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This article provides an initial sociolinguistic and structural characterization of the multilingual repertoire of the Haitian migrant community in Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil, based on a corpus of interviews I compiled myself. The focus is primarily on two languages from the repertoire, French and Spanish, which I consider ‘forgotten’ in two senses. First, in a scholarly context, since studies in migration linguistics often pay less attention to languages that are neither the in-group language of the migrant population (in this case, Haitian Creole) nor the main language of the host country (in this case, Portuguese); indeed, French is the official, post-colonial language used by the social elites in the homeland, while Spanish is the language of a first country of migration (the Dominican Republic) for some Haitians before their current migration to Brazil. Second, at the cognitive level, because although these languages are part of the speakers’ experiential baggage, they are seldom actively spoken in the new Brazilian context. Lastly, the article highlights how speakers efficiently utilize the different languages in their repertoire, giving rise to contact-induced linguistic features (which, following traditional criteria, are classified here as the result of transfer or borrowing).

Background: It is broadly acknowledged that children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) show verb-related limitations. While most previous studies have focused on tense, the mastery of lexical aspect—particularly telicity—has not been the primary focus of much research. Lexical aspect refers to whether an action has a defined endpoint (telic verbs) or not (atelic verbs). Objective: This study investigates the effect of telicity on verb recognition in Chilean children with DLD compared to their typically developing (TD) peers using the Event-Related Potential (ERP) technique. Method: The research design is a mixed factorial design with between-group factors of 2 (DLD/TD) and within-group factors of 2 (telic/atelic verbs) and 2 (coherent/incoherent sentences). The participants were 36 school-aged children (18 DLD, 18 TD) aged 7 to 7 years and 11 months. The task required subjects to listen to sentences that either matched or did not match an action in a video, with sentences including telic or atelic verbs. Results: The study found notable differences between groups in how they processed verbs (N400 and post-N400 components) and direct objects (N400 and P600 components). Conclusions: Children with DLD struggled to differentiate telic and atelic verbs, potentially because they employed overgeneralization strategies consistent with the Event Structural Bootstrapping model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telicity is a semantic aspectual notion characterized by the presence of a linguistically marked inherent endpoint of the situation. In Portuguese, it can be done through the presence of a delimited direct complement and/or a delimiter prepositional phrase. In Spanish, in addition to the existing forms in Portuguese, it is possible to use a clitic, known as a telic "se", accompanied by a delimited direct complement. The aim of this investigation is to contribute to the understanding of the acquisition of aspectual categories by native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese Spanish learners as L2. More specifically, we intend to verify whether learners recognize and use the telic "se" to express the aspectual value of telicity in the L2. For this purpose, two linguistic tests were applied, one for production and one for comprehension, to students of the graduation course in Spanish at intermediate and advanced levels. The results indicate that, at both levels, there are subjects who use the telic "se", while others do not, while there are subjects who consider the presence of this aspectual clitic in the sentence as grammatical while others consider it ungrammatical. It was also observed that there is no significant difference in the results of learners at intermediate and advanced levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate aspect in the hierarchy of constructing sentences in the Lori dialect of Khorramabad. This research has been done descriptively and analytically. The present study examined the status of the grammatical and lexical terms of aspect based on the Minimalist Program. Aspect is a grammatical projection that is the closest projector to the verb phrase. It shows the nature of the action of a verb as to its beginning, duration, completion, or repetition. Perfect and imperfect are the main categories of the grammatical aspect. Imperfect aspect hosts the aspect markers: “mɛ” ، “dɑšte” and the element aspect maker “hɑ” which is the specific-species form of imperfect aspect in Lori without agreement operations. The aspect markers are placed in the head of an aspect phrase between tense and little verb phrases. “hey” and “hani” are two elements conveying lexical aspect.

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Resumo: Este trabalho se propõe a analisar e a classificar aspectualmente os verbos de editoração do inglês e do português: to edit/editar ou editorar, to copy edit/preparar, to proofread/revisar, to typeset/diagramar e to format/formatar. Esses verbos se apresentam como um interessante objeto de análise no âmbito do aspecto lexical porque possuem tanto características de accomplishments quanto características de atividades. Esse tipo de comportamento dúbio foi amplamente estudado na literatura sobre aspecto e é normalmente atribuído a propriedades do VP. No caso dos verbos de editoração, porém, a variabilidade da classificação aspectual parece não estar estritamente atrelada ao tipo de complemento, mas à incrementalidade da ação descrita pelo verbo. Assim, para a análise desses verbos, adotamos o modelo bidimensional de representação do aspecto lexical, numa abordagem cognitivo-funcional, propondo que esses verbos possuem propriedades aspectuais que estão na interseção entre accomplishments e atividades. Nossos resultados indicam que os verbos de editoração especificam um tipo de mudança direcional. Assim, eles possuem potencial para serem (re)construídos como mudanças direcionais télicas (accomplishments) ou atélicas (atividades), a depender da forma como o falante pretende descrever o evento de editoração. Palavras-chave: aspecto lexical; verbos de editoração; incrementalidade; telicidade; mudança. Abstract: This work aims to analyze and aspectually classify the publishing verbs in English and Portuguese: to edit/editar or editorar, to copy edit/preparar, to proofread/revisar, to typeset/diagramar and to format/formatar. These verbs present themselves as an interesting object of analysis in terms of the lexical aspect because they have characteristics of both accomplishments and activities. This type of dubious behavior has been extensively studied in the aspect literature and is usually attributed to VP properties. In the case of publishing verbs, however, the variability of the aspectual classification seems not to be strictly linked to the type of complement, but to the incrementality of the action described by the verb. Thus, for the analysis of these verbs, we adopt the two-dimensional model of representation of the lexical aspect, in a cognitive-functional approach, proposing that these verbs have aspectual properties that are at the intersection between accomplishments and activities. Our results indicate that the publishing verbs specify a type of directed change. Thus, they have the potential to be (re)construed as telic (accomplishments) or atelic (activities) directed changes, depending on how the speaker intends to describe the publishing event. Keywords: lexical aspect; publishing verbs; incrementality; telicity; change.

.Lexical aspect is a semantic feature that concerns how the event described by the verb develops along a timeline. It has two independent features: object-to-event mapping and event feature. The interaction of these two features form a syntactic space within the verb phrase called ‘domain of aspectual interpretation’. The main question of the research is: which syntactic elements affect the formation of domain of aspectual interpretation in Persian eventive predicates. To answer this question, the syntactic derivation of achievement and accomplishment verbs and the formation of their domain of aspectual interpretation have been analyzed according to Mac Donald’s approach (2006, 2008). The results of the study show that if internal argument is quantified noun or bare plural noun, underspecified event feature will co-index with AspP and finally extended domain of aspectual interpretation is formed. But if internal argument is mass noun, it will co-index with vP and minimal domain of aspectual interpretation is formed. The results also indicate that not only the presence or absence of the [quantity] feature is determinative in defining the aspectual domain of interpretation, but also the existence of AspP and the location of internal argument after moving in tree diagram are effective in defining this domain.

This article studies the relationship between grammatical and lexical aspects based on the compositional theory. The data of this study was collected from written and spoken contemporary Persian. The data indicates no one-to-one correspondence between grammatical and lexical aspects. The unbound action events are atelic while the bound ones have telic/ atelic features. The mismatch between grammatical and lexical aspects of state propositions is based on perfect or progressive interpretation of grammatical aspect and atelic feature of lexical aspect. The normal stative happenings have perfect/ progressive grammatical and atelic lexical aspects while the achievement state sentences have telic aspects. There is no one-to-one correspondence between perfect and telic aspects as well as progressive and atelic aspects in accomplishment propositions. The perfect grammatical aspects of accomplishment propositions have telic features. The durative accomplishment events show approaching to the endpoint. The grammatical aspects have an influence on lexical aspects in these events. Perfect grammatical aspects of scalar accomplishment events possess telic/ atelic lexical aspects. The lexical aspect of events is not predictable and it is not determined through inherent features of verbs, but all constituents have an effect on specifying it.

This article studies stative, activity, accomplishment and achievement lexical aspects based on evidence from Persian and represents aspectual tree diagrams for them. Data analysis shows that events have various stative-dynamic interpretations. Internal argument does not play any role in stative aspectual events and collocation of these events with durative adverbs indicates their atelic and lack of aspectual interpretation domain while internal argument contrary to external one plays a role in aspectual interpretation of dynamic activity, accomplishment and achievement events. [±quantity] of internal argument against definite or indefinite argument has an effect on aspectual interpretation of events. Aspectual projection and [±telicity] of an event are located on predication phrase and external argument is out of aspect and domain of aspectual interpretation. Activity events have only the aspectual feature while the achievement and accomplishment events holds both and aspectual features. These events contrary to stative events have no aspectual features. The and aspectual features of accomplishment events are located on different nodes having structural dominance on each other while the and aspectual features of achievement events are located on one node and they have no dominance on each other. The variability of lexical aspect between dynamic and static events and the ambiguous aspectual interpretation of activity-achievement and activity-accomplishment events proves that lexical meaning of verbs does not play a role in determining lexical aspect. Moreover, the existence of two different structures for the same meaning confirms that lexical aspect is syntactic.

In studies on Russian verbal Aspect, aspectual pairs in which the imperfective verb is lacking its semantic feature considered prototypical, i.e. durativity, are defined ‘trivial’nye’ (trivial). According to the classification proposed by Bertinetto for Italian predicates (1986), the semantic class that comes closest to this group is that of transformative verbs. The aim of the present study is to investigate and compare, in terms of actionality, the behaviour of two predicates belonging to the above categories, i.e., the Russian verb prichodit’ (to come) and the corresponding Italian verb arrivare, in particular when they occur, respectively, in the present imperfective and in the progressive periphrasis (stare + gerund). A corpus-based analysis shows how both predicates present peripheral usages in these two forms, losing their typical trait of non-durativeness. What determines the occurrence of these particular uses are, for both verbs, metaphorical values and subjects’ lack of agentivity. As for the Italian verb arrivare, sometimes, contextual elements suggesting a processual interpretation also play a role.

Copyright of Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas (RLLA) is the property of Universidat Politecnica de Valencia, Department of Applied Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The different distinctions related to lexical aspect-state, activity, accomplishments and achievements-play an important role in the grammar of Spanish, but many of the details about how these distinctions can be implemented are unclear: which features distinguish between the classes, how the classes relate to each other, what is the nature of telicity or dynamicity and how one can account for the alternations that a verb is subject to involving its aspect are some of the most important problems from this perspective. The goal of this article is to provide a sufficient empirical base to address these questions and present the current alternatives to answer them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the increase in the use of the preterite in spoken Alemannic in south-western Germany. There are almost no recent studies that explore the preterite in Upper German because of the widespread hypothesis that there is no preterite in Upper German (except for the verb sein ‘to be’) due to the loss of the preterite in Upper German (Oberdeutscher Präteritumschwund). In contrast to this, I account for a language change in the timespan from 1974 to 2013 in which the preterite becomes more frequent in relation to the perfect and is now part of the spoken Alemannic in south-western Germany. To account for this, I use a combination of a real time and an apparent time analysis. Additionally, all verbs forming a preterite have a specific semantic value, i. e. an inherent meaning of state. This means they are durative (=the situation lasts for a certain period of time), atelic (=the situation has no terminal point at which the situation is complete) and non-dynamic (=the situation involves no change). Perfect forms on the other hand do not have this specific semantic value.

El estudio de los estados ha adolecido tradicionalmente de un problema: hasta no hace mucho carecíamos de pruebas lo suficientemente adecuadas para identificar a los estados, ya que la mayoría de ellas eran pruebas que los estados no superaban, por lo que esta clase aspectual solo podía definirse en negativo. Con el propósito de ofrecer una herramienta útil a los investigadores interesados, en este artículo se recopilan más de una veintena de diagnósticos sobre estados. Junto a los diagnósticos (negativos) más clásicos (desarrollados en las tradiciones de Vendler-Dowty y Davidson), se incluyen un buen número de diagnósticos más recientes que ya permiten caracterizar a los estados en positivo.

The different distinctions related to lexical aspect –state, activity, accomplishments and achievements– play an important role in the grammar of Spanish, but many of the details about how these distinctions can be implemented are unclear: which features distinguish between the classes, how the classes relate to each other, what is the nature of telicity or dynamicity and how one can account for the alternations that a verb is subject to involving its aspect are some of the most important problems from this perspective. The goal of this article is to provide a sufficient empirical base to address these questions and present the current alternatives to answer them.

This paper offers a Distributed Morphology analysis of verbal theme vowels and primary verbal stem-forming morphology in Ancient Greek (AG). While verbal stem-forming morphemes are standardly analyzed as realizing Aspect in AG, I propose that both the inherited simple thematic and the athematic verbal stem-forming morphology of AG patterns as verbalizing morphology (v) according to a variety of diagnostics proposed in the literature, in particular idiosyncratic selectional properties of roots and the ability to form denominal and deadjectival verbs. Complex thematic suffixes moreover have the same distribution as simple thematic suffixes. These three classes of verbs (simple thematic, complex thematic, athematic) differ from synchronically denominal and deadjectival verbs, whose nominal stem-forming morphemes later became verbalizers in Modern Greek. This paper thus provides clear diagnostics for distinguishing between synchronically denominal, root-derived, and verbal-stem derived verbs in AG and morphologically similar languages. It also provides further evidence that verbal theme vowels occupy the same structural position and have broadly the same Aktionsart properties as other types of verbalizing morphology, contributing to the debate on the functional/semantic content of theme vowels in general.

This work aims to analyze and aspectually classify the publishing verbs in English and Portuguese: to edit/editar or editorar, to copy edit/preparar, to proofread/revisar, to typeset/diagramar and to format/formatar. These verbs present themselves as an interesting object of analysis in terms of the lexical aspect because they have characteristics of both accomplishments and activities. This type of dubious behavior has been extensively studied in the aspect literature and is usually attributed to VP properties. In the case of publishing verbs, however, the variability of the aspectual classification seems not to be strictly linked to the type of complement, but to the incrementality of the action described by the verb. Thus, for the analysis of these verbs, we adopt the two-dimensional model of representation of the lexical aspect, in a cognitive-functional approach, proposing that these verbs have aspectual properties that are at the intersection between accomplishments and activities. Our results indicate that the publishing verbs specify a type of directed change. Thus, they have the potential to be (re)construed as telic (accomplishments) or atelic (activities) directed changes, depending on how the speaker intends to describe the publishing event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the relationship between grammatical and lexical aspects based on the compositional theory. The data of this study was collected from written and spoken contemporary Persian. The data indicates no one-to-one correspondence between grammatical and lexical aspects. The unbound action events are atelic while the bound ones have telic/atelic features. The mismatch between grammatical and lexical aspects of state propositions is based on perfect or progressive interpretation of grammatical aspect and atelic feature of lexical aspect. The normal stative happenings have perfect/progressive grammatical and atelic lexical aspects while the achievement state sentences have telic aspects. There is no one-to-one correspondence between perfect and telic aspects as well as progressive and atelic aspects in accomplishment propositions. The perfect grammatical aspects of accomplishment propositions have telic features. The durative accomplishment events show approaching to the endpoint. The grammatical aspects have an influence on lexical aspects in these events. Perfect grammatical aspects of scalar accomplishment events possess telic/atelic lexical aspects. The lexical aspect of events is not predictable and it is not determined through inherent features of verbs, but all constituents have an effect on specifying it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lexical aspect is a semantic feature that concerns how the event described by the verb develops along a timeline. It has two independent features: object-to-event mapping and event feature. The interaction of these two features form a syntactic space within the verb phrase called 'domain of aspectual interpretation'. The main question of the research is: which syntactic elements affect the formation of domain of aspectual interpretation in Persian eventive predicates. To answer this question, the syntactic derivation of achievement and accomplishment verbs and the formation of their domain of aspectual interpretation have been analyzed according to Mac Donald's approach (2006, 2008). The results of the study show that if internal argument is quantified noun or bare plural noun, underspecified event feature will coindex with AspP and finally extended domain of aspectual interpretation is formed. But if internal argument is mass noun, it will co-index with vP and minimal domain of aspectual interpretation is formed. The results also indicate that not only the presence or absence of the [quantity] feature is determinative in defining the aspectual domain of interpretation, but also the existence of AspP and the location of internal argument after moving in tree diagram are effective in defining this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the second language (L2) processing and acquisition of Chinese temporality, specifically the interaction of grammatical and lexical aspects. An experimental group of 31 English-speaking learners of Chinese and a control group of 29 native speakers of Mandarin Chinese completed an online sentence-picture matching task and an offline translation task. Results from these experiments demonstrated the prototype effect: In aspectual development, perfective aspect started with telic verbs and progressive aspect started with activity verbs, in accordance with the Aspect Hypothesis, both for online processing and offline comprehension. The prototype effect of the grammatical aspect was evident for activity verbs but less so for accomplishment verbs in the L2 group across tasks, and this was explained through language-specific properties and L2 learners’ instructional input. In addition, L2 proficiency and working memory capacity were found to modulate these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTIONAspect refers to “different ways of viewing the internal temporal constituency of a situation” (Comrie, 1976, p.3) and consists of lexical and grammatical types. Grammatical aspect is represented by inflection or some auxiliary verbs while lexical aspect is denoted by the inherent meaning of the verbs (Rezai, 2012). The aspectual classification of Vedler (1957), has been one of the most influential theories in lexical aspect studies (Tenny, 1987, p.29; Peck et al., 2013, p. 664; Kanijo, 2019, p.73). Vendler (1957) has classified verbs into four classes named states, activities, achievements, and accomplishments based on their stativity, duration, and telicity. Achievements describe the change of state that occurs instantaneously and creates a new situation (Pavey, 2010, p.97), they have inherent endpoint and are usually regarded as not being used progressively. Two sub-classes of achievements are “culminations” and “happenings”. Culminations need some time to occur, for example, to “reach a summit”, we have to walk a distance. Happenings lack this preparatory phase and occur instantly, for example, “explode” occurs in a very short time. In previous studies, Persian verbs have been classified to two classes, “achievement” verbs that occur in a short time and have endpoint and “durative” verbs that entails some time to occur (Jahan Panah Tehrani, 1984). Vahidiyan Kamyar (1992) added the third class, named “achievement-durative” verbs that occur in a short time but don’t end and extend through time. Abolhassani (2011) has also classified achievements to three sub-classes. Other studies have mostly investigated lexical or grammatical aspect in Persian or in a specific dialect (Daneshpazhouh et al., 2013; Abasi, 2015, Dastlan, 2018). The main objective of this study is to describe different readings of Persian achievements along with grammatical aspects in the framework of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG). For this purpose, achievement verbs, in two subdivisions named “culminations” and “happenings”, were selected in different contexts and their readings were analyzed in different grammatical aspects. Data have been collected from different Persian sites on the Internet and daily conversations. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis paper studies the interaction of achievement predicates with grammatical aspects based on Role and Reference Grammar. RRG has proven to be a very practical framework for the description of aspectual classes. It proposes a linear and layered conception of syntactic organization without placing any underlying forms or movement rules and posits only one level of syntactic representation that is mapped directly into the semantic representation (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1997, p.21). The semantic structure in RRG provides a clear system of lexical decomposition that is an Aktionsart-based method of representing the semantics of predicates and their arguments (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1997, p.91). A predicate is identified as a member of a particular classification depending on some grammatical tests that have been established for English and other languages. The semantic representation is linked to the syntactic structure by means of an algorithm and the semantic roles of arguments are correlated with macroroles. In RRG a sentence is composed of at least one clause and clause of at least one core. Within the clause core are the nuclear predicating element and its arguments. Adverbs modifying the nucleus are not core elements but are placed in positions preceding or following the nucleus called peripheries. In Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1997, p.91-92), verbs are divided to four basic classes, including states, activities, achievements and accomplishments as proposed by Vendler (1957). Based on some specific-language tests, each of these classes are distinguished from each other. States are homogenous and involve no action and no final point. Activities, despite states, represent actions and have continuous feature. Achievements occur in a moment and don’t have continuous feature. Accomplishments are change of state verbs but occur in a longer time in comparison with achievements. Among these classes, achievements are change of state verbs; the beginning and end of these verbs are so short that can be neglected. They have final point and since they are considered durationless, they can't be used with adverbs such as "vigorously" and "seriously". Regarding the grammatical aspect, four main types can be distinguished; perfective, imperfective, perfect and prospective aspect. Perfective indicates a situation as a single whole, whereas the imperfective looks at the situation from inside and the focus is on the internal structure of the event (Smith, 1997, p.3). The perfect is retrospective which establishes a relation between an event at one time and a situation at an earlier time. In prospective aspect, the event is related to some subsequent situation, for example when some event is about to be done (Comrie, 1976, p.64). Based on this framework, different readings of Persian achievements are investigated in different grammatical aspects. Data have been selected from written and spoken resources, including web sites and daily conversations. As aspect is better specified in the context, each predicate has been considered in its actual use and the interaction of lexical and grammatical aspect has been identified. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The data show that the culmination and happening predicates in Persian can occur with perfective aspect; since these verbs involve the final point, the occurrence of them with perfective aspect shows that the verb has reached its end and has finished. As achievement predicates describe instantaneous changes from one state to another, the adage that achievements "lack progression" is well-known, but the presented data show that achievements in progressive forms can have five readings based on pragmatic context, including preliminary process reading, slow-motion (camera) reading, iterative reading, future progressive reading, and commentary reading (Gyarmathy, 2015). Culmination-achievements can occur on preliminary process reading that focus on the process before reaching the final phase of the verb. On slow-motion reading, an event described by the achievement predicate, which is regarded durationless, acts as a durative eventuality, that is, we "zoom in" to view it as an extended event. This reading is available to predicates which describe events that are not instantaneous, but take some small amount of time. The iterative reading is most natural with semelfactives. The future reading has prospective interpretation. The last reading or commentary reading, is available when the speaker is conveying the happenings to someone else; this reading is used when the exact timing of the utterance is not important. Achievement verbs in perfect aspect can represent some functions such as experiential, universal, hot news, and evidentiality. Achievement predicates in perfective, imperfective, and perfect aspect can represent some prospective interpretation depending on pragmatic context and existence of some temporal adverb denoting future time in the sentence. CONCLUSIONAchievement verbs in perfective aspect denote change of states that occur instantaneously and reach its endpoint. In culmination verbs, reaching this endpoint entails some preparatory phase but in happening sub-class, this phase is not applied. Although achievements are regarded as lacking progressive, they can have five readings in imperfective aspect, depending on the context; they include preliminary process reading, slow-motion (camera) reading, iterative reading, future progressive reading, and commentary reading. Achievement verbs in perfect aspect can represent experiential, universal, evidentiality, and hot news functions. In prospective aspect, positive form of the sentence and some temporal adverbs are required to denote occurrence of the action in some future time.

The interaction of grammatical aspect and lexical aspect has been a topic of interest to linguists for many years, yet only recently has more attention been focused on this topic specifically in relation to Bantu languages. The difficulty of mapping Bantu actional types onto the commonly accepted categorizations has resulted in new frameworks being proposed to take these complex lexicalisations into account. In this paper, we use Croft’s (2012) two-dimensional diagrammatic representations of events to represent the aspectual contour encoded by certain predicates in the South Tanzanian Bantu language Bungu [wun]. We investigate the semantics of the Progressive, Anterior, and Resultative aspects in Bungu, and by identifying the phases within each aspectual contour that are profiled by each of these grammatical aspects, we show that the particular interpretation of each aspect depends on the type of predicate that it modifies. By using Croft’s diagrammatic representations of events to identify the semantic contribution made by different grammatical aspects in Bungu, we illustrate its potential as a descriptive tool.

This paper describes the interplay of lexical and grammatical aspect with other grammatical phenomena in the interpretation of the aspectual suffix ‑ile (which we analyse as Perfective) in isiNdebele, a Nguni Bantu language spoken in South Africa. Crucial other phenomena include constituency-related factors such as the conjoint-disjoint distinction and (related) penultimate lengthening, along with morphophonological conditions that trigger different forms of ‑ile. These factors appear to interact differently in isiNdebele than they do in closely related Zulu, suggesting two different paths of grammaticalization, which we argue can change the interpretation of markers of grammatical aspect as they interact with lexical aspectual classes.

Analyses of secondary predication based on the aspectual properties of predicative complements are almost standard today. This paper shows that these approaches are not restrictive enough and make a large number of incorrect predictions. It also shows that the meaning of the main (or primary) predicate is essential to restrict the secondary one. Throughout the text, a pragmatically based analysis of the necessary restrictions is compared with one grounded on semantic paradigms, and several examples are proposed of how the latter may be articulated and developed. Event-related states in secondary predication are shown to be necessary, and are claimed to follow from a series if fine-grained semantic notions crucially related to the meaning of the primary verb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to study the Aktionsart or lexical aspect of chromatic verbal expressions such as rougir de colère (blush with anger). The aim is twofold. First, to show that the verb blush in these expressions is not the same as the one that appears in purely chromatic uses such as Les pommes rougissent au soleil (Apples blush in the sun). Secondly, to explain the originality of Aktionsart's "chromo-affective" use of blush. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of the roles of grammatical aspect and of lexical aspect for the inference of temporal relations has richly been investigated from a theoretical point of view in various fields of languages sciences. Nevertheless, previous studies do not formulate similar conclusions, and thus they trigger different predictions for experimental testing. In contrast, the role of coreference patterns did not receive as much attention as grammatical and lexical aspect have received. As such, in this study we experimentally assess the roles of grammatical aspect (perfective vs. imperfective), lexical aspect (activities vs. accomplishments) and coreference patterns (same vs. different agents) in English. By means of an annotation study, we establish that fewer chronological relations emerge in passages with the imperfective aspect and coreference of agents (i.e. the actions are performed by the same agent). Then, by means of a temporal evaluation task, we show that synchronous relations are favoured in narrative passages that describe activities and lack of coreference of agents (i.e. the actions are performed by different agents). To interpret the results, we suggest that the comprehenders' inference of temporal relations is influenced on the one hand by linguistic biases and on the other hand by their expectations of coherence. We discuss the findings from a cross-linguistic perspective. • Linguistic cues signal comprehenders to deviate from the iconicity assumption. • In English data, fewer chronological relations emerge in passages with the imperfective aspect and coreference of agents. • Synchronous relations are favored in narrative passages that describe activities and lack of coreference of agents. • QUD expectations influence the comprehenders' construction of temporally coherent mental models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the book Entre el léxico y la sintaxis: las fases de los eventos by María Martínez-Atienza de Dios. This work, focusing on phases of verbal events, studies the semantic and syntax of some Spanish verb periphrases and the adverbial phrase de sopetón. Special attention is given to the aspectual class of verbal events called states, for which a new complex structure is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situation types are defined according to three temporal features: dynamism, duration, and telicity. The inherent temporal features of a predicate can be uncovered using test frames with simple sentences. The current study presents a series of such tests and applies them to a set of Thai Sign Language (ThSL) predicates. Based on the test results, five situation types are identified in ThSL: states, activities, accomplishments, achievements, and semelfactives.

Previous studies have shown that the grammatical aspect of verb predicates has an effect on tense-aspect sentence processing. However, it remains unclear as to whether the interaction of lexical aspect and grammatical aspect can influence the form-meaning association in the second language (L2) tense-aspect sentence processing, especially for the learners whose native language is grammatically marked differently from their L2. This study conducts a psycholinguistic investigation to highlight how the prototypical and non-prototypical associations predicted in the Aspect Hypothesis and L2 proficiency level influence the processing of English past tense and progressive morphology by Mandarin Chinese learners at two proficiency levels and native English speakers. The results show that the prototypical associations of English tense-aspect categories predicted in the Aspect Hypothesis, such as achievement verbs with past tense and activity verbs with the progressive aspect, can engender shorter reading time than non-prototypical associations for both native speakers and second language learners. There is no significant difference between native speakers and Chinese learners of English in their processing of prototypical items, while significant differences exist in the processing of non-prototypical items. The L2 proficiency level does not have an effect on the processing of prototypes but on the processing of non-prototypes in the L2 tense-aspect marking. This study extends previous research, showing the interaction effect of lexical aspect and grammatical aspect in the form-meaning association in L2 tense-aspect sentence processing.

In part due to the significant influence of Andersen's Lexical Aspect Hypothesis, research on the L2 acquisition of tense and aspect has focused primarily on the construct of aspect representative of the beginning and intermediate stages of acquisition. In the present article, I review the significance of two recent developments in the study of aspectual knowledge: the expansive view of recent research proposals (e.g., shifted effect of lexical aspect toward intermediate and advanced stages), and the focus on specific sub-constructs that provide a more precise target to assess ultimate attainment (e.g., iterativity versus habituality). I argue that the relevance of advanced stages of development of aspect is central to the analysis of L2 aspectual knowledge. To that effect, the objective of future studies needs to incorporate the explicit description of the connection between lexical aspect and viewpoint aspect

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Previous studies have shown that the grammatical aspect of verb predicates has an effect on tense-aspect sentence processing. However, it remains unclear as to whether the interaction of lexical aspect and grammatical aspect can influence the form-meaning association in the second language (L2) tense-aspect sentence processing, especially for the learners whose native language is grammatically marked differently from their L2. This study conducts a psycholinguistic investigation to highlight how the prototypical and non-prototypical associations predicted in the Aspect Hypothesis and L2 proficiency level influence the processing of English past tense and progressive morphology by Mandarin Chinese learners at two proficiency levels and native English speakers. The results show that the prototypical associations of English tense-aspect categories predicted in the Aspect Hypothesis, such as achievement verbs with past tense and activity verbs with the progressive aspect, can engender shorter reading time than non-prototypical associations for both native speakers and second language learners. There is no significant difference between native speakers and Chinese learners of English in their processing of prototypical items, while significant differences exist in the processing of non-prototypical items. The L2 proficiency level does not have an effect on the processing of prototypes but on the processing of non-prototypes in the L2 tense-aspect marking. This study extends previous research, showing the interaction effect of lexical aspect and grammatical aspect in the form-meaning association in L2 tense-aspect sentence processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the ability of Greek-speaking individuals diagnosed with mild Alzheimer's Disease (mAD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to produce verbs that vary with respect to their grammatical and lexical aspect. While grammatical aspect has been examined in aphasia, there are only a few studies dealing with this in neurodegenerative conditions and their findings are contradictory. Motivated by this, we further investigate aspect by examining not only grammatical but lexical aspect as well and how their semantic and temporal features affect mAD and MCI individuals' performance. Thus, the major innovation of the study is that it examines aspect not only as a functional feature but also as a lexical variable, something addressed for the first time in the literature. We also address whether grammatical aspect interacts with lexical aspect and with time reference. Finally, by looking at Greek, we further contribute to cross-linguistic perspective of aspect investigation. 11 MCI and 11 mAD individuals participated in a picture naming task, targeting the investigation of lexical aspect, and a sentence completion task, targeting the investigation of grammatical aspect and its interaction with lexical aspect and time reference. Both groups of participants were found to be impaired in both tasks when compared to healthy controls. In the naming task, both group and lexical aspect were significant predictors for participants' performance. Specifically, more impaired performance was found in states (believe), achievements (break), and semelfactives (hit) compared to activities (run) and accomplishments (build) for both AD and MCI participants. In the sentence completion task, apart from group, neither grammatical or lexical aspect nor tense were significant predictors for participants' performance. While results indicate that both grammatical and lexical aspect are impaired in AD and MCI, a closer look suggests a dissociation regarding the temporal feature of duration. Specifically, as grammatical feature, duration does not appear to affect participants' choice between perfective and imperfective aspect. As a lexical variable, on the other hand, and as part of the lexical representation of a verb, duration (together with internal structure) appears to play a role in verb naming. Finally, the lack of interaction between lexical and grammatical aspect also indicates that these two subsystems can be affected differentially.

Researchers in second language acquisition (SLA) have examined the acquisition and use of tense-aspect (TA) morphology in predominantly tutored, second language (L2) varieties (Andersen & Shirai 1996; Bardovi-Harlig 1998; Quesada 2013; Salaberry 2005, 2011, 2013). Language contact scholars have focused on L2 acquisition in immigrant situations in which L2 learners acquire the host country’s language in an untutored environment (Clements 2002, 2003, 2009; Klein & Perdue 1992, 1997; Sharma & Deo 2010). This case study addresses the effects of instructed and non-instructed contexts on language learning by examining similarities and differences in L2 use of TA morphology among three Chinese-Spanish learner varieties: an untutored variety spoken by a Chinese immigrant living in Spain (Clements 2003, 2009) and two tutored varieties spoken by Chinese learners of Spanish who are studying in the United States and have varying degrees of experience with Spanish. The production data, retrieved from three 45-minute sociolinguistic interviews, yielded a total of 390 tokens. Quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed trends across the learner varieties, which include lower rates of overtly marking state verbs in all learner varieties, an innovative aspectual marker ya ‘already’ in the Chinese immigrant variety, and a distinct interplay of semantic factors for each L2 variety. Findings suggest an effect of the learning context on L2 use of TA morphology.

This is a study of the collocation of Chinese verbs with different lexical aspects and aspect markers. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we explored the processing of aspect violation sentences. In the experiment, we combined verbs of various lexical aspect types with the progressive aspect marker zhe, and the combination of the achievement verbs and the progressive aspect marker zhe constituted the sentence’s aspect violation. The participants needed to judge whether a sentence was correct after it was presented. Finally, we observed and analyzed the components of ERPs. The results suggest that when the collocation of aspect markers and lexical aspect is ungrammatical, the N400-like and P600 are elicited on aspect markers, while the late AN is elicited by the word after the aspect marker. P600 and N400-like show that the collocation of Chinese verbs with various lexical aspects and aspect markers involve not only syntactic processing, but also the semantic processing; and the late AN may have been due to the syntax revision and the conclusion at the end of sentences.

The aim of this work is to characterize the Spanish verbal periphrasis and the Italian from the point of view of both grammatical and lexical aspect, or Aktionsart. We will develop this characterization in the context of other verbal gerund periphrases with a motion auxiliary in both languages, namely: , and . These periphrases show the same kind of aspectual and actional behavior. Regarding lexical aspect, we will develop a description of the periphrases in actional features. We will show that is closer to than to its formal equivalent , despite the same origin of the auxiliary.

Language game can take place on different language levels: phonetic, graphical, lexical-semantic, word-formative, morphological, syntax, and even pragmatics, stylistics etc. In the given article the lexical aspect of the language game is considered. Many creative language potencies are revealed most fully and brightly on the lexical-semantic level. Separate attention is paid to entimological units – lexical units which are described in the entimological dictionaries; as well as to the so called “anti-proverbs” – abnormal paremiological units.

In this work, we examine the factors allowing or disallowing French Complex Event Nominals (CENs, i.e. deverbal nominals displaying argument and aspectual structures, Grimshaw 1990) to occur in the plural when denoting a plurality of events. Our claim is that French CENs can occur in the plural in such cases (Meinschaefer 2005; Roodenburg 2006; Sleeman & Brito 2010), and thus behave as count nouns. However, a restricted subclass does not exhibit number variation, similarly to other non-count nouns.To account for the distribution of nominal plurality, we rely on lexical aspect. We show that the CENs that do not admit pluralization are strictly atelic: they nominalize strictly stative verbs or push-verbs (Verkuyl 1993). Conversely, CENs derived from any other aspectual verb class can appear in the plural, even when they nominalize atelic VPs, provided these also have a telic use. This leads to a restatement of the role of boundedness previously invoked to account for the relationship between verbal (a)telicity and nominal [±count] distinction (Bach 1976; Mourelatos 1978; Krifka 1989), that linked the [±count] property of the derived event nominal to the actual (a)telicity of the VP.Since the distribution of plural just described is proper to CENs, which have an internal verbal structure, we suggest that it deserves a syntactic analysis. Our hypothesis is that [–count] CENs derive from verbs that are deprived of AspQP (Borer 1993; 2005). This results in turn in the absence of ClP and NumP in the nominal layers. The absence of ClP accounts for the fact that [–count] CENs do not behave as regular mass nouns.

Time is central to human cognition, both in terms of how we understand the world and the events that unfold around us as well as how we communicate about those events. As such, language has morphological systems, such as temporal adverbs, tense, and aspect to convey the passage of time. The current study explored the role of one such temporal marker, grammatical aspect, and its impact on how we understand the temporal boundaries between events conveyed in narratives. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants read stories that contained a target event that was either conveyed with a perfective (e.g., watched a movie) or imperfective aspect (e.g., was watching a movie) and engaged in an event segmentation task. Events described in the perfective aspect were more often perceived as event boundaries than events in the imperfective aspect, however, event duration (long vs. short) did not impact this relationship in Experiment 2. Experiment 3 demonstrated that readers were sensitive to grammatical aspect and event duration in the context of a story continuation task. Overall this study demonstrates that grammatical aspect interacts with world knowledge to convey event structure information that influences how people interpret the end and beginning of events.

Situation types are defined according to three temporal features: dynamism, duration, and telicity. The inherent temporal features of a predicate can be uncovered using test frames with simple sentences. The current study presents a series of such tests and applies them to a set of Thai Sign Language (ThSL) predicates. Based on the test results, five situation types are identified in ThSL: states, activities, accomplishments, achievements, and semelfactives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research calls into question the predictive power of the Aspect Hypothesis as it has been found that it is advanced learners rather than beginners who show the developmental pattern predicted by the hypothesis. Following the identification of several design issues including lack of rigorous treatment of proficiency level and reliance on controlled elicitation tasks, this cross-sectional study used an Arab learner corpus (BALC) that controls proficiency level and task. This corpus-based study analysed the development of tense-aspect among Arabic-speaking EFL learners at two levels, beginner and advanced, by comparing their performance on 200 essays. Contrary to the recent research on Aspect Hypothesis, it was found that lexical aspect influences the early acquisition of the English progressive as the lower proficiency level in the present study extensively attached the progressive on activity verbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Cicero’s letters, vado is allegedly used as a synonym of eo. However, an analysis of vado in Classical Latin points rather to the fact that this verb displays distinctive features such as [ingressive] or [durative] and has a place of its own as a functional by-form of eo. Its role in Classical Latin can be fully understood only within the whole evolutionary framework of motion verbs, primarily eo and venio, where vado shows a specific profile in terms of lexical aspect and textual exploitation. Moreover, in a passage from Martial vado shows signs of keeping pace with eo in terms of deictic orientation.

Perfect predicates have usually been defined as stative. The purpose of this paper is to explain why. I will pay attention to both the resultative and the experiential Perfects. Contrary to Katz (2003), Nishiyama & Koenig (2004, 2010), Michaelis (2011) and Piñón (2014), the stativity of the Perfect will be derived from its nature as a content of grammatical Aspect. More precisely, I will assume that the Perfect allows us to make assertions regarding the state of affairs that follows an event that culminates or ceases (Klein 1992, 1994). In the case that we are dealing with the resultative Perfect, that state of affairs will be equated with the goal state of the subeventive structure of a telic predicate. But if we are dealing with the experiential Perfect, the state of affairs will be equated with the final state of a process which ends up characterizing the subject as a participant in the type of event denoted by the verbal predicate.