources of anthropogenic disturbances to mangroves are increasing population growth rate and demand for seafood products as an essential protein, especially the wild shrimp, in the world market. These resulted in land-use conversion along estuarine areas not only for settlements and plantations but also for aquaculture ponds. The lack of awareness and understanding of the value and function of mangrove ecosystems contributed to the loss and damage the mangroves area. Therefore, my research and field experiment aimed to quantify the effects of human disturbance on mangroves associated trophic cascades in Indonesia estuarine areas. The study was performed in the Berau District, East Kalimantan, Indonesia between 2005 and 2010. Data of mangrove extent from 1990 in the Berau Delta was used as base data with low human disturbance. We also interviewed the artisanal fishermen about their catches, origins, and fishing locations, in relation to the total catch per unit effort (CpUE). The results had shown that the total mangroves area in the Berau Delta decreased by 54% between the 1990 and 2009, which led to fragmentation and alteration in the structural complexity of mangroves. The field experiment conducted at three locations with different levels of human disturbances revealed that the species richness was decreased with increased the level of human interference and the marine community tended to be dominated by only a few species. In the highly disturbed areas, the catch of small-scale fishermen tended to be lower. Furthermore, the result from a spatial statistical model indicated that the disturbance of mangrove habitats was influenced the distribution pattern of shrimp. The total CpUE of small-scale fishery in the study area was relatively small, and the area was probably not overexploited. As a conclusion, mangroves habitat in the Berau Delta played a significant role in sustaining coastal fisheries. This important ecosystem supports a primary source of marine protein. Mangrove forests can only guarantee these marine resources if the people consciously maintain its viability through a strong management policy.

Anno 2012 bestaan ze in de verbeelding, op papier en als experiment: Multifunctionele platforms op zee of Multi Use Platforms on Sea (MUPS), waarop maritieme activiteiten met elkaar zijn geclusterd. De kern van het concept is om op een locatie op zee meerdere economische activiteiten te combineren en wel zo dat het ecosysteem en de mens er optimaal van kunnen profiteren zonder elkaar wederzijds te belemmeren.

Een bijna vergeten beeld: glinsterend water met daarin de slanke groene linten van zeegras. Zacht wuivend en golvend onder het wateroppervlak bij vloed, liggend met de stroom, meewijzend als het eb wordt. Prachtig. Maar zo’n ondiepe zeebodem begroeid met een tapijt van zeegras is niet alleen fraai om te zien, het is het ook nuttig. Zeker in tijden van klimaatverandering en zeespiegelstijging. Zoals helmgras langswaaiend zand kan invangen en zo duinen laat groeien, zo kan zeegras helpen de zeebodem op te hogen door zand en slibdeeltjes in te vangen. Het is een echte ‘biobouwer’. Als wadplaten hoger worden, geeft dat meer golfbreking op en vervolgens veiligheid voor de dijken. Door een virusinfectie en de aanleg van de Afsluitdijk zijn de zeegrasvelden echter bijna volledig verdwenen. Een herstelproject biedt hoop.

Rijnsdorp, A. D., Peck, M. A., Engelhard, G. H., Möllmann, C., and Pinnegar, J. K. 2009. Resolving the effect of climate change on fish populations. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1570–1583. This paper develops a framework for the study of climate on fish populations based on first principles of physiology, ecology, and available observations. Environmental variables and oceanographic features that are relevant to fish and that are likely to be affected by climate change are reviewed. Working hypotheses are derived from the differences in the expected response of different species groups. A review of published data on Northeast Atlantic fish species representing different biogeographic affinities, habitats, and body size lends support to the hypothesis that global warming results in a shift in abundance and distribution (in patterns of occurrence with latitude and depth) of fish species. Pelagic species exhibit clear changes in seasonal migration patterns related to climate-induced changes in zooplankton productivity. Lusitanian species have increased in recent decades (sprat, anchovy, and horse mackerel), especially at the northern limit of their distribution areas, while Boreal species decreased at the southern limit of their distribution range (cod and plaice), but increased at the northern limit (cod). Although the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain, available evidence suggests climate-related changes in recruitment success to be the key process, stemming from either higher production or survival in the pelagic egg or larval stage, or owing to changes in the quality/quantity of nursery habitats.

Invasive species can have strong impact on the local ecosystem, not only substantial impact on the local ecosystem, but also on economy and human health. This review on marine alien species outlines aspects of prevention, eradication and control strategies. When managing invasive species, prevention is preferable and less costly than controlling species. Especially for marine environments, invasive species can disperse rapidly and can be particularly hard to detect.

In this review the following three reef restoration techniques are discussed: 1. Coral gardening, 2. Larval seeding, and 3. Reef balls. In this report we provide a description of each method and review the pro/cons using the following criteria: 1. Survival of fragments and larvae before transplantation to the reef; 2. Survival of transplants at the restoration site; 3. Introduction of exonogous material; 4. Indirect effects of coral restoration on the reef; 5. Genetic diversity; 6. Feasibility and effectiveness. We also suggest further research to answer current gaps in our knowledge in the Dutch Caribbean.

Greening the construction of marine infrastructure: A governance approachThe (re)development of marine infrastructure has consequences for the natural environment. To reduce these impacts innovative approaches to integrate infrastructure construction and nature are being developed. These new approaches, such as Building with Nature, require alterations in the governance of marine infrastructural projects. The analysis in this thesis focuses on how different governance settings of marine infrastructural projects affect these innovative approaches. Of specific interest are processes of privatization and globalization.The analysis, guided by the Marine Infrastructural Project Arrangement approach, is based on three marine infrastructural projects: the extension of the port of Rotterdam (Second Maasvlakte), the deepening of the entrance channels of the port of Melbourne and the construction of a cruise terminal in Jamaica.A main conclusion is that processes of globalization and privatization have resulted in a diversity of project arrangements. A consequence of this diversity is that the applicability of innovative, ecosystem based approaches is dependent on the specific governance setting of the marine infrastructural projects. The case studies indicate that the increasing input of private and global actors, rules, resources and discourses has enabling consequences for the diffusion and acceptance of these innovative approaches. Samenvatting De uitbreiding en nieuwbouw van havens heeft een impact op de natuurlijke omgeving. Om de negatieve gevolgen hiervan te verkleinen wordt geëxperimenteerd met innovatieve ontwerpmethoden, die erop gericht zijn havenontwikkeling en natuurontwikkeling te integreren. Deze nieuwe methoden vragen om een veranderende sturing (governance) van haven(uitbreidings)projecten. Dit onderzoek richt zich op de vraag op welke wijze de sturing van deze projecten kan bijdragen aan de vergroening van de aanleg van havens. In het bijzonder is gekeken naar de rol van privatisering en mondialisering. Om antwoorden op deze vragen te krijgen zijn drie havenprojecten in detail geanalyseerd: de uitbreiding van de Rotterdamse haven (tweede maasvlakte), het uitdiepen van het toegangskanaal in Melbourne en de aanleg van een cruiseschip haven in Jamaica. Dit onderzoek laat zien dat er een verscheidenheid aan project arrangementen bestaat, wat versterkt wordt door processen van mondialisering en privatisering. Deze verscheidenheid leidt ertoe dat de toepassing van innovatieve methoden afhankelijk is van de governance setting. De case studies laten zien dat de toegenomen input van mondiale en private actoren, regels, hulpbronnen en discoursen een positieve uitwerking heeft op de verspreiding en acceptatie van innovatieve, groene ontwerpmethoden.

Invasive species can have strong impact on the local ecosystem, not only substantial impact on the local ecosystem, but also on economy and human health. This review on marine alien species outlines aspects of prevention, eradication and control strategies. When managing invasive species, prevention is preferable and less costly than controlling species. Especially for marine environments, invasive species can disperse rapidly and can be particularly hard to detect.

De plastic eilanden op de oceanen verliezen in hoog tempo .....plastic. Jan Andries van Franeker toont dat aan door plastic vangsten in die eilanden te vergelijken met de maaginhoud van Noordse stormvogels op de Noordzee. Waar al dat plastic blijft, is vooralsnog een raadsel.

Dit rapport geeft een samenvatting van de ‘state of the art’ kennis met betrekking tot de impact van bodemberoerende vistuigen en bespreekt de te verwachte effecten van de flyshoot methode in vergelijking met de andere vismethoden.

In 2050 moeten grote zeewierplantages op zee voorzien in onze behoefte aan voedsel en grondstoffen. In de Oosterschelde doen Wageningse onderzoekers nu experimenten met duurzame zeewierteelt.

In this review the following three reef restoration techniques are discussed: 1. Coral gardening, 2. Larval seeding, and 3. Reef balls. In this report we provide a description of each method and review the pro/cons using the following criteria: 1. Survival of fragments and larvae before transplantation to the reef; 2. Survival of transplants at the restoration site; 3. Introduction of exonogous material; 4. Indirect effects of coral restoration on the reef; 5. Genetic diversity; 6. Feasibility and effectiveness. We also suggest further research to answer current gaps in our knowledge in the Dutch Caribbean.

Dit rapport geeft een samenvatting van de ‘state of the art’ kennis met betrekking tot de impact van bodemberoerende vistuigen en bespreekt de te verwachte effecten van de flyshoot methode in vergelijking met de andere vismethoden.

Greening the construction of marine infrastructure: A governance approachThe (re)development of marine infrastructure has consequences for the natural environment. To reduce these impacts innovative approaches to integrate infrastructure construction and nature are being developed. These new approaches, such as Building with Nature, require alterations in the governance of marine infrastructural projects. The analysis in this thesis focuses on how different governance settings of marine infrastructural projects affect these innovative approaches. Of specific interest are processes of privatization and globalization.The analysis, guided by the Marine Infrastructural Project Arrangement approach, is based on three marine infrastructural projects: the extension of the port of Rotterdam (Second Maasvlakte), the deepening of the entrance channels of the port of Melbourne and the construction of a cruise terminal in Jamaica.A main conclusion is that processes of globalization and privatization have resulted in a diversity of project arrangements. A consequence of this diversity is that the applicability of innovative, ecosystem based approaches is dependent on the specific governance setting of the marine infrastructural projects. The case studies indicate that the increasing input of private and global actors, rules, resources and discourses has enabling consequences for the diffusion and acceptance of these innovative approaches.

Sinds 2009 bestaat er een samenwerkingsovereenkomst tussen de trilaterale waddenzeestaten en Korea. In de afgelopen vijf jaar is er veel bereikt, vooral op het gebied van educatie en voorlichting, en zijn diverse MoU bijeenkomsten gehouden. Voor de komende jaren is de doelstelling om meer aan wetenschap, management en monitoring te doen. In dat kader is een nadere samenwerking op de vakgebieden van monitoring en onderzoek naar benthische ecologie en morfologie gevraagd.

Ten behoeve van ontsluiting van mariene data lopen verschillende initiatieven waarbij IMARES betrokken is. Voorbeelden hiervan zijn: het WaLTER project voor ontsluiting van de Waddenzee data, werkzaamheden t.b.v. het Informatiehuis Marien (IHM) en deelname aan het EMODNET Biology project, waarin ook Deltares participeert. IHM is eigenaar van het onderdeel "Mariene data" in het project Digitale Delta (DD). In DD participeren een aantal partners om te onderzoeken of "waterbeheer in Nederland verbeterd kan worden met behulp van betere informatiedeling en slim hergebruik van ICT toepassingen." In het kader van deze use case zijn gegevens uit IMARES WOT schelpdierdatabase ontsloten via een door Deltares ontwikkelde softwarestick: een set open source softwarecomponenten waarmee data kan worden ontsloten die op een geografische locatie is ingewonnen. Op basis van overleg tussen IMARES, Ministerie EZ en het IHM over financiering van data-ontsluiting zal worden besloten of en hoe het project zal worden uitgevoerd bij IMARES.

The Saba Bank is the largest submerged carbonate platform of 2,200 km2 in the Caribbean Sea, which lies partially within the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Netherlands and partially within the territorial waters of Saba and St. Eustatius. The Saba Bank houses an expansive coral reef ecosystem with a rich diversity of species and as such is also an important source of commercial fish for the nearby islands. The Saba Bank research program aims to obtain information on the biodiversity, ecological functioning and carrying capacity for commercial fisheries to facilitate sustainable management of the area.

The Bonaire National Marine Park is an outstanding example of a fringing coral reef that has evolved to one of the most diverse reef in the Caribbean. The Bonaire Marine Park, protected since 1979 and declared a National Park in 1999, includes one of the healthiest coral reef in the Caribbean and two Ramsar sites which include mangrove forests and seagrass meadows, globally important for 4 species of endangered species of marine turtles and at least 29 species of migratory waterbirds and a nursery habitat for many reef fish species.

Het ‘VIBEG (Visserij in Beschermde Gebieden) akkoord’ betreft twee Habitat- en Vogelrichtlijngebieden: ‘Noordzeekustzone’ en ‘Vlakte van de Raan’. Het doel van dit akkoord is om de instandhoudingsdoelen te realiseren voor habitattype H1110B en schelpdieretende vogels in het kader van Europese Natura-2000, in combinatie met een ecologisch verantwoorde en duurzame visserij in deze gebieden. Om dit doel te bereiken is voor de Noordzee kustzone een zonering ingesteld met verschillende toegangsregelingen voor visserij.

IMARES heeft onderzoek uitgevoerd naar het ontstaan en de aanwezigheid van microplastic zwerfvuil afkomstig van mosselzaad invangsystemen (hierna MZI’s genoemd). Deze studie is onderdeel van een opdracht van het ministerie van EL&I, om de ecologische effecten van opschaling van MZI’s in de Oosterschelde en Westelijke Waddenzee te onderzoeken. De MZI’s, die gebruikt worden in de Oosterschelde, Voordelta en Waddenzee, bestaan onder andere uit Polypropyleen touw en Nylon netwerk. Deze touwen en netten worden tijdens de oogst geborsteld waardoor plastic deeltjes in het water terecht kunnen komen. Deeltjes kleiner dan 5 mm zijn daarbij gedefinieerd als microplastics. Over de aanwezigheid van microplastics afkomstig van MZI’s en uit andere bronnen is nog weinig bekend.

Dit document is een samenvatting, met daarbij de beleidsrelevantie, van de wetenschappelijke publicatie ‘When does fishing lead to more fish? Community consequences of bottom trawl fisheries in demersal food webs ’ geschreven door Daniel van Denderen, Tobias van Kooten en Adriaan Rijnsdorp, gepubliceerd in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 280, no. 20131883 op 4 september 2013. Het doel van deze Nederlandstalige samenvatting is het ontsluiten van de conclusies uit deze publicatie voor een breder publiek, en het schetsen van de consequenties daarvan voor het Nederlandse visserij- en natuurbeheer.

In November 2013 aerial surveys were conducted for the first time in the Exclusive Economic Zone of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire to evaluate aerial surveys as a tool for marine mammal surveys in these waters, and to assess the distribution and abundance of marine mammals. A secondary aim of these surveys was to collect data on the occurrence of other megafauna (e.g. sharks, rays, turtles) and seabirds. Marine mammals were assessed using distance sampling methods; for other species a strip transect method was applied.

Dit document is een samenvatting, met daarbij de beleidsrelevantie, van de wetenschappelijke publicatie ‘When does fishing lead to more fish? Community consequences of bottom trawl fisheries in demersal food webs ’ geschreven door Daniel van Denderen, Tobias van Kooten en Adriaan Rijnsdorp, gepubliceerd in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 280, no. 20131883 op 4 september 2013. Het doel van deze Nederlandstalige samenvatting is het ontsluiten van de conclusies uit deze publicatie voor een breder publiek, en het schetsen van de consequenties daarvan voor het Nederlandse visserij- en natuurbeheer.

In december 2011 is door vertegenwoordigers van de visserijsector, de natuurorganisaties en het ministerie (momenteel: Economische Zaken) het ‘VIBEG-akkoord’ gesloten. In dit akkoord wordt een ruimtelijke zonering van visserij-activiteit gegeven en is een tijdschema aangegeven voor wanneer welke maatregelen in werking treden. Voor het evalueren van de effecten van de maatregelen is monitoring nodig. Dit monitoringplan beschrijft de nulmeting voor de benodigde monitoring. Het vormt een onderdeel van de T0 bemonstering van het benthische ecosysteem in de Noordzeekustzone en Vlakte van de Raan in het kader van de Vogel- en Habitatrichtlijn. Het doel van specifiek dit onderdeel is het opstellen van een plan voor het verzamelen van een dataset waarmee later (in T1 en T2) de effecten van de ruimtelijke zonering van visserij in de Noordzeekustzone op het benthische ecosysteem in beeld kunnen worden gebracht.

In November 2013 aerial surveys were conducted for the first time in the Exclusive Economic Zone of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire to evaluate aerial surveys as a tool for marine mammal surveys in these waters, and to assess the distribution and abundance of marine mammals. A secondary aim of these surveys was to collect data on the occurrence of other megafauna (e.g. sharks, rays, turtles) and seabirds. Marine mammals were assessed using distance sampling methods; for other species a strip transect method was applied.

In de Nederlandse kustwateren vindt mosselbroedvisserij en mosselkweek plaats. Deze wateren herbergen echter belangrijke natuurwaarden en de meeste wateren zijn derhalve aangewezen als natuurgebied, wat Nederland verplicht om er voor te zorgen dat de natuurwaarden in deze gebieden in stand blijven. Verbetering van de kwaliteit van de natuurwaarden is vooral mogelijk ten aanzien van bodemfauna en de vorming van biogene structuren met mossels (en de daaraan geassocieerde biodiversiteit). Het is in de Waddenzee echter niet goed bekend hoe gesloten (i.e. onbeviste) sublitorale mosselbroedbanken zich ontwikkelen in de tijd en welke specifieke natuurwaarden ze herbergen. Om hier inzicht in te verkrijgen is een monitorprogramma opgesteld waarin gesloten sublitorale mosselbanken gevolgd werden. In dit eindrapport worden de resultaten van dit programma beschreven.

The Bonaire National Marine Park is an outstanding example of a fringing coral reef that has evolved to one of the most diverse reef in the Caribbean. The Bonaire Marine Park, protected since 1979 and declared a National Park in 1999, includes one of the healthiest coral reef in the Caribbean and two Ramsar sites which include mangrove forests and seagrass meadows, globally important for 4 species of endangered species of marine turtles and at least 29 species of migratory waterbirds and a nursery habitat for many reef fish species.

Sinds 2009 bestaat er een samenwerkingsovereenkomst tussen de trilaterale waddenzeestaten en Korea. In de afgelopen vijf jaar is er veel bereikt, vooral op het gebied van educatie en voorlichting, en zijn diverse MoU bijeenkomsten gehouden. Voor de komende jaren is de doelstelling om meer aan wetenschap, management en monitoring te doen. In dat kader is een nadere samenwerking op de vakgebieden van monitoring en onderzoek naar benthische ecologie en morfologie gevraagd.