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This study investigates the potential of using the large language model developed by OpenAI, ChatGPT, to address the challenges of repairing and recycling substandard molded lenses in the glass molding process. Through experimental data and literature review, six recycling plans generated by ChatGPT were validated: polishing and grinding, reheating and reshaping, repairing with additional glass, annealing, recasting or re-manufacturing, and exhibiting. Finally, each experimental plan was evaluated in terms of economic performance, green performance, and product quality to assess their application value. Notably, annealing achieved the highest improvement in lens surface profile deviation [PV] change rate at 74.4%, and lens surface roughness [Ra] change rate at 72.6%. Compared to producing new lenses through glass molding process, recycling each lens can avoid 2152.85 kJ of energy consumption and 280.07 g of CO2 emissions. Using ChatGPT to address resource recycling challenges can offer a user-friendly interface, enhance industrial resource utilization, and introduce various new methods for reducing CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop the marine geo-polymer cement that was produced with seawater, recycled particles from paste, recycled particles from glass, and alkaline activators, including NaOH or Na2O·3.3SiO2. The physicochemical properties and strength of MGPC were investigated with a Uniaxial Compression Test, Particle Size Analysis, Energy Dispersive Spectrometer, X-ray Diffraction, and Thermal-field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results indicated that the main hydration products in MGPC were calcium carbonate (CaCO3), silica (SiO2), sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (Na2O·Al2O3·xSiO2·2H2O, N-A-S-H), and aluminum calcium silicate hydrate (CaO·Al2O3·2SiO2·4H2O, C-A-S-H). The calcium carboaluminate (3CaO·Al2O3·CaCO3·32H2O, CO3-AFm) in MGPC was converted into CaCO3 and Friedel's salt (3CaO·Al2O3·CaCl2·10H2O), which prompted the carbon sequestration. The microstructure of MGPC prepared using Na2O·3.3SiO2 was based on RPG as the matrix, with N-A-S-H, C-A-S-H, and fibrous AFt growing on the periphery. This structure reduces the impact of the alkali–silica reaction on the material and improves its compressive strength. Therefore, the MGPC developed in this study shows the exact benefits of freshwater and natural minerals saving, carbon sequestration, and damage resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent COVID-19 emergency has led to an impressive increase in the production of pharmaceutical vials. This has led to a parallel increase in the amounts of waste glass; manufacturers typically recover material from faulty containers by crushing, giving origin to an unrecyclable fraction. Coarse fragments are effectively reused as feedstock for glass melting; on the contrary, fine powders (<100 microns), contaminated by metal and ceramic particles due to the same crushing operations, are landfilled. Landfilling is also suggested for pharmaceutical containers after medical use. This study aims at proposing new opportunities for the recycling of fine glass particles, according to recent findings concerning alkali activation of pharmaceutical glass, combined with novel processing, i.e., binder jetting printing. It has already been shown that pharmaceutical glass, immersed in low-molarity alkaline solution (not exceeding 2.5 M NaOH), undergoes surface dissolution and hydration; cold consolidation is later achieved, upon drying at 40–60 °C, by a condensation reaction occurring at hydrated layers of adjacent particles. Binder jetting printing does not realize a full liquid immersion of the glass powders, as the attacking solution is selectively sprayed on a powder bed. Here, we discuss the tuning of key parameters, such as the molarity of the attacking solution (from 2.5 to 10 M) and the granulometry of the waste glass, to obtain stable printed blocks. In particular, the stability depends on the formation of bridges between adjacent particles consisting of strong T-O bonds (Si-O-Si, Al-O-Si, B-O-Si), while degradation products (concentrating Na ions) remain as a secondary phase, solubilized by immersion in boiling water. Such stability is achieved by operating at 5 M NaOH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass, a diverse family of amorphous materials, has significantly advanced human society across various fields. The demand for flexible ultrathin glass, driven by modern optical displays and portable optoelectronics, presents challenges in energy consumption, fabrication complexity, and recycling. Here, we demonstrate flexibility and full-color luminescence in large-scale ultrathin glasses derived from readily available natural resources, specifically egg albumen (EA) and gelatin (GEL), via an evaporation-driven self-assembly process. The dynamic crosslinked networks formed through hydrogen bonding between EA and GEL impart both high hardness and flexibility to the glasses, with hardness and flexural strength values comparable to state-of-the-art inorganic and organic glasses. Additionally, the EA–GEL-based glasses exhibit excitation-dependent and time-gated chiral ultralong phosphorescence with color from blue and red, and a lifetime of up to 180.4 ms. With their easy processability and full-color emission, these biogenic glasses can be fabricated into anti-counterfeiting patterns and optical information codes. There is an increasing demand for thin, flexible glass, but its fabrication and recycling can be complex. Here, the authors report the development of flexible glass with full-color luminescence, derived from egg albumin and gelatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, sustainability has permeated nearly every aspect of our lives, and the manufacturing sector is no exception. The terms "sustainable manufacturing" and "zero-waste manufacturing" are now part of our everyday vocabulary. This study, which explores the influence of key parameters on the filament extrusion process using recycled polyvinyl butyral (PVB), which is an amorphous polymer commonly obtained from the glass recycling industry, has significant practical implications. By determining the optimal conditions for the extrusion process, we can enhance the mechanical properties of the produced PVB filament yarns and their printability. As a result of identifying errors, optimizing the process, and eliminating the resulting shortcomings, a fiber made of PVB material with a diameter of 1.75 mm (±0.06 mm) was created that can be used in most FDM devices. The length of the created fiber was approx. 20 m, and in the presentation of the results, it will be used for printing samples, adhesion tests to the printing mat, shrinkage tests, and tensile tests of the fiber. After removing all the shortcomings, the ideal extrusion temperature was at 155 °C. This temperature was verified using microscopic cross-sections, and deformations or changes were observed in their cross-sections. The deviation of the material currently undergoing testing for the adhesion of PVB to various types of print beds, which was found suitable for use in FFF devices, was 1.75 −0.25/+0.25. This, in turn, can significantly expand the application of these materials in additive manufacturing, thereby making a substantial contribution to the advancement of sustainable manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass wool is an insulation material used in large quantities; despite its popularity, it is still surprising that around 2.5 million tons of mineral wool waste is generated every year in Europe. Waste management faces numerous challenges because, with current technologies, waste cannot be cleaned and melted again for repurposing, so even the recollected glass wool ends up in landfill. Herein, we present a hydrolysis technology that decomposes the binder applied to glass fibers using exclusively water. We succeeded in decomposing the resin from the surfaces of the end-of-life fibers, originating from different sources like industrial furnace insulation and two demolition-sourced building insulation wastes. The effects of temperature, pressure, the mass flow of the water, and the applied fluid ratio were investigated. The most important parameters are the temperature and the time for the decomposition, but to minimize glass loss through the solubility of glass, the fluid ratio plays an important role as well. The fibers were efficiently cleaned after only 20 min at 300 °C by the optimized parameters, with a mass recovery of 70 wt.%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its superior performance over traditional materials, polymer concrete has emerged as a new engineering material in the current context. The main focus of this study was the design and manufacture of polyester polymer concrete (PC) from various recycled materials for use in various building applications. Four different types of recycled aggregate from easily accessible crushed building materials were employed: waste glass (WG), crushed mortar (CM), crushed clay bricks (CB), and crushed concrete (CC). Sustainable modified polymer concrete (SMPC) specimens were made using a conventional casting method and various replacements for normal sand, such as crushed concrete, mortar, clay bricks, and waste glass (10, 20, 30, and 40 volume percent). The mechanical properties of SMPC with and without recycled aggregate were tested for compressive, tensile, and flexural strength. The findings showed that adding (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) of (CC, CM, CB, and WG) as a partial substitute for natural fine aggregate improves the mechanical properties (compressive strength, direct tensile strength, and flexural strength) of SMPC. In comparison to other waste materials, the results of using crushed concrete were the best and highest. Similar to reference PC and SMPC with recycled fine aggregate, the rate of strength evolution with age is roughly the same. This research also looked into how the curing temperature affected the SMPC's compressive strength characteristics. The 20, 40, and 60 °C curing temperature ranges were taken into consideration. The findings demonstrate that the compressive strength of PC, both with and without recycled fine aggregate, is significantly impacted by a curing temperature above 20 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study conducted axial tensile strength tests on concrete samples that replaced conventional aggregates with recycled aggregates. In Series I, using FNG instead of FNA resulted in a reduction in compressive strength by 12.8–49.8% and tensile strength by 14.5–44.6%. If the proportion of FNG exceeds 50%, compressive strength decreases by more than 24.5% and tensile strength by more than 27.5%. In Series II, replacing CNA with CRG reduced compressive and tensile strengths by 18.4–32.8% and 5.1–24.9%, respectively; exceeding 40% CRG results in a compressive strength reduction of more than 32.8% and a tensile strength reduction of more than 24.9%. In Series III, samples made with RCA, CNA, and 20% CRG showed a compressive strength decrease of 8.8–22% and a tensile strength decrease of 10.7–26%; RCA80 samples showed maximum reductions. In Series IV, replacing CNA with RCA resulted in compressive and tensile strength reductions of 15.4–34.7% and 13.9–24.3%, respectively; RCA80 samples again showed maximum reductions. Maximum stress unit deformation values (εo) increased by 3–58.4% in Series I, 9–80% in Series II, 10–44.9% in Series III, and 9–32% in Series IV. Tensile toughness values showed the highest increase of 35.15% in the CRG40 sample and the lowest of 0.13% in the RCA40-20 sample. The use of glass aggregates in concrete is feasible, but exceeding certain ratios can significantly reduce strength. Concrete can effectively use waste glass as a partial substitute for cement, fine aggregates, or as a filler material, potentially enhancing compressive strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of wind power has brought about increasing challenges in decommissioning, among which DWTBs (decommissioned wind turbine blades) are the most difficult component to deal with. To enable the cost-effective, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly large-scale utilization of DWTBs, an experimental study on thermogravimetric and pyrolysis characteristics of DWTBs was carried out. A new process involving recycling glass fiber with pyrolysis gas re-combustion and flue gas recirculation as the pyrolysis medium was innovatively proposed, and the simulation calculation was carried out. Thermogravimetric experiments indicated that glass fiber reinforced composite (GFRC) was the main heat-generating part in the heat utilization process of blades, and the blade material could basically complete pyrolysis at 600 °C. As the heating rate increased, the formation temperature, peak concentration, and proportion of combustible gas in the pyrolysis gas also increased. The highest peak concentration of CO gas was observed, with CO2 and C3H6 reaching their peaks at 700 °C. The solid product obtained from pyrolysis at 600 °C could be oxidized at 550 °C for 40 min to obtain clean glass fiber. And the pyrolysis temperature increased with the increase in the proportion of recirculation flue gas. When the proportion of recirculation flue gas was 66%, the pyrolysis temperature could reach 600 °C, meeting the necessary pyrolysis temperature for wind turbine blade materials. The above research provided fundamental data support for further exploration on high-value-added recycling of DWTBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycled soda-lime glass powder is a sustainable material that is also often considered a filler in cement-based composites. The changes in the surface properties of the glass particles due to the treatments were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and optical spectroscopy. We have found that there is a relatively high level of carbon contamination on the surface of the glass particles (around 30 at.%), so plasma technology and thermal annealing were tested for surface cleaning. Room temperature plasma treatment was not sufficient to remove the carbon contamination from the surface of the recycled glass particles. Instead, the room temperature plasma treatment of recycled soda-lime glass particles leads to a significant enhancement in their room temperature photoluminescence (PL) by increasing the intensity and accelerating the decay of the photoluminescence. The enhanced blue PL after room-temperature plasma treatment was attributed to the presence of carbon contamination on the glass surface and associated charge surface and interfacial defects and interfacial states. Therefore, we propose blue photoluminescence under UV LED as a fast and inexpensive method to indicate carbon contamination on the surface of glass particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a major component of plastic waste. Enzymatic PET hydrolysis is the most ecofriendly recycling technology. The biorecycling of PET waste requires the complete depolymerization of PET to terephthalate and ethylene glycol. The history of enzymatic PET depolymerization has revealed two critical issues for the industrial depolymerization of PET: industrially available PET hydrolases and pretreatment of PET waste to make it susceptible to full enzymatic hydrolysis. As none of the wild-type enzymes can satisfy the requirements for industrialization, various mutational improvements have been performed, through classical technology to state-of-the-art computational/machine-learning technology. Recent engineering studies on PET hydrolases have brought a new insight that flexibility of the substrate-binding groove may improve the efficiency of PET hydrolysis while maintaining sufficient thermostability, although the previous studies focused only on enzymatic thermostability above the glass transition temperature of PET. Industrial biorecycling of PET waste is scheduled to be implemented, using micronized amorphous PET. Next stage must be the development of PET hydrolases that can efficiently degrade crystalline parts of PET and expansion of target PET materials, not only bottles but also textiles, packages, and microplastics. This review discusses the current status of PET hydrolases, their potential applications, and their profespectal goals. Key points: • PET hydrolases must be thermophilic, but their operation must be below 70 °C • Classical and state-of-the-art engineering approaches are useful for PET hydrolases • Enzyme activity on crystalline PET is most expected for future PET biorecycling [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se), the world's oldest optoelectronic material, has been widely applied in various optoelectronic devices such as commercial X‐ray flat‐panel detectors and photovoltaics. However, despite the rare and widely‐dispersed nature of Se element, a sustainable recycling of Se and other valuable materials from spent Se‐based devices has not been developed so far. Here a sustainable strategy is reported that makes use of the significantly higher vapor pressure of volatile Se compared to other functional layers to recycle all of them from end‐of‐life Se‐based devices through a closed‐space evaporation process, utilizing Se photovoltaic devices as a case study. This strategy results in high recycling yields of ≈ 98% for Se and 100% for other functional materials including valuable gold electrodes and glass/FTO/TiO2 substrates. The refabricated photovoltaic devices based on these recycled materials achieve an efficiency of 12.33% under 1000‐lux indoor illumination, comparable to devices fabricated using commercially sourced materials and surpassing the current indoor photovoltaic industry standard of amorphous silicon cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the environmental impacts caused by the scaling up of the photocatalytic purification of drinking water using ultraviolet light-emitting diode technology. The life cycle assessment methodology was utilised to estimate the environmental impacts of two different reactor setups commonly used in lab-scale studies: an immobilised and a suspended TiO2 catalytic system. The functional unit adopted was the treatment of 1 L of water with an initial 7.8 mg/L concentration of natural organic matter, achieving a final 1 mg/L concentration. The use of a suspended photocatalyst was found to have an environmental footprint that was 87% lower than that of the immobilised one. From the sensitivity analysis, the environmental hotspots of the treatment process were the electricity usage and immobilised catalyst production. Therefore, alternative scenarios investigating the use of a renewable electricity mix and recyclable materials were explored to enhance the environmental performance of the photocatalytic treatment process. Using a renewable electricity mix, a decrease of 55% and 15% for the suspended and immobilised catalyst, respectively, was observed. Additionally, the process of recycling the glass used to support the immobilised catalyst achieved a maximum reduction of 22% in the environmental impact from the original scenario, with 100 glass reuses appearing to provide diminishing returns on the environmental impact savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the recycling process of carbon fibre-reinforced polyimine vitrimer composites and compared composites made from virgin and recycled fibres. The vitrimer matrix consisted of a two-component polyimine-type vitrimer system, and as reinforcing materials, we used nonwoven felt and unidirectional carbon fibre. Various diethylenetriamine (DETA) and xylene solvent ratios were examined to find the optimal dissolution conditions. The 20:80 DETA–xylene ratio provided efficient dissolution, and the elevated temperature (80 °C) significantly accelerated the process. Scaling up to larger composite structures was demonstrated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed effective matrix removal, with minimal residue on carbon fibre surfaces and good adhesion in recycled composites. The recycled nonwoven composite exhibited a decreased glass transition temperature due to the residual solvents in the matrix, while the UD composite showed a slight increase. Dynamic mechanical analysis on the recycled composite showed an increased storage modulus for nonwoven composites at room temperature and greater resistance to deformation at elevated temperatures for the UD composites. Interlaminar shear tests indicated slightly reduced adhesion strength in the reprocessed composites. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of recycling vitrimer composites, emphasising the need for further optimisation to ensure environmental and economic sustainability while mitigating residual solvent and matrix effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a new processing method, called MOSES—Impacts, for the detection of micrometer-sized damage on glass plate surfaces. It extends existing methods by a separation of damaged areas, called impacts, to support state-of-the-art recycling systems in optimizing their parameters. These recycling systems are used to repair process-related damages on glass plate surfaces, caused by accelerated material fragments, which arise during a laser–matter interaction in a vacuum. Due to a high number of impacts, the presented MOSES—Impacts algorithm focuses on the separation of connected impacts in two-dimensional images. This separation is crucial for the extraction of relevant features such as centers of gravity and radii of impacts, which are used as recycling parameters. The results show that the MOSES—Impacts algorithm effectively separates impacts, achieves a mean agreement with human users of (82.0 ± 2.0)%, and improves the recycling of glass plate surfaces by identifying around 7% of glass plate surface area as being not in need of repair compared to existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste segregation is an essential aspect of a smoothly functioning waste management system. Usually, various recyclable waste types are disposed of together at the source, and this brings in the necessity to segregate them into their categories. Dry waste needs to be separated into its own categories to ensure that the proper procedures are implemented to treat and process it, which leads to an overall increased recycling rate and reduced landfill impact. Paper, plastics, metals, and glass are just a few examples of the many dry waste materials that can be recycled or recovered to create new goods or energy. Over the past years, much research has been conducted to devise effective and productive ways to achieve proper segregation for the waste that is being produced at an ever-increasing rate. This article introduces a multi-class garbage segregation system employing the YOLOv5 object detection model. Our final prototype demonstrates the capability of classifying dry waste categories and segregating them into their respective bins using a 3D-printed robotic arm. Within our controlled test environment, the system correctly segregated waste classes, mainly paper, plastic, metal, and glass, eight out of 10 times successfully. By integrating the principles of artificial intelligence and robotics, our approach simplifies and optimizes the traditional waste segregation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass waste products represent a significant environmental concern, with an estimated 1.4 billion tons being landfilled globally and 200 million tons annually. This results in a significant use of land resources. Therefore, it would be highly advantageous to develop a new method for disposing of waste glass. Waste glass can be recycled and ground into waste glass powder (WGP) for use in solidified soil applications as a sustainable resource. This study is based on solidified soil research, wherein NaOH, Ca(OH)2, and Na2SO4 were incorporated as activators to enhance the reactivity of WGP. The optimal solidified soil group was determined based on unconfined compressive strength tests, which involved varying the activator concentrations and WGP content in combination with cement. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to study the composition of solidified soil samples. Microscopic pore characteristics were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the Image J software was employed to quantify the number and size of pores. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to examine the activation effect of waste glass powder. This study investigated the solidification mechanism and porosity changes. The results demonstrate that the addition of activated WGP to solidified soil enhances its strength, with a notable 12% increase in strength achieved using a 6% Ca(OH)2 solution. The use of 2% concentration of Na2SO4 and NaOH also shows an increase in strength of 7.6% and 8.6%, respectively, compared to the sample without WGP. The XRD and SEM analyses indicate that activated WGP enhances the content of hydrates, reduces porosity, and fosters the formation of a more densely packed solidified soil structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2022, 150 million tons of glass was produced globally, and approximately 47% of that amount was glass hollowware for tableware and food, beverage, and cosmetics packaging. Glass is considered one of the most recyclable materials as its properties and performance do not degrade upon reheating and reforming; yet only 21% of global production is recycled. The most recycled type of glass is soda–lime silicate bottle glass based on its widespread availability and its ability to accommodate higher levels of contamination compared to flat glass and specialty glass. Bottle glass manufacturers melt glass batch that is 10%–60% recycled glass cullet, limited only by the availability of pristine glass cullet that is free of contaminants such as plastic, metal, and organic material. Increasing rates of recycled content in glass manufacturing is stymied by the lack of a supply chain to deliver high quality glass cullet to manufacturers, as well as risk of material incompatibility and contamination. In this work, post‐consumer glass bottles of different colors, shapes, and brands were analyzed for chemical composition and thermal properties to quantify variation across five major color families: clear, blue, amber, forest green, and emerald green. This work shows that post‐consumer bottles of different colors and brands can be remelted without risk of material incompatibility and presents various processing methods to control color homogeneity in glass produced exclusively from mixed color cullet from recycled glass bottles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate is changing rapidly due to anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Glass is a significant contributor to these emissions, with 95 million tons of CO2 being emitted due to glass manufacturing in recent years. Furthermore, glass recycling remains poor in the United States, and most glass is left to landfill after a single use. The lack of recycling and the carbon footprint of manufacturing have made glass an environmentally damaging material despite its theoretical infinite recyclability. Additionally, glass has the potential to enable next‐generation energy materials, enabling the necessary technology for a green economy. In this review, we briefly cover the challenges of glass manufacturing and how to make glass the benchmark material for a carbon‐neutral economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the bond behavior of glass aggregate–reinforced concrete (GARC) after freeze–thaw cycles, considering a number of freeze–thaw cycles (10, 20, and 30) and fine aggregate replacement rates (25%, 50%, and 75%) as variable parameters. Sixteen groups of specimens were designed to conduct central pullout tests after freeze–thaw cycles, and the bond–slip curves of each group were plotted. The bond performance of the GARC and its failure mechanism after freeze–thaw cycles were examined by analyzing the failure mode, ultimate bond strength, peak displacement, and bond stiffness. The results indicated that freeze–thaw cycles had a deteriorating effect on the bond performance of GARC. However, under the effect of the same number of freeze–thaw cycles, in comparison with the bonding performance of natural aggregate–reinforced concrete, GARC exhibited a higher resistance to the deterioration effect of freeze–thaw cycles, which was enhanced by increasing the replacement rate. In addition, the optimization effect of glass sand on the bonding properties became increasingly prominent as the freeze–thaw cycle deepened. Therefore, after freeze–thaw cycles, GARC exhibited excellent bonding behavior, and 75% GARC exhibited the best bonding performance. Based on the experimental data, considering the number of freeze–thaw cycles and aggregate replacement rate, the bond–slip constitutive equation of GARC after freeze–thaw conditions was established. Glass aggregate–reinforced concrete has excellent resistance to freeze–thaw cycle damage. After freeze–thaw cycles, glass aggregate concrete has better bonding performance with reinforcement than natural aggregate concrete, and the degree of improvement is related to the replacement rate of glass sand. The bond mechanism between the glass aggregate concrete and reinforcement was explained after freeze–thaw cycles. The research results proved the potential capacity and advantages of glass aggregate concrete under a complex environment and demonstrated the research potential of glass aggregate concrete. In addition, this study provided a new approach to improving the resistance of conventional concrete materials to complex environments. By replacing part of the river sand in concrete with glass sand, the resistance of concrete to freeze–thaw cyclic damage could be significantly improved without affecting the mechanical properties of reinforced concrete. This could also effectively address the problem of recycling waste glass and increasing shortage of river sand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass fiber-reinforced plastics (GFRP) have been produced in large quantities for over half a century and nowadays their waste has become a problem worldwide. Their recycling is difficult because they are predominantly manufactured from thermosetting matrices that are not suitable for secondary processing. Only few technologies are able to target full-scale utilization of residual mechanical performance at recycling, with the replacement of gravel in asphalt concrete being one of them. The possibility of introducing crushed GFRP (GFRP crumb) into asphalt concrete and its impact on mechanical characteristics have been investigated in our study. As the source of GFRP, road noise-protection fence was chosen due to large quantities of its waste accumulated in urban economy. Several approaches to produce crumbs were attempted with only shredding being successful. The GFRP crumb has provided excellent mechanical performance of asphalt concrete fabricated by standard routine. In particular, the improvement in compressive modulus was 40%, even under conditions of elevated asphalt concrete temperature at 50 °C. Besides, introduction of GFRP crumb reduced the overall weight of asphalt concrete mixture, providing further reduction of a carbon footprint. The results obtained indicated that recycling of GFRP waste as replacement of gravel in asphalt concrete provides an economically and environmentally safe solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretically, glass can be recycled entirely, but there are several requirements for remanufacturing. For the first time, this work studied industrial bottle waste glass (WG), which cannot be used to remanufacture new glass as a cement replacement for concrete applications. Wet and dry milling treatments were performed to reduce the particle size of WG and remove fibre and plastic contaminants. The different waste glasses treated were characterised by chemical, physical, and morphological analysis. Afterwards, mortar-level studies followed, using raw WG and wet-milled WG (AGWG) as a 10% Portland cement replacement. Mechanical and several durability indicators were assessed. WG and AGWG incorporation improved mortar performance against water capillary absorption, chloride ingress, and alkali–silica reaction. The unfavourable effect, namely, mechanical strength loss on glass-modified mortars, was mainly due to fibre contaminants observed by SEM on WG and AGWG samples. Even though wet milling reduced the amount and length of the fibre contaminants, it still did not guarantee adequate mechanical strength for the mortar. Thus, additional or alternative treatments, such as thermal treatments, must be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of Portland cement (PC) is associated with carbon emissions. One-part geopolymer "just add water" is a user- and environmentally-friendly binder that can potentially substitute PC. However, there is limited research on the setting time, fresh, and strength properties of one-part metakaolin (MK)-based geopolymer concrete (OMGPC) incorporating recycled aggregates. Hence, the study explored the fresh, mechanical (compressive, flexural, splitting tensile, and E-modulus) and microstructural properties of ambient cured (7-, 28-, and 90-day) OMGPC containing recycled waste plastics (RESIN8) and recycled fine waste glass aggregate (FWG) at 5% and 10% by volume of the sand. The study result shows that 2% trisodium phosphate by wt. of the binder retard the initial and final setting times of OMGPC. At the same time, the incorporation of RESIN8 and FWG aggregates improved the workability of geopolymer concrete. The lightweight properties of RESIN8 aggregate reduce the hardened density of OMGPC, while the FWG specimens show a similar density to the control. The compressive strength of RESIN8 and FWG OMGPC range from 19.8 to 24.6 MPa and 26.9 to 30 MPa, respectively, compared to the control (26 to 28.9 MPa) at all curing ages. The flexural and splitting tensile strength of the OMGPC range from 2.2 to 4.5 MPa and 1.7 to 2.8 MPa, respectively. OMGPC is a viable alternative to Portland cement, and FWG can substitute sand in structural concrete by up to 10% and RESIN8 aggregate at 5% by volume of the natural sand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abrasive waterjet (AWJ) machining offers the possibility of creating a wide range of features on mechanical parts with different degrees of complexity with a relatively high efficiency. However, after the roughing passes, the surface quality of features such as blind pockets is rather low, with unfavorable implications for surface waviness and form deviations apart from high surface roughness. Apart from the traditional methods for finishing, such as grinding or lapping, it is worth attempting either to improve the surface quality obtained during roughing by an AWJ or to integrate a post-processing step by using a pure WJ in the existing process in order to ameliorate the surface quality. Thus, in the current study, the effect of pure waterjet (WJ) post-processing of machined pockets by AWJ milling on a Ti-6Al-4V workpiece using recycled glass beads was investigated under different conditions. The findings indicate that although the different post-processing treatments by a pure WJ can affect the surface quality on average, these differences are not considerably important, probably due to an insufficient capability of material removal, which hinders the smoothing effect on machined surfaces. Thus, it was indicated that a higher number of post-processing passes under different conditions than those of the roughing pass can be more favorable for efficient post-treatment by a pure WJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoset polymer composite was made in an original version less expensive than the known techniques, in which alumina-borosilicate glass recycled from used laboratory glass was chosen as filler into the mixture of starting materials together with polyurethane resin as a matrix. The matrix/filler weight ratio was modified during the experiment from 0.67 to 1.22 and this change influenced the features of manufactured products. The temperature and time of the thermoset polymer curing process played an important role. It was opted for the electric heating of the material mixture up to 300-305 ℃ with the heating rate between 3.06- 3.22 ℃/min, keeping at the maximum temperature for 100 min, and cooling in about 30 min. Results showed making a dense material type with relatively low heat conductivity. Tensile strength was around 40 MPa and compressive modulus of elasticity registered around 19 GPa, above the level of thermoplastic polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels suffer from efficiency losses due to the accumulation of dust on their surface during operation, as well as the loss of transparency in the top glass. The efficiency can be increased when hydrophobic films are deposited on the top glass of the solar cells. The top glass of solar cells must have three characteristics: high transmittance in the 380–750 nm range, a band gap greater than 3.2 eV and a refractive index higher than 1.23. So, the films require the same characteristics. This work presents an increase in the contact angle (related to an increase in the hydrophobic character) when Ta2O5 is partially substituted with ZnO. The studied films, physically deposited on glass by e-gun technology, present a non-crystalline state in the form of the X-ray patterns shown. The films have a transmission of 75%–80% in the visible range. The morphology and roughness of the coatings were evaluated by atomic force microscopy. All films show the values of the Millipore water contact angle higher than 91 degrees, leading to the acquisition of hydrophobic properties on the surface. In comparison, the substrate is hydrophilic, with an average contact angle of 53.81 ± 2.16. The hydrophobic properties and self-cleaning ability make the films recommendable for application. The band gap of the coatings was calculated with the Tauc method, and they have values of 4.5–4.6 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cementitious–glass composite bricks (CGCBs) with 3D-printed reinforcement structures made of PET-G could be an innovative production method that relies on recycling glass waste (78%) and PET-G (8%). These bricks offer a promising solution for the construction industry, which has a significant impact on climate change due to its greenhouse gas emissions and extensive use of natural aggregates. The approach presented in this article serves as an alternative to using conventional building materials that are not only costlier but also less environmentally friendly. The conducted research included mechanical tests using digital image correlation (DIC), utilized for measuring deformations in specimens subjected to three-point bending and compression tests, as well as thermal investigations covering measurements of their thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat. The results highlighted the superior thermal properties of the CGCBs with PET-G reinforcements compared to traditional cementitious–glass mortar (CGM). The CGCBs exhibited a 12% lower thermal conductivity and a 17% lower specific heat. Additionally, the use of specially designed reinforcement substantially enhanced the mechanical properties of the bricks. There was a remarkable 72% increase in flexural strength in the vertical direction and a 32% increase in the horizontal direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to promote the sustainable use of resources and reduce the waste of waste glass and tailings resources. The present study focuses on a fluorite mine as the research subject, utilizing coarse tailings, fine tailings, cement substitute-curing agent, and recycled waste glass as the primary raw materials. It investigates the changes in compressive strength of coarse tailing with varying sand- binder ratios and glass content at 3-day, 7-day, and 28-day intervals when the filling slurry concentration is set at 77% and the ratio of coarse tailings to fine tailings is maintained at 2:1. The findings indicate that there is minimal impact on the compressive strength of test blocks when using a sand binder ratio of 4:1 and a glass sand content below 10%. However, once the glass sand content exceeds 10%, a significant decline in compressive strength occurs. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images reveal ettringite crystal formation in test blocks with both 0% and 25% glass sand content due to high levels of Na2O in the glass sand. This leads to internal expansion within test blocks resulting in reduced strength. Notably, when using a sand-binder ratio of 8:1 along with a glass sand content of 25%, early strength characteristics are observed for test blocks. Furthermore, incorporating glass sand has little influence on late-stage strength for backfill when employing either an 8:1 or 12:1 sand-binder ratio. Based on this experiment conducted under conditions including mass concentration of 77%, the optimal waste-glass-to-mine-tailings-filling-sand-binder-ratio is determined as 8:1with a corresponding glass content of 25%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite materials are used in a substantial number of products. Environmental concerns highlight the need for the inclusion of recovered waste in their formulation, thus reducing their carbon footprint. These solutions raise the need to confirm the mechanical characteristics of these materials, avoiding unwanted failures. In this work, the authors present an experimental study on the drilling effects on fibrous–particulate hybrid composites made of glass/carbon fabrics and three different micro-inclusions: silica particles, recycled carbon fibre powder and cement. The mechanical features of the plates are confirmed by thrust force monitoring during drilling and by flexural testing. The range of results confirm the mechanical outcomes due to machining. The plates with monolithic carbon fabric or with carbon fabric plies in the outer plies returned higher mechanical characteristics. The plates with micro-inclusions had enhanced the flexural strength by 23% and 10%, in 40% and 60% fabric plates, respectively. The results demonstrate that the use of alternative formulations with micro-inclusions from recovered waste can contribute both to the reduction of the mechanical degradation of drilled hybrid composites and to environmental purposes by avoiding the increase in landfill waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the mechanical recycling of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTPs) waste into injection molded products, focusing on the influence of recycling parameters on fiber length and mechanical properties. CFRTPs are gaining attention for their promising attributes, including weight-specific mechanical properties, short cycle times, storability, and recyclability, making them suitable for diverse applications. However, as CFRTP production rates rise, recycling strategies become crucial for sustainability. This study investigates the processability of CFRTP waste, defines size reduction conditions, and evaluates the impact of various compounding parameters such as temperature, screw speed, and fiber volume content during extrusion. The research findings indicate that higher screw speeds lead to fiber length reduction, whereas elevated temperatures result in longer fibers. Increased fiber volume intensifies interactions, resulting in shorter lengths. Additionally, the study examines the influence of injection molding parameters such as back pressure, screw speed, and initial fiber length on the resulting fiber length and mechanical properties of injection molded specimens, emphasizing the need for precise parameter control to optimize performance in recycled CFRTPs. Key findings are that increasing the initial fiber length from 260 μm to 455 μm results in an average fiber length after injection molding of 225 μm and 341 μm, respectively. This implies that longer initial fibers are more prone to breakage. Regarding the mechanical properties, increasing back pressure from 20 bar to 60 bar results in a reduction in Young's modulus of approximately 40 MPa. Higher screw speed also reduces modulus by approximately 70 MPa due to intensified fiber–screw interactions. However, back pressure and screw speed have neutral effects on the tensile strength and the elongation at break. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a glassy borosilicate compound was synthesized using recycled glass and natural clays. Even though glass recycling is the generally accepted standard practice for managing glass waste, fine fractions of container soda-lime glass or cullet of other compositions are still disposed of in landfills. Thus, advanced upcycled products that offer greater economic motivation for implementation in industry may be the key to success, but these are frequently linked to alternative methods of product synthesis. Here, a simple and facile route of borosilicate compound production has been synthesized and characterized. The physicochemical characterization of the compounds was carried out to determine their properties and the antibacterial efficacy of the synthesized compound against Escherichia coli (E. coli) was investigated. The structural and spectroscopic characteristics were identified as a compound that conformed to quartz, cristobalite, and silicon hexaboride (SiB6). For the antibacterial activity, two test types were typically performed; in the first one, the dilutions of the grind were combined with chloramphenicol at a concentration of 20 µg/mL to perform a synergistic action against the bacteria and in the second one, only the amorphous borosilicate compound was tested against E. coli ATCC 25922 strains. The treatments applied considered the dilutions from 8 to 40 µg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) sensitivity tests began with incubation at 37 °C in the tubes and subsequent seeding in Petri dishes for colony-forming unit (CFU) counting. The results obtained indicated that the samples possessed a productive antibacterial effect, which support their use in various biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern age, where global warming is intensifying year by year, carbon reduction has long been an issue that countries all over the world must pay attention to. Therefore, governments have established a carbon tax and trading system to control the total carbon emissions of each country. According to the European Container Glass Federation (FEVE), every 10% recycled waste glass can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 5%. Recycling waste glass will not only save the cost of raw materials but also make a significant contribution to sustainable development. This study uses the circular economy concept in the glass industry to recycle waste glass. It combines activity-based costing (ABC) and the Theory of Constraints (TOCs) to establish a production decision-making model, including carbon tax and trading. The objectives of this study are to solve the problem through mathematical programming to explore the impact of the carbon tax and carbon rights cost on corporate profits and to provide the government with the results as a reference for establishing a carbon tax system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marl soils with different carbonate contents usually show more unpredictable behavior than other problematic soils. In some marl soil groups, freezing–thawing (F-T) cycles can result in slaking and detrimental effects on the soil mechanical properties. However, up to now, studies on the performance of stabilized marl with alkali-activated materials under F-T cycles have been noticed to be quite limited. Moreover, the filled pores in the marl layered matrix and cementing materials bonded particles during the formation mechanism have not been clearly explored yet. This study investigated the improvement of slaking marl soil with a geopolymer based on recycled glass powder (RGP) activated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for complete replacement of industrial cement. The study evaluated the effects of the changes of the curing times (7, 28, and 90 days), RGP content (5%, 10%, and 15%), alkali concentration (2, 4, and 6M), curing temperatures as close to research conditions as possible (20°C and 50°C), volumetric strain, and 12 cycles of F-T for the unconfined compression strength (UCS) and consolidation test results. The control sets, comprising natural and cement-stabilized samples, were prepared and examined to provide a reference baseline. The mineralogical and microstructural characteristics were determined through X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results revealed that the cyclic F-T actions damaged the bonding between marl layers and made an irreversible structure with a lower UCS value. The results indicated that after conducting F-T cycles, the UCS of stabilized samples (15% RGP content, 2 M NaOH, 90 days curing) diminished from 3,667 to 2,668 kPa (27% reduction) after 12 F-T cycles. The one-dimensional consolidation test results confirmed a considerable reduction (92% for 90-day cured samples) in the settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large amounts of waste glass are generated along with the manufacturing of glass products, causing detrimental effects on the environment. Through crushing and ball-milling, waste glass powder (WGP) can be acquired from glass bottles and has been suggested in cementitious systems due to its potential pozzolanic activity. To better understand the impact of WGP on cementitious composites, experimental tests of rheology, heat of hydration, and strength development were conducted on cement pastes with and without WGP. Results show that the rheological performance of cement paste is improved when WGP with particles passing through 80 μm sieves is incorporated. The retarding effect and pozzolanic reaction were observed through X-ray diffraction patterns and thermo-gravimetric parameter analyses. A calcium hydroxide (CH) content calculation further confirms the secondary reactivity of WGP in cement pastes. Compared with the samples without WGP, the normalized CH content of binder per unit mass containing 35% WGP decreased by 21.01%, 24.94%, and 27.41% at the ages of 1, 28, and 90 days, respectively, which contributes to late-age strength development of pastes. At the same time, the hydration per unit of cement was increased by 21.53%, 15.48%, and 11.68%, which improved the cement efficiency. In addition, WGP particles provide nuclei for hydration products, facilitating the subsequent growth of C-S-H and strength development in late ages. Based on value engineering analysis, WGP was found to reduce the impact of Portland cement on the environment by 34.9% in terms of carbon dioxide emissions, indicating a bright prospect for WGP in the cement industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive amounts of deposited coal gangue derived from the mining industry constitute a crucial problem that must be solved. On the other hand, common knowledge about the recycling of glass products and the reuse of waste glass is still insufficient, which in turn causes economic and environmental problems. Therefore, this work investigated lightweight geopolymer foams manufactured based on coal gangue, metakaolin, and a mix of them to evaluate the influence of such waste on the geopolymer matrix. In addition, the effect of 20% (wt.) of waste glass on the foams was determined. Mineralogical and chemical composition, thermal behaviour, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, morphology, and density of foams were investigated. Furthermore, the structure of the geopolymers was examined in detail, including pore and structure thickness, homogeneity, degree of anisotropy, porosity with division for closed and open pores, as well as distribution of additives and pores using micro-computed tomography (microCT). The results show that the incorporation of waste glass increased compressive strength by approximately 54% and 9% in the case of coal-gangue-based and metakaolin-based samples, respectively. The porosity of samples ranged from 67.3% to 58.7%, in which closed pores constituted 0.3–1.8%. Samples had homogeneous distributions of pores and additions. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity ranged from 0.080 W/(m·K) to 0.117 W/(m·K), whereas the degree of anisotropy was 0.126–0.187, indicating that the structure of foams was approximate to isotropic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of their excellent properties, glass-ceramics have been widely developed and applied in many fields, and there are many potential application values to be disseminated. The preparation of glass-ceramics from industrial slag and metallurgical waste provides a new way for the comprehensive utilization of solid waste. Coal gangue is the largest of all kinds of industrial waste slag, while iron tailings and high-carbon ferrochrome slag also occupy a large proportion of China's industrial solid waste. With cheap industrial solid waste as the main raw material, the production of high-value-added glass-ceramics can reduce pollution, protect the ecological environment, and have good economic and social benefits. Cordierite glass-ceramics were prepared using the sintering method with coal gangue, iron tailings, and high-carbon ferrochrome slag as the main raw materials. Meanwhile, an iron silicon alloy containing chromium was obtained. The heat treatment system of basic glass was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the sintered product was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An orthogonal test was used to analyze the effects of the mass of basic glass powder, molding pressure, and holding time on the grain size and crystallinity of the samples. The hardness, acid and alkali resistance, density, and water absorption of the sintered products were determined. The results show that the main crystal phase of the prepared glass-ceramics is cordierite. The optimal combination for the green body is "basic glass powder mass 6 g, molding pressure 35 MPa, holding time 10 min". The properties of glass-ceramics are good. At the crystallization temperature of 970 °C, the Vickers hardness is up to 866 HV, and the bulk density is up to 2.99 g/cm3. This study may provide a useful reference for the treatment of industrial solid waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased demand for cladding in high-rise buildings has prompted engineers to explore alternative products utilizing recycled materials. However, ensuring fire compliance in these alternative claddings, which are predominantly composed of low-volume polymer-based composites, poses a critical challenge. Traditional experimental methods for fire evaluation are costly, time consuming, and environmentally impactful. Considering this, a numerical approach was proposed for evaluating the fire performance of glass-polymer composite materials, which contain a high proportion of recycled glass and a lower percentage of rigid polyurethane. A cone calorimeter test was simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software to investigate the flammability of the novel glass–polymer composite material. This validated numerical model was employed to assess the combustibility of the glass–polyurethane composite materials and identify influential parameters using the Design of Experiments (DoE) method. Statistical analysis revealed that three material properties, namely, the heat of combustion, the absorption coefficient, and the heat of reaction, significantly influenced the peak heat release rate (pHRR) of the glass–polyurethane composite materials compared to other properties. Based on these findings, an empirical equation was proposed that demonstrates a reasonable correlation with the pHRR of low-polymer recycled glass composite materials. The outcomes of this study hold considerable importance for understanding and predicting the combustibility behaviour of low-polymer–glass composites. By providing a validated numerical model and identifying critical material properties, this research contributes to the development of sustainable fire safety solutions for buildings, enabling the use of recycled materials and reducing reliance on conventional claddings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High cost and low mechanical strength are the main obstacles for the large-scale application of glass fiber separator in Na-ion batteries. Recycling of glass fiber separator is an important mean to reduce cost, but secondary film formation of glass fiber in the recycling process is the key problem. In this work, glass fibers are extracted from waste glass fiber separators and then compounded with cellulose. The recycled separator is successfully prepared through a simple slurry sieving technology. Attributed to effective combination of cellulose and glass fiber, the mechanical strength of recycled separator (81.5 Mpa) has been significantly improved relative to original fiberglass separator (0.3 Mpa), while the cost is greatly reduced. As paired with Na x Ni[Fe(CN) 6 ]/Na metal, the battery delivers fine cycle stability (93.3% of capacity retention after 500 cycles at 1 C) and high rate performance (73.2% of specific capacity retention at 10 C). The above results open a new path for the recycling of glass fiber-based separators with excellent performance and low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal gangue (CG), which is mainly generated during coal excavation, mining, and coal washing, is an industrial solid waste that is recognized as an environmental pollutant. The ever‐increasing amount of CG produced is a serious threat to the ecological environment and property safety, especially in China, which is the largest coal producer and consumer in the world. Considerable studies have investigated means for utilizing CG worldwide. This review summarizes and discusses various porous inorganic materials made from CG, including cement‐based porous materials, porous bricks, porous ceramics (cordierite and mullite) and glasses, porous geopolymers, zeolites, aerogels, and porous carbon materials. Different preparation processes and performances of each type of porous inorganic materials were reviewed. Porous CG‐based materials can be used as promising adsorbents for the removal of various pollutants and have good potential for use in construction industry as well as catalyst material applications. Besides, porous materials obtained from CG have also been tested as slow‐release fertilizers after the absorption of phosphate, as electrode materials, and as oil‐in‐water separation agents. The systematic summary of porous materials based on CG aims at promoting high‐value‐added applications for this waste. Future research directions for the use of CG as a raw material are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandy, gravelly or stony soils with low nutrient supply or plant available water are common in the table grape growing regions of South Africa. A field study was carried out to determine if an ameliorant recycled from waste glass could enhance the nutrient and water supply during the establishing phase of table grapes. Two grades of ameliorant, i.e. fine and coarse, were incorporated into the soil before the grapevines were planted. No ameliorants were applied to the control. After planting, the grapevines were irrigated by using 2.1 L/h drippers. To establish whether the ameliorants could compensate if less water is applied, the same treatments were applied under 1.2 L/h drippers. In general, the grapevines responded positively to the higher irrigation volumes, irrespective of ameliorant application. Where higher irrigation volumes were applied, the ameliorants did not have any positive effect on soil chemical or grapevine nutrient status compared to the control. This showed that the ameliorants were chemically inert under the given conditions. The ameliorants also did not improve grapevine water status, vegetative growth, yield or juice characteristics. Likewise, the ameliorants could not compensate for any measured aspect of grapevine performance where less irrigation was applied. In general, the ameliorants did not meet the expectations. Considering the additional costs of the ameliorant application, and the lack of positive grapevine responses, this practice cannot be justified under the given, or comparable conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that wastes are harmfull for the environment and human health due to certain physical, chemical and biological reasons; the necessity of systematic implementation of waste management comes to the fore. Waste management provides advantages to for industrial manufacturing with less pollut on, cheaper and competitively superior products. With the waste recycling, the needs for raw materials and the impact of production on the environment will decrease. This study proposed to produce low-cost sintered glass-ceramic composite by adding a mixture of molten mining tailings, recycled glasses and alumina platelets at different rates. The results showed that glass-ceramic composite made by 50 wt % molten tailings, 25 wt % recycled borosilicate glass and 25 wt % alumina platelets exhibited the best properties (2.39 g/cm3 bulk density, 0.22 ± 0.01% water absorption and 84± 9 MPa bending strength). In this study, considering the consumptions of raw material resources, it was seen that glass and mine residues can be used as secondary raw materials in glass ceramic composite production when cost and environmental issues are matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The use of recycled waste glass powder (RWGP) as a partial substitute for cement in cement-based materials offers a promising solution for reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainable waste management practices. An experimental study was conducted on a reference material made with Portland-limestone cement CEMII/A-LL42.5R and three other materials containing 50 wt% RWGP with different mean diameters, d50: 16, 18, and 25 µm. The main objective was to analyze the role of RWGP granularity in the short- and medium-term properties of the cement-based materials. The results showed that coarser RWGP granularity led to an increase in fluidity and Portlandite content, while water demand and mechanical properties decreased. However, the range of RWGP granularities tested did not significantly affect the initial setting time, fresh and dry density, hydration temperature, and water porosity. These findings suggest that the choice of RWGP granularity should depend on the desired properties of the cement-based material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]