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Abstract Recently, nano-manufactured materials have been used to treat many diseases, such as healing wounds and other modern biological applications. This study investigates the positive effect of Punica granatum seeds extract on kidney and testicular toxicities induced by iron oxide nanoparticles. Forty mice were randomly divided into four groups; the 1st group was the control group. The 2nd group was dosed daily with PSE at 100 g per kg. The 3rd group was dosed with 10 doses of iron oxide nanoparticles at 30 mg/kg b.wt of a mouse per day, 10 times only, then this toxic substance was withdrawn for the rest of the experimental period (30 days). The 4th group was dosed with the same doses as the second and third groups. In this research, we focused on the possibility of using the positive curative effects of PSE, which were estimated at the level of blood chemistry biomarkers, as well as histological and histochemical examinations for the kidney and testis after exposure of mice to iron oxide nanoparticles. These aim to clarify the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on kidney and testicular morphology and their functions, as well as the potential ameliorative effects of PSE.

Abstract Endocrine cells in the fundic stomach of Clarias gariepinus were characterized in this work using transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and histochemistry. Performic acid mixed with alcian blue pH2.5 and silver stain were among the histochemical stains used for endocrine cells. Endocrine cells can be found in the epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa, and the area between the stomach glands. Endocrine cells with one or more nuclei were found. Endocrine cells were studied using CD3, CD21, and CD68 in an immunohistochemistry analysis. The expression of the lymphocyte marker CD3 by endocrine cells is remarkable. In addition, they had a strong immunological response to CD21 and CD68, which are characteristics of phagocytic cells. Granules of varied sizes and electron densities are packed densely into the cytoplasm of the cells, as seen by transmission electron microscopy. We propose that endocrine cells play a crucial role in immune defense. The role of endocrine cells in the gut’s immune system is an area that needs further investigation.

Recently, nano-manufactured materials have been used to treat many diseases, such as healing wounds and other modern biological applications. This study investigates the positive effect of Punica granatum seeds extract on kidney and testicular toxicities induced by iron oxide nanoparticles. Forty mice were randomly divided into four groups; the 1st group was the control group. The 2nd group was dosed daily with PSE at 100 g per kg. The 3rd group was dosed with 10 doses of iron oxide nanoparticles at 30 mg/kg b.wt of a mouse per day, 10 times only, then this toxic substance was withdrawn for the rest of the experimental period (30 days). The 4th group was dosed with the same doses as the second and third groups. In this research, we focused on the possibility of using the positive curative effects of PSE, which were estimated at the level of blood chemistry biomarkers, as well as histological and histochemical examinations for the kidney and testis after exposure of mice to iron oxide nanoparticles. These aim to clarify the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on kidney and testicular morphology and their functions, as well as the potential ameliorative effects of PSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endocrine cells in the fundic stomach of Clarias gariepinus were characterized in this work using transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and histochemistry. Performic acid mixed with alcian blue pH2.5 and silver stain were among the histochemical stains used for endocrine cells. Endocrine cells can be found in the epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa, and the area between the stomach glands. Endocrine cells with one or more nuclei were found. Endocrine cells were studied using CD3, CD21, and CD68 in an immunohistochemistry analysis. The expression of the lymphocyte marker CD3 by endocrine cells is remarkable. In addition, they had a strong immunological response to CD21 and CD68, which are characteristics of phagocytic cells. Granules of varied sizes and electron densities are packed densely into the cytoplasm of the cells, as seen by transmission electron microscopy. We propose that endocrine cells play a crucial role in immune defense. The role of endocrine cells in the gut's immune system is an area that needs further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Fish gut is a versatile organ serving as the primary pathway for invasion by pathogens, particularly parasites, playing a crucial role in modulating the intestinal adaptive immune response. This study aimed to investigate the cellular-mediated reaction, mucosal acidity, and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and CD68 in the intestines of catfish, Clarias gariepinus, naturally infected with helminths. Forty catfish were collected from the Nile River and examined for intestinal parasites. The intestinal tissues of the control and infected fish were fixed for histochemical and immunohistochemical studies. Two groups of helminths were found: cestodes Tetracampos ciliotheca and Polyonchobothrium clarias, and nematodes Paracamallanus cyathopharynx, with a prevalence rate of 63.63%, 18.0%, and 18.0%, respectively. Our results showed that the infected fish had a statistically significant rise in the activity of immune cells, including mast cells, eosinophil granular cells, and dendritic cells. This correlated with upregulation in the expressions of PCNA, VEGF, and CD68. Histochemical analyses demonstrated a marked increase in acidic mucus production, Sudan black B, and bromophenol mercury blue. This study enriches our understanding of the evolution of vertebrate immunity in combating intestinal parasitic infections and the host’s adaptive responses.

Fish gut is a versatile organ serving as the primary pathway for invasion by pathogens, particularly parasites, playing a crucial role in modulating the intestinal adaptive immune response. This study aimed to investigate the cellular-mediated reaction, mucosal acidity, and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and CD68 in the intestines of catfish, Clarias gariepinus, naturally infected with helminths. Forty catfish were collected from the Nile River and examined for intestinal parasites. The intestinal tissues of the control and infected fish were fixed for histochemical and immunohistochemical studies. Two groups of helminths were found: cestodes Tetracampos ciliotheca and Polyonchobothrium clarias, and nematodes Paracamallanus cyathopharynx, with a prevalence rate of 63.63%, 18.0%, and 18.0%, respectively. Our results showed that the infected fish had a statistically significant rise in the activity of immune cells, including mast cells, eosinophil granular cells, and dendritic cells. This correlated with upregulation in the expressions of PCNA, VEGF, and CD68. Histochemical analyses demonstrated a marked increase in acidic mucus production, Sudan black B, and bromophenol mercury blue. This study enriches our understanding of the evolution of vertebrate immunity in combating intestinal parasitic infections and the host's adaptive responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Mercury chloride (HgCl2) damages tissues it comes in contact with in sufficient concentration. This study evaluated the protective effects of n-butanol fraction of Phoenix dactylifera (BFPD) on mercury-triggered liver toxicity in Wistar rats. 25 male rats were divided into 5 groups of 5 rats each. Group I was administered 2 ml/kg of distilled water; group II was administered 5 mg/kg of HgCl2; group III was administered 500 mg/kg of BFPD + 5 mg/kg of HgCl2; group IV was administered 1000 mg/kg of BFPD + 5 mg/kg of HgCl2, while group V was administered 100 mg/kg of silymarin + 5 mg/kg of HgCl2. orally for 2 weeks. The rats were euthanized and liver tissue blood samples were collected for histological, histochemical, stereological, immunohistochemical, molecular, and biochemical studies. Results The results revealed that HgCl2 induced oxidative stress in the rats evident by histoarchitectural distortions and altered levels of liver enzymes, proteins, and oxidative stress biomarkers when compared to the control. However, BFPD treatment restored these changes. Glutathione peroxidase levels decreased (p

Abstract Anatomically, the digestive system of oxudercinae lacks a distinct stomach, and that is why this group of fish is classified as stomachless. Since the environment, dietary requirements, and eating habits strongly influence the anatomy of the fish's digestive system, mudskippers (Periophthalmus waltoni) appear to have a stomach due to their carnivorous nature. The present study was undertaken to confirm the presence of stomach in P. waltoni and for this purpose, histological and immunohistochemical methods were used in this study. The results of this study showed that despite absence of an anatomical and distinct stomach, histological point of view the digestive system of this species was divided into 4 distinct parts; esophagus, stomach, intestine, and rectum. The stomach consisted of tubular glands in which the oxynticopeptic cells were present. In an immunohistochemical examination, the observation of the protein channels H+/K+ ATPase and Na+/K+/Cl cotransporter in the membrane of the oxynticopeptic cells confirmed the function of the stomach. In conclusion, the digestive system of P. waltoni is consist of the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and rectum, anatomically. Microscopic evaluation of digestive system indicated that unlike some other species, the Stomach is existed in P. waltoni, but has not any secretion of acid.

Histochemical study were made on trachea of buffalo foetuses  ranging from 4.3 to 44 cm CRL (crown rump length) to elucidate distribution of neutral and acid Mucopolysaccharides. During initial development up to 15.8 cm CRL tracheal eqithelium was strong to moderately positive from neutral mucopolysaccharides. The ground substance of developing cartilage primodria was weakly positive from acid mucopolysaccharide linging was present on the surface of PAS positive epithelia cells. The primordial of tracheal glands were positive for neutral mucopolysachharide content with well developed PAS positive submucosal tracheal glands.

ABSTRACT Canine distemper causes demyelinating leucoencephalitis, like human multiple sclerosis. The encephalic microenvironment, including the extracellular matrix, is an important key factor of this lesion, already described in multiple sclerosis but not proved in canine distemper. Thereby, the aim of this work is to characterize the extracellular matrix in the encephalon of dogs with canine distemper. Samples of cortex and cerebellum of 14 naturally infected dogs with canine distemper virus were collected after being sent for necropsy in the Animal Pathology Laboratory of the Veterinary Hospital of Uberlândia Federal University. The samples were processed as routine, stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H.E), Masson Trichrome (MT), Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) and Reticulin, and then described. Areas of demyelination and necrosis were quantified in percentage of stain. The TM samples showed blue stain around vessels and meninge, which indicates a higher deposition of collagen in lesioned areas. At necrotic areas, reticulin stain pointed to a disorganization in the vascular wall and PAS-stained pink granules in macrophages. We conclude that the extracellular matrix seems to participate in the pathogeny of canine distemper. More research should be done to better detail the involvement of these molecules in the course of this disease.

Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke is one of the Thymelaeaceous family species with high economic value. The leaf synthesizes secondary metabolites (SMs) supporting herbal medicine, including a class of SMs that serve as sunscreen. However, the SMs are not equally distributed in the plant, depending on the organs, tissues or cell type. This research aimed to determine the spatial distribution of secondary metabolites in the leaves, especially in the epidermis and mesophyll tissues. The epidermis tissues were separated from the mesophyll using the carborundum abrasion (CA) technique, followed by the extraction of SMs using three different polarity solvents, namely methanol, hexane and chloroform. The photoprotective potential was evaluated using the SPF value with the spectrophotometry approach. Subsequently, the phytochemical analysis was done for the total tannin, flavonoid, and phenols content. The results showed that the highest SPF value was observed in the methanol epidermis extract with SPF value of 8.61, followed by methanol mesophyll extract (4.52), chloroform epidermis extract (3.97), chloroform mesophyll extract (2.52) and hexane epidermis extract (0.60) and hexane mesophyll extract (0.16). Total phenolic content (flavonoid, tannin and phenol) in epidermis extract with methanol solvent was higher (12.347 ± 0.652 mg GAE/g DW), followed by extract with chloroform and hexane solvents. The total phenolic content (flavonoid, tannin and phenol) of mesophyll extract with methanol solvent showed the highest content, followed by chloroform mesophyll and hexane extracts. The results of the histochemical analysis showed that photoprotective compounds accumulate in the epidermis and mesophyll tissue of the leaf of G. versteegii.

The aim of this study is to histologically and histochemically determine the developmental and involutional stages of bursa of Fabricius of henna partridge (Alectoris chukar). In the study, bursa of Fabricius of 12 3-month-old (6 males, 6 females), 12 6-month-old (6 males, 6 females) henna partridges purchased from a private farm were used. It was observed that bursa of Fabricius was surrounded by a connective tissue capsule and consisted of tunica serosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica mucosa layers from the outside to the inside. It was seen that the tunica muscularis consisted of outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscle fibers. It was observed that the tunica mucosa made plicae towards the lumen of the organ and consisted of 10-15 plicae. It was seen that lamina epithelialis and lymph follicles were present in each plica. It was determined that the lamina epithelialis consisted of two parts called FAE (Follicle-Associated Epithelium) and IFE (İnter Follicular Epithelium). It was noted that the lymph follicles contained cortex and medulla sections and were separated locally by capillaries together with cortical medullary boundry cells. In the Methyl Green-pyronin staining method, plasma cells were found in the bursa of Fabricius of the henna partridge, in the connective tissue surrounding the organ, around the blood vessels and inside the follicles. In AB pH=2.5 staining, AB-positive reaction was seen only in the apical part of the epithelial cells forming FAE and IFE in the pre- and post-involution period. In PAS staining, PAS-positive reaction was observed only in the apical part of the epithelial cells forming FAE and IFE in the pre- and post-involution period. In PAS/AB pH=2.5 combined staining method, AB-positive reaction was observed only in the apical part of epithelial cells in the pre- and post-involution period. As a result of this study, it was found that bursa of Fabricius of the henna partridge did not undergo any histochemical changes despite its histologically large differences after involution.

Lentil is an important grain legume crop which is mostly grown on marginal soils that hamper its productivity. Improvement of salt tolerance in lentils is considered to be a useful strategy of utilizing salt-affected lands in an economic manner. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of seed priming using silicic acid and humic acid both seperately and in combination to improve salt stress tolerance among three different lentil varieties: IPL-316 (tolerant), PSL-9, and PDL-1 (susceptible). The concentrations and durations of treatments were standardized under the normal condition and the salinity stress condition. Salt stress hindered seedling emergence and biomass production and accelerated Na+ toxicity and oxidative damage at the seedling stage in untreated seeds. Nevertheless, chemical priming improved early seedling emergence, increased root length, shoot length, and seed vigor index I and II, and reduced the mean germination time. A significant quantitative change in biochemical parameters under normal and salinity stress conditions was observed in IPL-316,viz. Specifically, for IPL-316, the following parameters were observed (values under the normal condition and values under salt stress conditions, respectively): chlorophyll-a (16 and 13 mg/g Fw), chlorophyll-b (25 and 16 mg/g FW), total chlorophyll content (42 and 30 mg/g FW), relative leaf water content (92% and 82%), total soluble sugars (26 and 33 ug/g FW), free amino acid (10 and 7 mg/g FW), total phenol (26 and 24 mg of GAE/g FW), total protein (35 and 29 mg/g FW), carbohydrate (208 and 173 mg/g FW), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (29 and 35 unit/min./g FW), proline (0.28 and 0.32 u mol/g FW), catalase (CAT) (84 and 196 unit/mL/g FW), and peroxidase (POX) (217 and 738 unit/mL/g FW). Furthermore, histochemical analysis of H2O2 and O2−, micronutrients, and macronutrients also increased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) (0.31 and 0.47 nmol/mL FW) content decreased using silicic and humic acid priming under salt stress conditions. The combination of silicic and humic acids improved seedling growth and reduced oxidative damage in lentil plants under salt stress conditions. The combination of silicic and humic acid priming hastened seedling emergence, seed quality parameters, and biochemical parameters under salt stress over respective control. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of integrated chemical priming in lentils for salinity stress. In conclusion, chemical priming using a combination of silicic and humic acid performed better in terms of seed quality due to enhanced antioxidant machinery, better membrane stability and osmolyte protection, and enhanced nutrient uptake under salt stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Mucus derived from many land snails has been extensively utilised in medicine and cosmetics, but some biological activities of the mucus need to be well documented. Nevertheless, most mucus is obtained from land snails, while mucus from freshwater snails has yet to be attended. Methods. This study aims to determine and compare mucus's antioxidant and anti- inflammatory activities from the land snail Lissachatina fulica and the freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata. ABTS, DPPH, reducing power and total antioxidant activity assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. Inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 cells was performed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity. Additionally, the histochemical analysis of mucous cells in each snail foot was conducted to compare the distribution of mucous cells and types of mucins using periodic acid-Schiff and Alcian blue staining. Results. Mucus from L. fulica and P. canaliculata exhibited antioxidant and anti- inflammatory activities in different parameters. L. fulica mucus has higher total antioxidant (44.71 ± 2.11 mg AAE/g) and nitric oxide inhibitory activities (IC50 D 9.67 ±0.31 mg/ml), whereas P. canaliculata mucus has better-reducing power activity (43.63 ± 2.47 mg AAE/g) and protein denaturation inhibition (IC50 D 0.60 ± 0.03 mg/ml). Histochemically, both species' dorsal and ventral foot regions contained neutral and acid mucins in different quantities. In the dorsal region, the neutral mucins level in L. fulica (16.64 ± 3.46%) was significantly higher than that in P. canaliculata (11.19 ±1.50%), while the acid mucins level showed no significant difference between species. Levels of both mucins in the ventral foot region of L. fulica (15.08 ± 3.97% and 10.76 ± 3.00%, respectively) were significantly higher than those of P. canaliculata (2.25 ± 0.48% and 2.71 ± 0.56%, respectively). This study revealed scientific evidence of the biological capacity of mucus from L. fulica and P. canaliculata as well as provided helpful information on the region of the foot which produces effective mucus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Certain advantages of donkeys are still not listed as for other equine species. Moreover, donkeys lack comprehensive scientific studies. The present study examines the histological architecture and histochemical characteristics of the esophagus in the Iraqi local breed donkey (Equus asinus). Materials and Methods: Eight esophagus samples were collected from a local breed donkey. Tissue specimens (~1 cm³) were collected from the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal regions of the esoph¬agus and processed via routine histological technique. The tissue sections were stained with hema¬toxylin and eosin, Massons Trichrome, and combined Alcian blue (pH 2.5) plus PAS (AB-PAS). Results: The esophagus of the local breed donkey had folded mucosa wrapped by thin non-ke¬ratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The heights of epithelia of the cervical and thoracic regions of the esophagus were significantly higher than that of the abdominal regions. The lamina propria consisted of dense fibrous tissue that appeared thickest in the thoracic and abdominal regions of the esophagus. The muscularis mucosa disappears at the cervical region, while the thoracic and abdominal regions of the esophagus contain thick, scattered, interrupted bundles of smooth muscle fibers. Tunica submucosa was very thick at the thoracic and abdominal regions of the esophagus, composed of loose connective tissue filled with compound tubular mucose¬rous esophageal glands. Using a combined AB-PAS stain, mucous alveoli within the esophageal glands indicated strong acidic mucopolysaccharide. Tunica muscularis of the cervical and thoracic regions was built up by striated muscle fibers and turned into smooth type at the abdominal region of the esophagus. Conclusion: The esophagus of the local breed donkey shows considerable histological similarities with the other mammals that make this species reliable as an experimental model of digestive tissue. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(1.000): 14-20]

The present work explores morphometric and histochemical foundations of the wall of proventriculus in adult domestic male ducks. To achieve this study, six healthy adult ducks were purchased from local vendors in Mosul province. All birds were sedated. Their stomachs were removed after being dissected to achieve the gross description and measurements of the proventriculus, including the length and diameter of cranial, middle, and caudal regions of the proventriculus. Small tissue pieces 6-8 mm in length from three regions of proventriculus were processed for histomorphological studies using hematoxylin and Eosin stain, combined PAS-AB pH 2.5, toluidine blue, and Masson's trichrome stains. The finding showed that the proventriculus connects with the esophagus from the cranial side and the muscular stomach from the caudal side. It was a thin elongated oval tubular organ. Histologically, the mucosa of the proventriculus revealed the presence of folds and sulci-like structures covered by simple columnar epithelium. The tunica submucosa consisted of many signs of profound and straightforward sub-mucosal glands supported by connective tissue septa and extended from the basal part of the diverged gland through the lamina propria, which was organized in a conical manner (adenomere). Tunica Muscularis appeared as a double-layer coordinated in the form of inner longitudinal and outer circular ones. Finally, serosa consists of fibrous tissue, vessels, fatty tissue, and nerve plexuses studded by the mesothelial cells. The highest thickness of the four layers of mucosal, submucosal, muscular, and serosal layers in the distal part of ‎the proventriculus. Histochemical PAS staining positively reacted with epithelial tunica mucosa and wall of proventricular glands.

Background and Aim: The multivariate discriminant (MVD) analysis was a successful statistical tool with a discriminatory capacity for tracing sheep breeds based on meat characteristics. Thus, this study aimed to identify three Saudi sheep breeds based on the physical and histochemical aspects of meat using MVD analysis. Materials and Methods: Eight male lambs from each breed, Najdi, Neami, and Harri, were selected randomly at 90 days of age and allocated into three groups for breeding in a completely randomized design. The feeding and rearing management were similar for an experimental period of 90 days. The experimental diet consisted of a concentrated mixture with identical amounts of calories and nitrogen. Fifty-one meat characteristics were measured in the preliminary MVD, representing hot and cold carcass weight, meat cuts and quality measures, body component weights, fat deposit weights, and histochemical characteristics. Results: Out of the total meat characteristics measured, only 19 characteristics had significant discriminant power. The most powerful characteristics were temperature, empty intestinal weight, pH24, external carcass length, heart weight, and L1, based on partial R-square and Wilks' lambda values. The phenotypic associations between the characteristics had strong associations. The obtained principal components efficiently classified the eight individuals of each breed into distinct groups using robust discriminant characteristics. Conclusion: This method allowed us to determine the breed of sheep carcasses and cuts by considering the physical characteristics of the meat. Therefore, butchers and consumers should use scientific techniques for assigning carcasses and meat to their sheep breed after slaughtering.

Background: These BPA-containing plastics were commonly used to make toys, crockery and digital consumer products. The prime issue was the human exposure to BPA through food contamination from polycarbonate bottles and cars etc. Methodology: Using a random design, 40 healthy male albino mice were divided into four groups (n=10). Their complementary groups received Kidney High Dose (600 mg/Kg/BW) and Kidney Low Dose (300 mg/Kg/BW) oral BPA doses for four weeks. The Lethal Dose-50 value (2400mg/kg/BW) was used to calculate the intensity of the dosages. The kidney was subjected to biometric, morphometric, histological, histo-chemical, and ultra-structural investigations of control and treated groups. Results: The investigation showed that the treated groups had seen considerable difference in their biochemical analysis, body weights, particularly kidney weights. In addition, histological studies revealed aberrant mechanisms and renal impairment in the treated groups. Furthermore, it was discovered that BPA harming disrupted the mice's social behavior since aggressive deviations were observed. Conclusion: This investigation provides convincing evidence that BPA has adverse effects on renal histopathology as well as endocrine disruptor effects. This emerging evidence is also associated with kidney-based pathway malfunctions and daily behavioral activities.

Background Mucus derived from many land snails has been extensively utilised in medicine and cosmetics, but some biological activities of the mucus need to be well documented. Nevertheless, most mucus is obtained from land snails, while mucus from freshwater snails has yet to be attended. Methods This study aims to determine and compare mucus’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities from the land snail Lissachatina fulica and the freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata. ABTS, DPPH, reducing power and total antioxidant activity assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. Inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 cells was performed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity. Additionally, the histochemical analysis of mucous cells in each snail foot was conducted to compare the distribution of mucous cells and types of mucins using periodic acid-Schiff and Alcian blue staining. Results Mucus from L. fulica and P. canaliculata exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in different parameters. L. fulica mucus has higher total antioxidant (44.71 ± 2.11 mg AAE/g) and nitric oxide inhibitory activities (IC50 = 9.67 ± 0.31 µg/ml), whereas P. canaliculata mucus has better-reducing power activity (43.63 ± 2.47 mg AAE/g) and protein denaturation inhibition (IC50 = 0.60 ± 0.03 mg/ml). Histochemically, both species’ dorsal and ventral foot regions contained neutral and acid mucins in different quantities. In the dorsal region, the neutral mucins level in L. fulica (16.64 ± 3.46%) was significantly higher than that in P. canaliculata (11.19 ± 1.50%), while the acid mucins level showed no significant difference between species. Levels of both mucins in the ventral foot region of L. fulica (15.08 ± 3.97% and 10.76 ± 3.00%, respectively) were significantly higher than those of P. canaliculata (2.25 ± 0.48% and 2.71 ± 0.56%, respectively). This study revealed scientific evidence of the biological capacity of mucus from L. fulica and P. canaliculata as well as provided helpful information on the region of the foot which produces effective mucus.

A total of eight samples of the esophagus of local breed dogs are used to investigate the histochemical features of the esophagus. The specimens are processed according to paraffin embedding technique protocols and the tissue sections are stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and masons trichrome combined with Alcian blue (pH2.5)-PAS. The esophagus folds the mucosa which is covered by keratinized to non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium which contains numerous excretory common ducts of esophageal glands. The epithelial thickness of cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts of the esophagus are 221.95±3.41µm, 212.46±5.38 µm, and 173.15±4.09 µm respectively. The lamina propria of the cervical part of the esophagus lacks the muscularis mucosa, while the muscular mucosa in the thoracic part of the smooth muscles appears as scattered interrupted bundles. The esophageal glands are a type of compound tubular mucoserous constructed of the predominated mucous alveoli and little serous acini. When combined with Alcian blue (pH2.5)-PAS stain, the esophageal glands show strong acidic mucopolysaccharides within the mucous alveoli and light blue color within serous acini that denote weak acidic zymogen granules. Tunica muscularis is striated muscle fibers in cervical and thoracic parts and smooth in the abdominal part of the esophagus. The measured thickness of tunica muscularis of cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts are 568.76±6.90 µm, 703.29±7.54µm, and 338.98±7.26 µm respectively.

Objective: Certain advantages of donkeys are still not listed as for other equine species. Moreover, donkeys lack comprehensive scientific studies. The present study examines the histological architecture and histochemical characteristics of the esophagus in the Iraqi local breed donkey (Equus asinus). Materials and Methods: Eight esophagus samples were collected from a local breed donkey. Tissue specimens (~1 cm3) were collected from the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal regions of the esophagus and processed via routine histological technique. The tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Massons Trichrome, and combined Alcian blue (pH 2.5) plus PAS (AB-PAS). Results: The esophagus of the local breed donkey had folded mucosa wrapped by thin non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The heights of epithelia of the cervical and thoracic regions of the esophagus were significantly higher than that of the abdominal regions. The lamina propria consisted of dense fibrous tissue that appeared thickest in the thoracic and abdominal regions of the esophagus. The muscularis mucosa disappears at the cervical region, while the thoracic and abdominal regions of the esophagus contain thick, scattered, interrupted bundles of smooth muscle fibers. Tunica submucosa was very thick at the thoracic and abdominal regions of the esophagus, composed of loose connective tissue filled with compound tubular mucoserous esophageal glands. Using a combined AB-PAS stain, mucous alveoli within the esophageal glands indicated strong acidic mucopolysaccharide. Tunica muscularis of the cervical and thoracic regions was built up by striated muscle fibers and turned into smooth type at the abdominal region of the esophagus. 3Conclusion: The esophagus of the local breed donkey shows considerable histological similarities with the other mammals that make this species reliable as an experimental model of digestive tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Embelin is one of the biologically charming natural benzoquinones with wide medicament use in therapeutics that is pertained to its unique biochemical structure. Mostly, the plants belonging to Myrsinaceae family especially the fruits of genus Embelia are rich source of embelin. However, the colossal use of these plants as an active ingredient in several drug formulations has led toward their decrease population number increasing the threat status. This major issue requires a well-versed scientific approach to search for suitable alternative substitute that can be used as an active embelin source. On this panorama, Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco can be used as alternate source of embelin. On this aspect, all the plant parts (root, stem bark, leaf and fruit) are being estimated for embelin content both qualitatively and quantitatively using spectrophotometric and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) methods and also asserted through histochemical analysis. All the aforesaid plant parts are extracted through Soxhlet and water bath methods separately and analyzed for embelin content after isolation through column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Results From results, it was evaluated that all plant parts showed the presence of embelin in a range of 0.17–1.95% dry wt. through UHPLC method, while the highest content was found in fruit followed by root, bark and leaves. The retention time for embelin was found to be 2.7 min. Conclusions From the above experimentation, both vegetative and reproductive parts of A. corniculatum have shown the presence of embelin that can be utilized in ample amount so as to reduce the threat status of its primary source.

The present study aimed to investigate the esophagus's anatomical, histometrical, histochemical aspects in the Ring-necked parakeet and Black-shouldered Kite. The esophagus in the parakeet was shorter and narrower than the kite esophagus. The crop was a well‐developed sac shape in the parakeet, while the crop was hardly recognizable in the kite. Histological study shows that the esophagus in both species was composed of four layers arranged from inner to outer (mucosa, submucosa, musculosa, finally serosa). These layers showed variances in the height of the fold, the glands number, and the wall layers’ thickness. The mucosa in the esophagus of the kite consisted of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, while in the parakeet, mucosa consisted of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The esophageal glands were compound tubuloalveolar in the parakeet, while in the kite, there were simple alveolar glands. The folds in the kite were longest and contained more esophageal glands, while the parakeet glands were more prominent and had fewer numbers within the submucosa. The submucosa layer in the parakeet was thicker than that of the kite. The histochemical results showed a positive reaction of esophageal glands with Alcian blue (PH 2.5), while reacting negatively with Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stains due to the acidic mucopolysaccharides secretions nature.

Dry mouth is characterized by lower saliva production and changes in saliva composition. In patients with some salivary gland function remaining, pharmaceutical treatments are not recommended; therefore, new, more effective methods of promoting saliva production are needed. Hence, this study aimed to provide an overview of the histological changes in the salivary gland in the model of isoproterenol (ISO)-induced degenerative changes in male Wistar rats and to evaluate the protective effect of piceatannol. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: the control group, the ISO group, and the piceatannol (PIC)-1, and -2 groups. After the third day of the experiment, Iso (0.8 mg/100 g) was injected intraperitoneally (IP) twice daily into the animals. PIC was given IP in different daily doses (20 and 40 mg/kg) for three days before ISO and seven days with ISO injection. The salivary glands were rapidly dissected and processed for histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical (Ki-67), and morphometric analysis. Upon seven days of treatment with ISO, marked hypertrophy was observed, along with an increased number of positive Ki-67 cells. Proliferation was increased in some endothelial cells as well as in ducts themselves. Despite the significant decrease in proliferation activity, the control group did not return to the usual activity level after treatment with low-dose PIC. Treatment with a high dose of PIC reduced proliferative activity to the point where it was substantially identical to the results seen in the control group. An ISO-driven xerostomia model showed a novel protective effect of piceatannol. A new era of regenerative medicine is dawning around PIC’s promising role.

Lentil is an important grain legume crop which is mostly grown on marginal soils that hamper its productivity. Improvement of salt tolerance in lentils is considered to be a useful strategy of utilizing salt-affected lands in an economic manner. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of seed priming using silicic acid and humic acid both seperately and in combination to improve salt stress tolerance among three different lentil varieties: IPL-316 (tolerant), PSL-9, and PDL-1 (susceptible). The concentrations and durations of treatments were standardized under the normal condition and the salinity stress condition. Salt stress hindered seedling emergence and biomass production and accelerated Na+ toxicity and oxidative damage at the seedling stage in untreated seeds. Nevertheless, chemical priming improved early seedling emergence, increased root length, shoot length, and seed vigor index I and II, and reduced the mean germination time. A significant quantitative change in biochemical parameters under normal and salinity stress conditions was observed in IPL-316,viz. Specifically, for IPL-316, the following parameters were observed (values under the normal condition and values under salt stress conditions, respectively): chlorophyll-a (16 and 13 mg/g Fw), chlorophyll-b (25 and 16 mg/g FW), total chlorophyll content (42 and 30 mg/g FW), relative leaf water content (92% and 82%), total soluble sugars (26 and 33 ug/g FW), free amino acid (10 and 7 mg/g FW), total phenol (26 and 24 mg of GAE/g FW), total protein (35 and 29 mg/g FW), carbohydrate (208 and 173 mg/g FW), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (29 and 35 unit/min./g FW), proline (0.28 and 0.32 u mol/g FW), catalase (CAT) (84 and 196 unit/mL/g FW), and peroxidase (POX) (217 and 738 unit/mL/g FW). Furthermore, histochemical analysis of H2O2 and O2−, micronutrients, and macronutrients also increased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) (0.31 and 0.47 nmol/mL FW) content decreased using silicic and humic acid priming under salt stress conditions. The combination of silicic and humic acids improved seedling growth and reduced oxidative damage in lentil plants under salt stress conditions. The combination of silicic and humic acid priming hastened seedling emergence, seed quality parameters, and biochemical parameters under salt stress over respective control. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of integrated chemical priming in lentils for salinity stress. In conclusion, chemical priming using a combination of silicic and humic acid performed better in terms of seed quality due to enhanced antioxidant machinery, better membrane stability and osmolyte protection, and enhanced nutrient uptake under salt stress conditions.

Abstract Colleters are glandular structures related to young shoots protection. In several Angiosperm families, as in Rubiaceae colleters are taxonomically important. This study reports presence, location, morpho-anatomical structure, ontogeny and histochemistry of colleters in vegetative and reproductive organs in 6 species of Cephalanthus and 20 species representatives of the tribe Naucleeae. Primarily based on their color and their secretion color, they were classified into light (LC) and dark (DC) colleters. The LC are exclusive to the inner side of the stipule, while the DC are found in several vegetative and reproductive organs. Histochemical studies revealed that higher mucilage and phenol content in DC could explain the dark color secretion. Results were analyzed at genus, tribe and subtribe levels, evidencing the taxonomic relevance in the family. Finally, the presence of corolline colleters in angiosperm flowers was reviewed. It was confirmed that, besides Cephalanthus, they are only present in Adenoa (Passifloraceae) and Chamaecrista (Fabaceae). Therefore, structures described as colleters in Nerium (Apocynaceae) and Cuscuta (Cuscutaceae) corollas do not correspond to colleters. This proves that corolline colleter is a rare character in Angiosperms. To conclude we provide a record of presence/absence, type and distribution of corolline colleters in an Angiosperm phylogenetic tree.

Background: Embelin is one of the biologically charming natural benzoquinones with wide medicament use in therapeutics that is pertained to its unique biochemical structure. Mostly, the plants belonging to Myrsinaceae family especially the fruits of genus Embelia are rich source of embelin. However, the colossal use of these plants as an active ingredient in several drug formulations has led toward their decrease population number increasing the threat status. This major issue requires a well-versed scientific approach to search for suitable alternative substitute that can be used as an active embelin source. On this panorama, Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco can be used as alternate source of embelin. On this aspect, all the plant parts (root, stem bark, leaf and fruit) are being estimated for embelin content both qualitatively and quantitatively using spectrophotometric and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) methods and also asserted through histochemical analysis. All the aforesaid plant parts are extracted through Soxhlet and water bath methods separately and analyzed for embelin content after isolation through column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Results: From results, it was evaluated that all plant parts showed the presence of embelin in a range of 0.17–1.95% dry wt. through UHPLC method, while the highest content was found in fruit followed by root, bark and leaves. The retention time for embelin was found to be 2.7 min. Conclusions: From the above experimentation, both vegetative and reproductive parts of A. corniculatum have shown the presence of embelin that can be utilized in ample amount so as to reduce the threat status of its primary source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaching a postmortem diagnosis of hypothermia is challenging in forensic practice. Therefore, this study was conducted to detect the histopathological, histochemical and biochemical changes that occur in adult albino rats following exposure to induced fatal hypothermia. Twenty-four adult albino rats were divided into the negative control, moderate hypothermia, severe hypothermia and hypoxia groups. Rats in the control group were euthanized when those in the moderate hypothermic group died. Blood samples were collected via heart puncture, and the cerebrum, heart, suprarenal gland, kidney, liver and skeletal muscle were removed to investigate the biochemical, histochemical and histopathological changes. Postmortem assessment depicted significant changes in lipid peroxidation, represented by increased malondialdehyde levels in the studied organs of the rats in hypothermic and hypoxia groups. Histopathological examination of the rats' organs revealed degeneration and necrosis in the hypothermia and hypoxia groups. Sections taken from the severe hypothermic rats revealed a loss of normal cardiac tissue architecture, necrotic changes in the pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex, and massive necrosis, mainly in the tubules of the renal cortex and medulla. These findings suggest that histological changes might be used as biochemical markers for postmortem diagnosing of fatal hypothermia, particularly in severe hypothermic conditions. Death by hypothermia is a serious public health problem worldwide. Confirming a diagnosis and determining the cause of death in cases of hypothermia are among the most difficult practices in forensic medicine. Death by hypothermia might be associated with structural abnormalities in various organs. Studies using different tissue staining techniques will enable an overall illustration of the role of histopathological changes in body organs as indicators of hypothermia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hoya R.Br. is a genus of ornamental plants with an attractive flower shape and unique scents. Anatomical studies are required to understand their structure that produces, and stores, the metabolites released by plants. The present study was conducted to determine the type and position of floral glands in three Hoya species: Hoya cagayanensis C.M Burton, Hoya lacunosa Blume, and Hoya coriacea Blume. The investigations were carried out using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and histochemical staining tests. Secondary nectaries were present in the corona lobe portion, while simple trichomes (unicellular) were found in the petals' adaxial epidermis of all the studied species. Conical trichomes were found in H. cagayanensis, cylindrical trichomes in H. lacunosa, and falcate trichomes in H. coriacea. In the cells of secondary nectaries, this study revealed proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and starch grains; however, only lipids and proteins were observed in simple trichomes. Secondary nectaries and simple trichomes were described for the first time in all the studied species, contributing new insight into Hoya's anatomical and micromorphological floral glands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaching a postmortem diagnosis of hypothermia is challenging in forensic practice. Therefore, this study was conducted to detect the histopathological, histochemical and biochemical changes that occur in adult albino rats following exposure to induced fatal hypothermia. Twenty-four adult albino rats were divided into the negative control, moderate hypothermia, severe hypothermia and hypoxia groups. Rats in the control group were euthanized when those in the moderate hypothermic group died. Blood samples were collected via heart puncture, and the cerebrum, heart, suprarenal gland, kidney, liver and skeletal muscle were removed to investigate the biochemical, histochemical and histopathological changes. Postmortem assessment depicted significant changes in lipid peroxidation, represented by increased malondialdehyde levels in the studied organs of the rats in hypothermic and hypoxia groups. Histopathological examination of the rats’ organs revealed degeneration and necrosis in the hypothermia and hypoxia groups. Sections taken from the severe hypothermic rats revealed a loss of normal cardiac tissue architecture, necrotic changes in the pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex, and massive necrosis, mainly in the tubules of the renal cortex and medulla. These findings suggest that histological changes might be used as biochemical markers for postmortem diagnosing of fatal hypothermia, particularly in severe hypothermic conditions. Key points Death by hypothermia is a serious public health problem worldwide. Confirming a diagnosis and determining the cause of death in cases of hypothermia are among the most difficult practices in forensic medicine. Death by hypothermia might be associated with structural abnormalities in various organs. Studies using different tissue staining techniques will enable an overall illustration of the role of histopathological changes in body organs as indicators of hypothermia.

Objectives: Costaceae family comprises many ornamental and medicinal plants used for different diseases. This investigation includes the phytochemical, histochemical, and in vitro antimicrobial study of Costus speciosus (J. Koenig) Sm. and C. pictus D. Don. Materials and Methods: Solvents such as methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane were used to extract the leaves and rhizomes of both plants. The antibacterial study was executed using the agar well diffusion technique. Results: Phytochemical study confirmed that alkaloids, flavonoids, quinones, and saponins were present in solvent extracts of both plants. The macromorphological studies including size, shape, texture, surface characters, and color, were analyzed. Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were used for the antibacterial study. Agar well diffusion and agar disk diffusion methods were performed to determine the susceptibility of bacterial strains to various extracts of these plants. Conclusion: Histochemical analysis revealed alkaloids, proteins, and phenols in the vascular bundles, the cortex, and epidermis of stem, root, and leaves of the plants. Inhibition zones caused by the methanol and hexane extracts showed better antibacterial activity compared to those of other extracts. Future work on the isolation, purification, and characterization of the active constituents and the elucidation of possible mechanisms can be executed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatidosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosu s larvae, which affects sheep worldwide, especially in rural communities. This study aims to determine the prevalence and structure of hydatid cyst in sheep. A total number of 1,198 sheep in different age groups G1 (<1 year), G2 (1–2 years) and G3 (>2 years) were slaughtered at Taif abattoirs, then examined for the presence of hydatid cysts in lung, liver, and mesentery. Prevalence of hydatid cyst infection in imported sheep (13.0%) was higher than of local sheep (10.2%). Particularly, as per gender, prevalence of imported females (71.9%) was higher than those of local females (28.1%), while that of imported males (66.3%) was higher than those of local males (33.7%). Large sizes of hydatid cysts and fertility recorded in G3 were higher in both local and imported sheep than those of G1 and G2. Morphometric analysis of pathological lesions in liver of all infected sheep showed a significant increase compared to non-infected healthy sheep (have no lesions) (P < 0.001). In addition, for all infected sheep, histochemical investigation with Masson's trichrome stain showed collagen fibers inside the hydatid cyst capsules and in pericystic region. The collagen fibers content and the cellular laminated membranes took the green color, while immunohistochemical evaluation detected a positive reaction for CD3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigates the hepatotoxic effects of two acute doses of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) on African catfish (Clarias garepinus) using biochemical, histopathological, and histochemical changes and the determination of silver in liver tissue as biomarkers. AgNPs-induced impacts were recorded in some of these characteristics based on their size (20 and 40 nm) and their concentration (10 and 100 μg/L). Concentrations of liver enzymes (Aspartic aminotransferase; AST, Alanine aminotransferase; ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total lipids (Tl), Glucose (Glu) and Ag-concentration in liver tissue exhibited a significant increase under stress in all exposed groups compared to the control group. The total proteins (Tp), albumin (Al), and globulin (Gl) concentrations exhibited significantly decrease in all treated groups compared to the control group. At tissue and cell levels, histopathological changes were observed. These changes include proliferation of hepatocytes, infiltrations of inflammatory cells, pyknotic nuclei, cytoplasmic vaculation, melanomacrophages aggregation, dilation in the blood vessel, hepatic necrosis, rupture of the wall of the central vein, and apoptotic cells in the liver of AgNPs-exposed fish. As well as the depletion of glycogen content in the liver (feeble magenta coloration) was observed. The size and number of melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) in liver tissue showed highly significant difference in all exposed groups compared to the control group. Recovery period for 15 days led to improved most alterations in the biochemical, histopathological, and histochemical parameters induced by AgNPs and AgNO3. In conclusion, one can assume liver sensitivity of C. garepinus for AgNPs and the recovery period is a must.

This study was conducted to compare the anatomical histological and histochemical structure of human liver with the liver of domestic rabbits to evaluate the quality of liver of rabbit to be used as a model of mammalian species in the experimental researches. Ten liver biopsies of human (Group I) and same number of liver specimens of domestic rabbit (Group II) were used in this study. The liver specimens were processed and stained with Harris Hematoxylin and Eosin stain and Masson's Trichrome stain and examined under light microscope. For histochemical examination, Periodic Acid Schiff's, Best's carmine and Gomori's Alkaline Phosphatase stains were used. Histomorphometric measurements were done to compare some parameters between the two groups. Transabdominal ultrasound examination was done to compare ultrasonic appearance of the liver in both groups. The work was done from May 2018 to December 2018. The study revealed more lobulated liver of domestic rabbits, hexagonal lobules are mingled with each other in rabbit's liver compared to human, larger hepatocytes, with higher percentage of binucleated hepatocytes and thicker capsule in the human's liver than in the rabbit's liver. Histochemical results revealed less carbohydrates, less glycogen content with less activity of alkaline phosphatase in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes of the human's liver. The ultrasound image revealed denser hyperechoic diaphragm and fibrous capsule, non-homogenous low echogenicity of parenchyma of the liver of human compared to the rabbit's liver. We conclude that the basic anatomical and histological structure is more or less similar in the human's liver andliver of domestic rabbit but the few differences might be related to the evolutional variations among mammals thus the value of the liver tissue of domestic rabbit to be used in the experimental researches is significant.

Unhealthy lifestyle habits lead to numerous diseases and among them heart diseases are predominant. Various factors play important role in heart diseases. Amongst such factors is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) which tends to be significant. Though the discovery of ANP is the recent one, but its role in diagnosis of cardiovascular disease has taken fasttrack. In this context, authors have tried to review and summarise the current evidences and roles of ANP in cardiovascular diseases along with the focus on rising use of ANP in diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Hence, this is a brief account of discovery and biological actions of ANP, its synthesis and role as a biomarker.

ABSTRACT: Leishmania infantum causes canine leishmaniasis. Using parasitological and molecular analyses, we identified L. infantum in the reproductive organs of male and female dogs. Using histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and PCR, we examined tissue samples from the reproductive organs of 8 male dogs and 16 female dogs diagnosed with leishmaniasis. Despite the absence of macroscopic or microscopic lesions in these organs, we observed L. infantum amastigotes in tissue samples from the testis and the uterus. PCR and sequencing of these tissues revealed sequences that matched 100% with L. infantum DNA available at GenBank. The presence of L. infantum amastigotes and DNA in testicular and uterine tissue samples suggested that these organs can harbor the parasite without associated macroscopic or microscopic lesions, and this can be especially important in the vertical and venereal transmission of leishmaniasis in dogs.

Hoya R.Br. is a genus of ornamental plants with an attractive flower shape and unique scents. Anatomical studies are required to understand their structure that produces, and stores, the metabolites released by plants. The present study was conducted to determine the type and position of floral glands in three Hoya species: Hoya cagayanensis C.M Burton, Hoya lacunosa Blume, and Hoya coriacea Blume. The investigations were carried out using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and histochemical staining tests. Secondary nectaries were present in the corona lobe portion, while simple trichomes (unicellular) were found in the petals’ adaxial epidermis of all the studied species. Conical trichomes were found in H. cagayanensis, cylindrical trichomes in H. lacunosa, and falcate trichomes in H. coriacea. In the cells of secondary nectaries, this study revealed proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and starch grains; however, only lipids and proteins were observed in simple trichomes. Secondary nectaries and simple trichomes were described for the first time in all the studied species, contributing new insight into Hoya’s anatomical and micromorphological floral glands.

Abstract The structural complexity of galls depends on species-specific interaction driven by the galling taxa. However, the host plant and environment stressors can impose limits on gall developmental patterns and impact the establishment of gall morphology. Herein, we employed qualitative and quantitative approaches in order to elucidate how cell divisions, elongation patterns, and tissue organization are determinant for the development of intralaminar gall morphology induced by Pseudophacopteron longicaudatum Malenovský, Burckhardt, Queiroz, Isaias & Oliveira (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Phacopteronidae) on leaves of Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart. (Apocynaceae). In addition, we aimed to determine which anatomical process can discriminate the stages of gall development, plus, examine the histochemical and cytological profiles of the galls. The differentiated structures, mainly abaxial epidermis and spongy parenchyma, are associated with gall closure, with hyperplastic events concentrated in the young phase of the galls. Thus, epidermis and spongy parenchyma hypertrophy and are responsible for the determination of the nymphal chamber formation and gall shape. The mature galls do not differentiate into a typical nutritive cells and do not develop a histochemical gradient in their tissues. The cytological features of galls such as plastoglobules and multivesicular bodies are related to ROS scavenging mechanisms due the high oxidative stress.

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Evolution between animals causes many changes so that it can adapt to its environments. Each species has unique features that help them survive and can consume different types of food. Sheep and rabbits are economically important animals and used in many aspects of veterinary medicine.This study aimed to compare the histomorphometric and histochemical features of the esophagus of twenty sheep (n=10) and rabbit (n=10) adult males. The samples were collected from slaughterhouse and market Misan and were used for histological studies of two types of stains, hematoxylin and eosin, and special stains (Periodic acid Schiff stains). Histological study showed differences in the type epithelium of mucosa lining the esophagus between sheep and rabbits. The epithelium lining was composed of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in sheep while in rabbit was composed of a non-keratinized stratified squamous. In both animals, the submucosa layer does not possess glands. The muscular layer of both was composed of striated muscle in the cervical, thoracic, and abdomen parts of the esophagus. Both animals contained an outer layer of loose connective tissue called the adventitia. All layers in sheep showed more thickness than in rabbits. The histochemical study showed that the reaction to Periodic acid Schiff stain was similar between the animals and in different places. Only stratum corneum cells of the sheep mucosa and squamous cells of the rabbit mucosa demonstrated a strong reaction to this stain. In contrast, the rest of the cells of the mucosa and muscular layers were moderate reactions with Periodic acid Schiff stain in all regions sheep and rabbit esophagus. Submucosa and adventitia showed weakly reaction with Periodic acid Schiff's stain in both animals. In conclusion, this study showed that sheep and rabbits have similarities and differences in the esophagus; that is, the layers of this organ has different thicknesses and respond differently to Periodic acid Schiff stain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image, graphical abstract Major objective of the study was to assess the localization pattern of heavy metals in different parts of lemongrass plant when grown in multi-metal contaminated sites. Microscopic and quantitative investigations (by ICP-OES) were carried out in root and leaves of plant to examine the compartmentalization of heavy metals. Along with it, the morphological variations in the size of trichomes in test plants were also perceived. Differential distribution of Cr, Pb, Ni and Cd was observed in root and leaf sections. Localization of these heavy metals in different parts of the plant cultivated in sole tannery sludge was compared with the plants grown in garden soil; which served as control. Histochemical methods for Pb, Cd and Ni detection revealed their significant accumulation in the root and leaf sections. Cr accumulation in roots of test plants was confirmed by fluorescence staining. Translocation factor <1 was recorded for Cr but greater than 1 for Ni and Pb. Moreover, Bioaccumulation factor >1 was observed for Ni and Pb. SEM studies revealed that the size of trichomes enlarged in plants grown in tannery sludge. Hence, our study provides an insight into the localization pattern of heavy metals in lemongrass plants and suggests that lemongrass can serve as a Ni and Pb phytoextractor when grown in multi- metal contaminated sites. In addition, enhancement in the size of trichomes was detected due to heavy metal stress which may prompt increment in essential oil yield thus; cultivation of lemongrass in heavy metal contaminated sites can also prove profitable economically. • Localization assessment of heavy metals in lemongrass plant, grown in multi-metal contaminated sites was done. • Microscopic and quantitative investigations were carried out in root and stem of control and test plants. • Translocation factor <1 was observed for Cr but > than 1 was observed for Ni and Pb.BF >1 for Ni and Pb. • SEM studies revealed an increase in the size of trichomes in plants grown in tannery sludge. • Lemongrass can serve as Ni and Pb phytoextractor in multi- metal contaminated sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims of the study: To evaluate the histological and histochemical changes induced by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on the adult prostate and to correlate the changes with the levels of testosterone. Materials and Methods: eighty adult male albino rats were divided into 4 groups; 3 treated and 1 control. The treated groups were received 10, 50 or 100 IU/kg BW of hCG, while the controls received normal saline. The doses were given twice weekly for 3 months via subcutaneous injections. Subsequently, on day 1, 30, 60 and 90 post therapy, blood samples and the prostate glands were obtained for evaluation. Results: All the doses of hCG caused accumulation of secretory products within the prostate, which resulted in dilatation of the acinar lumens, reduction of the mucosal folds, and non dose dependent diminution in height of the lining epithelial cells. Moreover, foci of hyperplasic cells were observed in the prostate. The therapy increased the collagen fibers of the gland. The general distribution of the Periodic Acid-Sciff (PAS) +ve material was not altered. Most of these changes were reversible within 3 months. Conclusions: Treatment with hCG causes accumulation of secretory products within the prostate and in turn affects the structure of the prostate.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gender on the histological and histochemical structures of various anatomical regions of the interdigital sinus in the Iranian native sheep. Tissue samples from different anatomical regions of each sinus were obtained from 15 female and 15 male adult Bakhtiari sheep. The sections stained with H&E, Periodic acid- Schiff, Alcian blue, Verhoeff’s, Masson’s trichrome, and Gomori’s method. The sinus was covered by skin and fibrous capsule. The sinus contained descending part, flexure, ascending part, excretory duct and orifice. The sebaceous glands were simple branched acinar and the sweat glands were simple coiled tubular type. The secretory caps were observed in the secretory cells protruded into the lumen. The various histological and histochemical structures of the interdigital sinus showed no considerable differences among various anatomical regions of the right and left sinuses. Also, no significant sex-based differences were found. The surface epithelial cells of the apocrine glands and their secretion contained both neutral and acidic glycosaminoglycans. It is concluded that the general histological and histochemical structures of the interdigital sinus in Bakhtiari sheep were similar to those of other native sheep, but there were also some differences.

Current study aimed at determining the consequence of Radiofrequency (≈1800 MHz) electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on the histological, hematological and histochemical properties of selected tissues of rat and to assess morphological changes associated with such exposures. Three groups of thirty rats of which two groups of twenty rats were subjected to average radiation of ≈1.40 W/cm2 at 24 m from the base of two different telecommunications network mast for 5 weeks. Histochemical, hematological and histological analyses of the rats were afterward carried out on selected tissues of the experimental animals using standard procedures. Impacts of radiation were noted in the exposed groups of rats. There was rise in white blood cells with variations in other blood parameters; the sperm motility and sperm count of the exposed rats is lower than the control; the liver of the exposed rats shows pronounced dilated sinusoids, distorted architecture, hyperchromatic nuclei, congested central vein, with change of hepatocytes structure; the heart shows gross distortion of cardiac muscular architecture with distorted irregular cardiac muscle fibres and wider interfibres spaces; kidney showing hyperchromatic nuclei, gradual loss and degeneration of flattened squamous epithelial cells lining and testis shows grossly distorted seminiferous tubules and epididymis with loss of cellular structure and an area of inflammatory changes with complete absence of spermatozoa, which may lead to low fertility. This study shows that radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation may induce morphological changes in various tissues of living systems in rat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: actualmente no existen suficientes informes científicos que respalden la inclusión de ciertas enzimas en la dieta de conejos‚ se ha considerado agregar la enzima xilanasa en la comida de conejos que contienen triticale con el fin de mejorar tanto el comportamiento productivo de los conejos‚ como el aspecto histoquímico de los animales. Objetivo: realizar análisis histoquímicos del intestino delgado y apéndice cecal de conejos durante la etapa de crecimiento y finalización‚ que hayan sido alimentados con dietas que contengan triticale y enzima xilanasa añadida a la misma. Métodos: en el estudio se emplearon 40 conejos machos‚ raza Nueva Zelanda x California‚ de 35 días de edad‚ los cuales se alojaron en jaulas individuales y se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en uno de los cuatro grupos de alimentación‚ que contenían distintos niveles de inclusión de xilanasa. El tratamiento 1‚ se basó en una dieta que incluía heno de alfalfa (40 %) ‚ triticale (14 %)‚ pasta de soya (10,5 %)‚ salvado de trigo (14 %)‚ heno de avena (16 %)‚ aceite vegetal (2,7 %) y una premezcla de vitaminas y minerales. Los tratamientos 2‚ 3 y 4 consistieron en la misma dieta que el tratamiento 1‚ pero con cantidades distintas de xilanasa (4000‚ 8000 y 12000 XU/kg respectivamente). Al finalizar el estudio‚ se realizó el sacrificio de los conejos‚ se tomaron muestras del intestino delgado y apéndice cecal‚ estas muestras se fijaron en formol al 10 % durante 48 horas y posteriormente se tiñeron mediante la técnica de azul Alcián (PAS). Posteriormente‚ se observaron los cortes teñidos al microscopio Leica DM1000 para contar los gránulos de los mucocitos epiteliales de color azul. Los datos se analizaron mediante el procedimiento GLM del SAS (2002) y la comparación de medias se realizó utilizando la prueba de Tukey‚ siguiendo un diseño experimental completamente al azar. Resultado: los conejos alimentados con las dietas T1 y T2 presentaron un mayor conteo de mucocitos epiteliales con proyección de polisacáridos ácidos. Conclusión: el incremento en la liberación de mucocitos y la formación de una capa de moco sobre el intestino delgado y apéndice cecal‚ juegan un papel protector en la vellosidad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opisthopappus taihangensis (Ling) Shih, a wild relative germplasm of chrysanthemum, releases a completely different fragrance from chrysanthemum species. We aimed to identify the volatile compounds of the leaves of O. taihangensis and four other Chrysanthemum species using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). In total, 70 compounds were detected, and terpenoids accounted for the largest percentage in these five species. Many specific compounds were only emitted from O. taihangensis and not from the other four species. In particular, 1,8-cineole could be responsible for the special leaf fragrance of O. taihangensis as it accounted for the largest proportion of the compounds in O. taihangensis but a small or no proportion at all in other species. The glandular trichomes (GTs) in the leaves are the main organs responsible for the emission of volatiles. To explore the relationship between the emissions and the density of the GTs on the leaf epidermis, the shape and density of the GTs were observed and calculated, respectively. The results showed that the trichomes have two shapes in these leaves: T-shaped non-glandular trichomes and capitate trichomes. Histochemical staining analyses indicated that terpenoids are mainly emitted from capitate glandular trichomes. Correlation analysis showed that the volatile amount of terpenoids is highly related to the density of capitate trichomes. In O. taihangensis, the terpenoids content and density of capitate trichomes are the highest. We identified the diversity of leaf volatiles from O. taihangensis and four other Chrysanthemum species and found a possible relationship between the content of volatile compounds and the density of capitate trichomes, which explained the cause of the fragrance of O. taihangensis leaves.

Study on resistance mechanism to vascular-streak dieback (VSD) disease in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is limited due to the lack of fungal spores for artificial inoculation. This research was conducted to study the production of secondary metabolites that appear to be evidence of defense signaling in resistant clone of Sca 6 and susceptible clone of TSH 858 to Ceratobasidium theobromae natural infection. A fungal staining method was employed to detect C. theobromae hyphae at early infection stages, before VSD symptoms appear. Metabolite profiling was analyzed using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS) at pre-, early and late stages of C. theobromae infection. Histochemical and anatomical characteristics of both healthy and infected leaves were also observed to identify the accumulation sites of secondary metabolites on and in cocoa leaf tissues. The results confirmed that fungal staining using trypan blue can detect early stages of C. theobromae infection; at the 14th week (on susceptible seedlings) and the 18th week (on resistant clones), following placement of the seedlings under infected cacao plants. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, terpenoid biosynthesis, environmental information processing signal transduction pathways, and aromatic biodegradation were detected as important metabolite pathways during defense mechanism. I-limonene (terpenoid), p-ethylguaiacol (phenols) and 2.3 dihidrobenzofuran (heterocyclic compounds) were proposed as an active defense produced by the host after infected by pathogen mainly on late infection of C. theobromae. Terpenoid and phenol compounds were accumulated on the glandular trichomes, idioblast of upper and bottom epidermis, phloem vessel and cortex idioblast of cacao leaves. Epidermis thickness of resistant clone was significantly greater than that of susceptible clone on both surfaces. Leaf epidermis tissue and the accumulated compounds in epidermis idioblast may act as the physical and biochemical markers of cocoa resistance to VSD.

The article presented the results of histological study of bioptates that were taken from different parts of gastrointestinal tract of 111 patients. The material was investigated after staining of the sections by means of histological methods that usually used for mucin selected revealing. The study demonstrated the histochemical and immunological marks of metaplasia transformation in dysplasia and adenocarcinoma for the esophagus, the stomach and the colon.

The aim of present study was to determine the anatomical and histological structure as well as some histochemical aspects of the eye in Hemorrhois ravergieri snake by using the light microscope. The results show that the eye was spherical and located at head sides. Histologically, the sclera composed from collagen fibers located between it fibroblasts and pigment cells. The cornea divided in to peripheral cornea and central cornea, from the special results that appeared in the central cornea was the appearance of the tertiary spectacles on its external surface. The lens was spherical, translucent and didn't contain a pigment cells in its surrounding. The Uvea composed from Choroid, Ciliary body and Iris. The Choroid composed of connective tissue contained collagen fibers, blood vessels and pigment cells. Ciliary body appeared concave in its middle and give a few folds. While, the Iris connected to Ciliary body and it straight toward the lens and it convex toward the cornea. The retina appeared duplex and it composed from eight layers and two membranes. The photoreceptors layer contained one type of rods and two types of cones that were the single and double cones. From the distinct results that appeared in the retina of this snake that the appearance of blood vessels which supplied the retina, this mean the retina in this snake was vascular, and the vitreal vessels that lined also appeared. Also, from the distinct and strange results that appeared in the retina of this snake was appearance of strange vascular structure which may be a Supplemental nutritive device.